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	Solar sail - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Given a sufficiently powerful laser and a large enough mirror to keep the laser focused on the sail for long enough, a solar sail could be accelerated to a significant fraction of the speed of light.
		A potentially easier approach would be to use a maser to drive a "solar sail" composed of a mesh of wires with the same spacing as the wavelength of the microwaves, since the manipulation of microwave radiation is somewhat easier than the manipulation of visible light.
		Microwave lasers could also be used to power a painted solar sail, a conventional sail coated with a layer of chemicals designed to evaporate when struck by microwave radiation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_sail (3021 words)

	Laser History - Cosmic Background
		The solid state microwave ruby laser is based on power saturation of the first and third levels of a three level paramagnetic ion (triply ionized chromium) by the use of strong pumping radiation.
		The very small energy separations typical of microwave laser transitions requires that the crystal be cooled to cryogenic temperatures to reduce the thermal contributions to the excited states, especially the lower laser level, thus allowing for rapid radiative de-population of level 2.
		Since the microwave laser was to be used as an amplifier and not as an oscillator, potential feedback caused by impedance mismatching at various frequencies was eliminated by using a travelling-wave approach which afforded high gain in one direction and little or no gain in the reverse direction.
	laserstars.org /history/cbr.html (557 words)

	Precision Laser Cutting of Taconic RF & Microwave Substrates
		The laser is a single tool that can perform most of the required material removal processes without the need for additional handling and multiple tool changes.
		This technique usually utilizes the laser optical registration system to precisely locate and control the cut with respect to alignment targets or to a specific feature on the laminate such as the edge of the etched metal foil.
		The laser beam is travelling along the edge of the metallization on a path defined by the motion control program to overlap the edge of the metal slightly.
	www.taconic-add.com /en--technicaltopics--precision-laser-cutting.php (1140 words)

	Satellite Eclipse Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Laser power is required only for periods of less than 70 minutes per day for 90 days out of the year.
		Since the lasers need only be operated for periods of roughly an hour, this may be feasible, although the laser power source and the increased difficulty of pointing stability could provide significant constraints.
		Lasers to be considered must operate in the wavelength range centered around the visible spectrum in which the atmosphere is nearly transparent.
	powerweb.grc.nasa.gov /pvsee/publications/lasers/IAF90_053.html (3247 words)

	Institute for National Measurement Standards - National Research Council Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		As the atoms fall through this laser beam, their fluorescence light is collected, focused on a photodetector, and the measured intensity is recorded.
		The microwave signal is generated by a synthesizer (Agilent 83620A) followed by a pulse modulator (Agilent 11720A) and an amplifier (Agilent 8349B).
		The laser beams, and microwave field are directed onto the atoms through the optical-quality glass plates forming the walls of the cube.
	inms-ienm.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /en/research/electrical_standards_projects_e.php (3409 words)

	High Power Radio Frequency Directed Energy Weapons
		The laser beam is not visible, unless there is air, water or smoke present to scatter its light, or the heating of the air by the laser creates a path, or contrail, made of plasma.
		In this scheme, the transparency of the target's ablation cloud to one laser is modulated by another laser, perhaps by tuning the laser to the absorption spectra of the ablation cloud, and inducing population inversion in the cloud.
		The U.S. Air Force's Airborne Laser, or Airborne tactical laser, is a plan to mount a CO2 gas laser or COIL chemical laser on a modified Boeing 747 and use it to shoot down missiles.
	www.luxefaire.com /HPRF.html (3821 words)

	NASA - NASA Dryden Fact Sheets - Beamed Laser Power
		As a precursor to the laser beamed-power flights, a similar demonstration using a large theatrical spotlight was flown in the summer of 2002 at NASA Dryden, proving that beamed visible light could power the 11-ounce aircraft.
		Laser power-beaming was considered as one option, along with regenerative or non-regenerative fuel cell systems or improved rechargeable batteries, to provide supplemental electrical energy to power such aircraft.
		Other suggestions include using specially tuned high-power lasers to "rejuvenate" damaged solar panels on satellites to extend their life, and development of "power farms" (satellites with very large solar panels) to beam energy to another satellite that required periodic high amounts of energy.
	www.nasa.gov /lb/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-087-DFRC.html (1062 words)

