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Topic: Microwave chemistry

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	Microwave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A microwave oven uses a magnetron microwave generator to produce microwaves at a frequency of approximately 2.45 GHz for the purpose of cooking food.
		Microwaves are used in broadcasting transmissions because microwaves pass easily through the earth's atmosphere with less interference than longer wavelengths.
		Typically, microwaves are used in television news to transmit a signal from a remote location to a television station from a specially equipped van.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Microwave (1030 words)

	Microwave chemistry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave irradiation to chemical reactions
		A specific application in synthetic chemistry is in the microwave heating of a binary system comprising a polar solvent and an apolar solvent obtain different temperatures.
		Applied in a phase transfer reaction a water phase reaches a temperature of 100°C while a chloroform phase would retain a temperature of 50°C. Microwave chemistry is particularly effective in dry media reactions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Microwave_chemistry (376 words)

	Category:Chemistry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chemistry is the science of matter, its structure, chemical reactivity and properties, and the transformations it undergoes.
		It is often called "the central science" because it is concerned with the fundamental energy or forces that hold matter together studied in physics and the molecular systems and characteristics of the complex organisms studied in biology (see physics, biology).
		Consequently, chemistry includes the study of microscopic phenomena, such as clusters of atoms and their characteristics on the nanometre scale, and macroscopic phenomena, such as the interaction of proteins and DNA in complex solutions and the properties of new materials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Chemistry (245 words)

	Microwave Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The microwave enhanced Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction shows remarkable rate acceleration under microwave irradiation and allows the facile synthesis, and in certain cases easy workup, of alkyl, -substituted and aryl phosphonates.
		The microwave enhanced reaction of triphenyl phosphine and an organic halide shows a remarkable rate acceleration under microwave irradiation and allows the general and facile synthesis of both stabilized and non-stabilized phosphonium salts.
		In conjunction with this project the use of ionic liquids as useful "green solvents" for microwave reactions is also under investigation.
	homepages.wmich.edu /~jkiddle/wave.htm (215 words)

	Microwave chemistry: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and organic synthesissynthesis of organic compounds....
		Microwaving is a method of cooking where food is bombarded by microwaves, usually within an appliance called a microwave oven which excite the water,...
		The microwave effect, as a field in organic chemistry, aims to extend well-established effects observed in microwave chemistry, such as reaction rate increase...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/microwave_chemistry.htm (542 words)

	April 2005 Special Reports: Developments in Microwave Chemistry
		Microwave chemistry has an edge over conventional heating methods for conducting chemical reactions, and it will soon emerge as the preferred technology for performing chemical synthesis relating to lead development in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
		In the future, microwave chemistry is likely to become a preferred method for conducting analytical and synthetic reactions in laboratories.
		Initially, microwave chemistry was primarily used to carry out analytical processes such as ashing, digestion, extraction, fat analysis and protein hydrolysis.
	www.rsc.org /chemistryworld/Issues/2005/April/MicrowaveChemistry.asp (635 words)

	New Scientist Article on Microwave Chemistry
		Microwaves are revolutionising the way we do our chemical cookery, even though precisely how they work is sometimes something of a mystery.
		Microwaves are helping Hamelin to tackle this problem by building on an approach developed by André Loupy of the University of Paris-Sud.
		Microwave chemistry may not be cooking, but it's certainly hot stuff.
	homepages.ed.ac.uk /ah05/newart.html (2178 words)

	Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis - Back to the Roots.
		The advantages of using microwave dielectric heating for performing organic reactions were soon realized by many different groups and as a consequence the amount of articles describing high-speed chemical synthesis promoted by microwave irradiation has grown quickly from ~200 in 1995 [4] to ~1000 in 2001.
		In multimode microwave cavities (conceptually similar to a domestic oven), the microwaves that enter the cavity are being reflected by the walls and the load over the typically large cavity.
		Chemistry in super-, and subcritical water (critical point 374 °C, 221 bar) is currently receiving a considerable amount of attention in the context of the green chemistry debate [8-12].
	www.mdpi.net /ecsoc-5/e0000/e0000.htm (2739 words)

	microwave oven Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The microwave oven is one of the great inventions of the 20th century.
		In a microwave oven, food is cooked by exposing it to.....crockery for the first time in a microwave oven, use oven gloves to remove the item.....the stirrer...
		of the microwave oven by Percy Spencer in 1945.
	www.acmeovens.com /microwaveoven (370 words)

	Microwave Chemistry Reactor
		In the course of investigations into microwave assisted chemical reactions, problems were encountered due to the reaction scale upon which many commercial reactors are currently operating.
		Microwave suppression was incorporated in the top of the sphere, allowing powers of 1.5kW to be used without any microwave leakage. The findings were in agreement with simulated results, which showed that the leakage was below detection (1mW/cm2) from the top, and the detected 2mW/cm2 at the junction was reduced to below 1mW/cm2
		A prototype of the microwave setup has been on trial for the preparation of synthetic fragrances.
	warlock.com.au /chemistry.htm (247 words)