	Debs Introduction
		The beam is moved in either a circular or rectangular fashion to produce a conductive shell to act as a waveguide for microwave energy.
		If the frequency of the microwave energy is the same frequency as that used by microwave ovens (2.45GHz.), the water molecules in the waveguide will heat up, turning first into steam, and then into a plasma.
		Measure the frequency of the microwave energy at the end of the waveguide and compare it to the frequency of the microwave transmitter.
	www.jmargolin.com /debs/debs.htm (1521 words)

	Laser Stars - Laser History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This section discusses the historical evolution from microwave lasers to optical lasers and finally to xray lasers and lasers discovered in space.
		when the first lasers were operated, I and other scientists close to the research were surprised at how easy it turned out to be.
		We had assumed that, since lasers had never been made, it must be very difficult.
	laserstars.org /history (253 words)

	Laser and Microwave Rockets
		The laser beam heats up the hydrogen gas to a temperature of 1200 K. At this temperature the speed of sound in hydrogen is 2691 m/s.
		It is too dangerous to aim the laser beam at the ground surface, so the rocket must be lifted to an altitude of a few kilometers before it is heated by the laser beam.
		The hardware generating microwaves is two to three orders of magnitude cheaper than lasers of the same power.
	www.islandone.org /LEOBiblio/SPBI115.HTM (1046 words)

	Directed Energy Current Research Efforts
		The expanded use of laser technology in military, industrial, medical, law enforcement, and entertainment applications, coupled with the availability of low-cost laser systems combine to increase the risk that military and civilian personnel will be exposed to hazardous levels of coherent light.
		Lasers have become an integral part of military weapon systems and moderate-to-low power lasers can temporarily disable or destroy human vision and electro-optical sensors within tactically significant ranges and present a significant threat to aviation platforms and ground forces.
		After laser exposure, there is a progression of cell loss and changes in functional disability due to damage to cells on the periphery of a laser lesion that have been damaged but not immediately destroyed.
	radhealth.usuhs.mil /DirectedEnergy.htm (2712 words)

	SPACE.com -- SPACE.com Exclusive: JPL Accomplishes Laser Sail First
		The team was able to use the laser beam to deflect the sail and pendulum upward, much the way that a breeze would push a windsock hanging at the bottom of a the same swinging arm.
		The next step for the laser sail project is to test the sail materials under a wider regime of laser intensities, and to continue to develop the carbon materials, Harris said.
		One of the challenges of laser sailing is keeping track of the sail as it travels through the vast void of interstellar space.
	www.space.com /space/lasersail_000301.html (1437 words)

	محاضرات في فيزياء ...
		When you turn up the volume on a radio, you are amplifying the sound; but with lasers, amplification makes the light brighter.
		Laser light is created when a burst of light (electricity) excites the atoms in the laser to emit photons.
		Stimulated laser emission consists of large numbers of photons that create the intense laser light.
	www.hazemsakeek.com /Physics_Lectures/Laser/LaserLectures_1.htm (646 words)

	Sailing Into A Future Of Space Exploration
		Solar sails and microwave- and laser-beamed sails meet these reSailing Into A Future Of Space Explorationuirements, with minimal weight since in the first case the "engine" is the Sun, and in the latter two the engine is left at the point of origin.
		Solar sails and microwave- and laser-beamed sails meet this requirement, with minimal weight since in the first case the "engine" is the Sun, while in the latter two the engine is left at the point of origin.
		In space, the laser or microwave source may be provided by a satellite or other type of spacecraft.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/future-00h.html (802 words)

	Accuracy of Atomic Microwave Power Standard
		The probe and repumping lasers, were tuned to the same transition as the cooling laser and to the F=1 to the F’=(1 or 2) transition respectively.
		The microwave signal was generated by the synthesizer was also leveled using a 10 dB coupler and thermistor mount-power meter (coaxial).
		Finally the microwave power was turned on, the amplitude stabilization loop left to settle and three launches were done with the optical pumping and microwave present in the waveguide.
	www.jdhosts.net /michaud/j2004/accuracystandard.html (2448 words)

	Bell Labs: Arthur Schawlow, Co-inventor of the Laser, Dies at 77 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Conflicting claims to the invention of lasers persisted for many years, but there is general agreement that the first working laser was built by Dr. Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, Calif. The device was first operated on May 16, 1960.
		By using mirrors, Dr. Schawlow thought that their dimensions could be adjusted so that the laser would have only one frequency, that a particular frequency would be chosen within a line width, and that the mirror size could be adjusted so that even slight off-angle motion could be dampened.
		But one of the first applications of lasers was for surgery of the retina in the eye to prevent blindness from retinal detachment.
	www.bell-labs.com /news/1999/april/30/1.html (1501 words)

	Impact Lab - Microwave-Drill Technology
		Lasers are already widely used to make incisions or holes as narrow as a thousandth of a millimetre.
		But laser drilling is too expensive for many routine engineering jobs, whereas the microwave drill costs little more than a mechanical one.
		The microwaves create a hot spot around the bit, melting or softening the material so that the bit can be pushed in.
	www.impactlab.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7337 (460 words)

	Crop Circles: Military Use of a Microwave Laser Beam Cannon
		Microwave laser technology appeared during the 50s and has been improving in keeping with the increasing complexity of the crop circles.
		Microwaves are able to pass through clouds and act through falling rain, and they are perhaps less damaging to plants when it is raining.
		The firing can also be carried out from a plane (airborne laser) or a dirigible balloon positioned at a height of 20 kilometres and stabilised for example by ionic propulsion engines.
	www.ovnis.atfreeweb.com /5_crop_circles.htm (1573 words)

	Sailing through Space: Solar Sails, Laser Sails, Microwave Sails, MagSails - Future Propulsion Systems
		Robert Forward first proposed the idea of the laser sail, though his ideas used 1000 km lenses, a laser producing 10-million-gigawatts and 1000 km sails, which was a little impractical.
		Microwaves could be used to achieve the same result, though the design is slightly different in that the sail consists of wire mesh, though the gaps are less than half the microwave wavelength.
		Microwave transmitters have the substantial advantage that they are much more efficient than lasers, and required power increases over today's technology for small probes is not that great, this is a potential near term possibility.
	www.thespacesite.com /space_solar_sail.html (1811 words)

	RLV and Space Transport News » Laser vs Microwave propulsion; A beam propulsion Challenge
		Kevin Parkin and Jordin Kare have posted a paper (pdf) comparing "laser and microwave approaches to CW beamed energy launch": New Paper- Kevin Parkin's Weblog - Jan.6.06.
		There are reasons to go with laser launch and other reasons to go with microwave launch.
		There could be a prize, say, for the first team to build a laser powered engine (using the heat exchanger approach described in the paper) on a test stand that exceeds some target thrust level.
	www.hobbyspace.com /nucleus/index.php?itemid=680 (389 words)

	DALMA Microwave & Laser Comms
		Microwave radios have ranges of up to 30Km or more and are significantly cheaper and easier to install than fibre systems of similar capacities.
		Laser data and video links can transmit and receive data (and/or video) at similar rates to microwave radios.
		Although the range is more limited (up to 6km), Infra-red laser has the advantage of not needing the licensing procedures that are required for radio links.
	www.dalma.com.sa /Microwave-Laser.htm (139 words)