	Microwave Gas Chemistry
		When using a microwave oven to generate gases, the progress of the reaction should be checked periodically during the allotted time.
		The ease of generating carbon monoxide is substantially improved by the use of a microwave oven.
		The microwave method is similar except that a microwave oven is used instead of the Bunsen burner flame.
	mattson.creighton.edu /MicrowaveMethod (2069 words)

	The nuke's the thing for synthesis
		In the 1960s, physical chemists used domestic microwave ovens to give their reaction systems a temperature kick, and microwave-generated polymers were all the rage in 1967.
		Microwaves are simply electromagnetic radiation of wavelength between 1 mm and 0.1 m (300 to 3 GHz).
		It was suggested, for instance, that the incident microwaves might lower the Gibbs energy of activation of a reaction.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/mdd/v04/i08/html/08bradley.html (1728 words)

	C&EN: BUSINESS - RIDING THE MICROWAVE
		Chemistry performed in kitchen microwaves produced results that were published in journals, but these syntheses turned out to be difficult to reproduce, Tierney says.
		Domestic ovens are so-called multimode instruments, in which the microwaves are reflected by the walls of the cavity.
		Some reactions have been done only in a microwave environment, and if that has led to a key intermediate, microwave chemistry will be needed to reproduce the reaction, he says.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/business/8250/8250microwave.html (3014 words)

	microwave chemistry kappe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		While fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner.
		Not only is direct microwave heating able to reduce chemical reaction times from hours to minutes, but it is also known to reduce side reactions, increase yields and improve reproducibility.
		The microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies between infrared radiation and radio frequencies and corresponds to wavelengths between 1 cm to 1 m (frequencies of 30 GHz to 300 MHz respectively).
	www.uni-graz.at /~kappeco/microwave_basics.html (679 words)

	MICROWAVE ASSISTED CHEMISTRY USING SUPPORTED FORMATES AS REAGENTS
		In each case thermal comparisons were performed to illustrate the influence of the microwave irradiation on the reaction.
		In all cases, the microwave route demonstrates an enhanced reaction yield and also, as expected, a significantly reduced reaction time and solvent volume.
		New routes to the synthesis of formamides is therefore an important area of organic chemistry.
	www.mdpi.org /ecsoc/ecsoc-5/Papers/e0045/e0045.htm (1300 words)

	Microwave Enhanced Sample Preparation Course
		Learn how microwave energy is absorbed by and interacts with reagent, solvents, acids, and samples, to produce heat.
		Analytical, environmental, clinical, industrial, nutritional and forensic chemists, geochemists; chemists involved in sample preparation for atomic absorption and ICP spectrometries, classical inorganic chemistry determination of major, minor, trace and ultratrace elements; technicians and laboratory supervisors who are responsible for sample analyses.
		Brenner is a periodic guest professor with the Department of Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Graz, Austria, the Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio Inorganique et Environnement, (LCABIE) CNRS, Pau, France and the Department of Chemistry, Autonoma University, Barcelona, Spain.
	www.forumsci.co.il /joe.htm (1066 words)

	Microwave Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Microwave synthesis represents one of the important dimensions of modern chemistry.
		The basic research is focused on fundamental aspects of microwave chemistry such as effects of microwave energy parameters (pulse duration, frequency, power) as well as chemical parameters (structure of starting materials, nature of solvents, type of reactions) on the outcome of microwave-assisted chemical processes.
		The microwave chemistry project is a collaborative effort between the Physical Organic Chemistry Group and the Ceramic Processing Group.
	www.ms.ornl.gov /researchgroups/process/cpg/chemistry.html (146 words)

	Operation of the Microwave Oven for Chemistry Experiments
		The microwave oven was chosen to provide energy for heating the tea bags, to emphasize the importance of the microwave oven in the field of organic chemistry.
		The microwave oven has been used increasingly by chemists to provide the activation energy for chemical reactions, especially in the field of organic chemistry.
		Many people are familiar with the time-saving aspects of microwave ovens in the heating of water, but some chemical reactions are not merely sped up, but altered by the use of the microwave oven.
	www.scienceteacherprogram.org /chemistry/Paul00-1.html (1059 words)

	[No title]
		Microwave energy is absorbed not only by polar solutions (e.g.; mineral acids, organic solvents, reactants, and aqueous mixtures) producing heat and accelerating chemical reactions, it is also absorbed by some sample molecules, container materials, and surfaces of an apparatus that may not be intended to heat during a reaction.
		Microwave muffle furnaces are constructed of an insulating block containing a high temperature-resistant and high microwave absorbing material (such as silicon carbide) that fits inside the microwave cavity.
		Microwave heating during the fourth step was apparently sufficient to raise the temperature of the larger (45 mL) volume of the soapy aqueous waste beyond the threshold reaction initiation temperature for decomposition of the organic compound(s) in the sample.
	www.sampleprep.duq.edu /dir/mwavechap16/mwave.htm (15069 words)