	Setting Sail for the Stars
		Other presentations at the conference focused on using lasers or microwave transmitters that would power the solar sails along at a faster rate than sunlight alone.
		The sails would be powered like those designed to use solar photons, with the lasers or microwave transmitters beaming at the sail for a few days or weeks, providing the sail with the light needed to create thrust.
		"Microwave transmitters can be used to blast the sail until it heats to 2000 Kelvin, which would accelerate the sail at 100's of G's to get the sail up to 1/10th the speed of light.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2000/ast28jun_1m.htm (1491 words)

	0603605F Advanced Weapons Technology
		This work supports high energy laser technologies because an imaging subsystem is required for target verification, accurate and sustainable laser beam placement on target, and near-real time damage assessment.
		Commercially available semiconductor lasers are widely used due to their low-cost, small size and weight, high reliability, and high efficiency in converting electricity to laser energy.
		Correcting the laser beam for distortions induced by propagation through the turbulent atmosphere is the key technology in most high energy laser applications.
	www.fas.org /spp/starwars/budget/peds_97f/63605f.htm (3809 words)

	29 0603605F Advanced Weapons Technology - FY98 USAF Military Space RDDS
		Note: Congress added $27 million for laser radar and excimer technologies in FY 1996 and $10 million for space laser imaging and $5 million for laser-induced microwave imaging (these were the efforts under the FY 1996 excimer program) in FY 1997 which explains the perceived decease in FYs 1998 and out.
		This laser array, while not phased, is the first step in achieving a 200 watt, continuous power, phased array for high performance aircraft and space asset self-protection system designs.
		Perform vulnerability assessments on potential high energy laser targets to provide critical data for designing laser systems which can defeat a range of targets and to provide critical data for designing systems that are protected against laser threats.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/budget/peds_98f/0603605f.htm (5535 words)

	Laser and Microwave Rockets
		Either it has to be seeded with light-absorbing soot, or it has to be heated to 15,000 K to enable inverse bremsstrahlung absorption.
		Unlike the laser beam, the microwaves are not absorbed by the clouds.
		The cost of generating microwaves is much lower than the cost of generating laser light of the same power.
	www.nas.nasa.gov /About/Education/SpaceSettlement/Nowicki/SPBI115.HTM (332 words)

	CMLE Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Microwave Generation by Regenerative Mode-Locking of a Nd:YVO4/MgO:LiNbO3 Microchip Laser, A. Madjar, D. Yoo, P. Herczfeld, W. Jemison, S. Goldwasser, Y. Li., IEEE MTT International Microwave Symposium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 8-13, 2003.
		Mode-Locked Microchip Laser Optical Transmitter for Fiber Radio, A. Vieira, P. Herczfeld, A. Rosen, M. Ermold, E. Funk, W. Jemison, and K. Williams, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, special issue on microwave and millimeter-wave phtonics, Vol.
		Microchip Laser for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Generation, A. Vieira, P. Herczfeld, and V. Contarino, Proceedings of the 1997 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference, Natal, RN Brazil, pp.
	www.ece.drexel.edu /CMLE/papers (983 words)

	ScienceDaily: Sail Technology Beamed To Future Space Exploration
		An image of the laser sail is available at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/pictures/tech/sail/.
		Microwave -- Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than those of infrared light, but relatively short for radio...
		Cosmic microwave background radiation -- In cosmology, the cosmic microwave background radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation discovered in 1965.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/07/000706060204.htm (1897 words)

	Contributions of Physics to the Information Age
		Most would agree that America's preeminence in computer and information technology is at least partly responsible for its status as an "economic superpower." The wealth of other nations such as Japan, Taiwan, countries in Western Europe, and others is also due, in part, to their embracement of, and contributions to, the information age.
		The laser is used in fiber optics, which are the basis for a global telecommunications industry worth over a trillion dollars.
		Without fundamental research in physics by Einstein, the inventors of the laser, and others, the CD and other applications of the laser such as fiber optics representing industries worth billions of dollars would not exist.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /~ianb/history (2586 words)

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