	Resonance Instruments - Systems for Microwave Accelerated Chemistry
		The typical instrument system includes a microwave power generator, a flexible interconnecting cable, and a remote applicator.
		The generator and its companion programming, the interconnecting cable, and the microwave applicator are customized to the users requirements.
		A digital meter monitors the forward and reflected microwave power as well as the anode current in the magnetron.
	www.resonanceinstruments.com /htr1.html (586 words)

	Dr. F. Parodi - consulting & technical services: microwave & RF chemistry and processing
		Microwave and RF heating enhancers contributing to the flame resistance of polymers are also being developed.
		Representative examples of microwave and RF catalysts: for much faster anhydride or carboxylic acid-curing of epoxy resins and crosslinking of epoxidized rubbers, snap-curing of isocyanate-epoxy resin systems, super-rapid formation of polyurethanes, etc.
		These unique microwave power irradiation systems afford exceptionally high electromagnetic field energy densities, thus multiplying the effects of UHF (or even SHF) irradiation on reaction kinetics, mechanism and thermodynamics (in either the presence or absence of the specialty microwave sensitizers or catalysts proposed above).
	www.fpchem.com /fap_2b-en.html (551 words)

	Milestone: Clean Chemistry -- Ethos Labstation for Microwave-Assisted Sample Digestion
		However, with the advent and ever-developing use of microwave energy as a heat source, the time savings and sophistication level of sample preparation approaches that of instrumental analysis.
		Closed-vessel microwave digestion does not suffer from any of the cross-contamination issues typically associated with open-vessel digestion techniques.
		Users of our digestion labstations can further enhance their trace-level work by using microwave energy for evaporation and concentration of samples.
	www.milestonesci.com /cc-dig.php (424 words)

	Microwave Chemistry
		So do I, but when the opportunity arises I like to go one step further and apply microwave chemistry to organic synthetic schemes.
		In a microwave after 2-5 minutes of irradiation the reaction quickly cooled and the crystalline product was simply collected by filtration.
		Professors Ajay Bose and George Majetich and Raymond Giguere have used microwaves in undergraduate chemistry teaching labs.
	members.aol.com /AntaneS/microwave.html (623 words)

	Biotage brings microwave chemistry to single user
		Microwaves accelerate reactions without breaking down or affecting the substrate activity.
		The company said that the Initiator is important for Biotage’s sales development as it opens up a new market segment “and will hence contribute positively to the result in the second half of 2004.
		Biotage was acquired by Sweden’s Pyrosequencing, itself recently wed to Personal Chemistry, last year.
	www.drugresearcher.com /news/printNewsBis.asp?id=52030 (300 words)

	CHI, Cambridge Healthtech Institute
		In related chemistry, condensed multicyclic analogs were prepared using domino reactions that combine the azido-Schmidt reaction with methods of carbon- carbon bond formation, which include the Diels-Alder reaction.
		The other extreme, the chemistry in the tool is not drug-like; chemistry 'flaws' are present that mean the compound could not be used to treat human disease but the tool is selective enough to probe biology.
		Chemistry false positives and negatives are minimized if HTS is considered as a process rather than a screen.
	www.healthtech.com /2005/lds/day1.asp (1233 words)

	WE-MAN!'s Funny Things To Do With Your Microwave Oven Page
		Appearently, in a microwave the gas in the tube gets energy from the microwave waves (probably because the gas is conducting) and starts transmitting ultraviolet light and the powder will transmit light.
		We believe the effect to be the two halves of the grape acting as resonant chambers for the microwave radiation and the arcing to perhaps be due to the difference in charge between the grape hemispheres.
		Take some vegtable oil and grease the bottom of the microwave, then take some grapes prefeably seedles, and line them up at one end of the microwave with the holes pointing towads the wall they are lined up againsed.
	margo.student.utwente.nl /el/microwave (4224 words)

	Advancing Library Design and Organic Synthesis
		Although combinatorial chemistry is well accepted in the medicinal community because it allows the synthesis of several compounds in a parallel manner efficiently, the challenge now is to develop stereo- and enantioselective synthesis-based methods on solid phase to obtain fast access to complex, functionalized, natural product-like compounds.
		Jacob Westman, Director, Chemistry, Actar AB New and versatile approaches to synthesis of heterocycles, based upon novel intermediates, are giving rise to molecules of specific interest to medicinal chemistry.
		This solvent-free synthetic methodology involves microwave exposure of reactants in neat form or their reaction in presence of a catalyst or catalyzed by the surfaces of inexpensive and recyclable mineral oxides namely silica, alumina, clay, or "doped" surfaces.
	www.healthtech.com /2003/lds (4794 words)

	Milestone: The World of Microwave Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Milestone's supreme achievement in the field of microwave chemistry is the new UltraClave, a microwave autoclave, designed for high-pressure, high-throughput sample preparation.
		The UltraClave is the only instrument of its kind—a revolutionary development in the field of microwave chemistry.
		Milestone is unique in offering microwave systems that scale seamlessly from microliters to milliliters to liters and beyond.
	www.milestonesci.com /index2.php (605 words)

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