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Topic: Microwave radio relay

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	Microwave radio relay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Microwave radio relay is a technology for transmitting digital and analog signals, such as long-distance telephone calls and the relay of television programs to transmitters, between two locations on a line of sight radio path.
		In microwave radio relay, radio waves are transmitted between the two locations with directional antennas, forming a fixed radio connection between the two points.
		Typical types of antenna used in radio relay link installations are parabolic reflectors, shell antennas and horn radiators, which have a diameter of up to 4 meters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Microwave_radio_relay (807 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Microwave radio was introduced in the 1950s to provide high capacity inter-city communications for telephony, telegraphy and, later, television.
		Microwave radio relay communications utilise low power transmitters and parabolic dish antennae placed on towers in high positions such as on hilltops or tall buildings.
		Microwave radio signals are not reflected from the ionosphere and pass directly into space.
	people.ucsc.edu /~mr_hawl/echelon.htm (518 words)

	Microwave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Microwave variantions of BJTs include the heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), and microwave variants of FETs include the MESFET, the HEMT (also known as HFET), and LDMOS transistor.
		A microwave oven works by passing microwave radiation, usually at a frequency of 2450 MHz (a wavelength of 12.24 cm), through the food.
		Depending on water content the depth of initial heat deposition may be several centimeters or more with microwave ovens, in contrast to grilling ("broiling" in American English), which relies on infrared radiation, or convection heating, which deposit heat shallowly at the food surface.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Microwave (1336 words)

	USAREUR Units - 102nd Sig Bn
		Personnel and equipment were made available by the inactivation of the two radio relay companies, the separate radio relay platoon, and the discontinuance of the radio relay detachment.
		Seven (7) mobile terminals, two (2) mobile relays, and thirty-three (33) fixed stations of the battalion were utilized to proivde one hundred three (103) toll circuits via radio relay facilities, nineteen (19) telephone trunks, and two (2) telegraph systems during these maneuvers.
		Was the radio relay mission performed by the 315th (and then the 102nd) called "strategic" or was there a different way to describe it at that time (e.g.
	usarmygermany.com /Units/Signal/USAREUR_102ndSigBn.htm (6381 words)

	AT&T: History: History of the AT&T Network: History of Network Tranmission
		Microwave radio relay and coaxial cable together formed the backbone of the ATandT long distance network from the 1950s until the 1980s.
		Coaxial-cable systems developed in tandem with microwave radio relay, a broadband system by which conversations and television traveled via radio along a series of towers.
		Microwave relay had lower construction and maintenance costs than coaxial cable, particularly across difficult terrain.
	www.att.com /history/nethistory/transmission.html (652 words)

	CETECOM ICT Services GmbH Saarbrücken \| Radio Satellite Communication - General
		The various applications of radio technology including the use of satellites are attracting a lot of attention in the area of communications technology today.
		Within the context of rapidly advancing global networking, high speed digital transmission of data and speech by radio and satellite is of increasing importance.
		Best examples are the aviation and shipping-sector with their internationally used radio based safety systems.
	www.cetecom-ict.de /radio_satellite_communications_eng.php (307 words)

	Arnie Coro's Dxers Unlimited, shortwave radio, science and technology news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Radio meteors should provide an excellent opportunity for TV and FM band Dxers to add many more stations to their logs, while amateur radio operators on the 10, 6, and 2 meter bands will enjoy yet another opportunity to work this unsual mode....
		The detector stages are all fully enclosed in a shielded compartment, with the plug in coils properly spaced away from the walls of the compartment so that the Q or factor of merit of the coils won't be degraded by the proximity of the metal shield...
		But the DREAM RADIO was not thought as a low-cost project, as anyone attempting to build his or her own version of the DREAM RADIO will be willing to spend quite some time and shopping around for the specialized components required for the project.
	www.radiohc.org /Distributions/Dxers/scripts/01-1208.html (1865 words)

	CSU Libraries: Telecommunication in Africa and the Middle East
		Domestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay.
		International: country code - 966; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region).
		Domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns and for some of the smaller ones.
	lib.colostate.edu /research/communic/africamideast.html (706 words)

	Design Considerations For Microwave RF Repeaters
		Microwave RF repeaters are designed to transfer signals from one radio terminal to another without loss of quality, data, or traffic, while compensating for multipath and fading loss.
		Microwave on-frequency RF repeaters are commonly used by telecommunications system operators to reliably and cost-effectively relay radio signals at remote locations, typically mountaintops and when bypassing obstructed paths.
		Microwave repeaters normally have less gain and AGC as a consequence of on-frequency operation.
	www.mwrf.com /Articles/ArticleID/8319/8319.html (1517 words)

	Telephone system. The World Factbook. 2003
		domestic: microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network; more than 110,000 pay telephones are installed and mobile telephone use is rapidly expanding
		domestic: interisland microwave radio relay system with both analog and digital exchanges; work is in progress on a submarine fiber-optic cable system which is scheduled for completion in 2003
		international: microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
	www.bartleby.com /151/fields/103.html (9766 words)

	Andorra Telephone system - Telecommunications
		cellular telephone system - the telephones in this system are radio transceivers, with each instrument having its own private radio frequency and sufficient radiated power to reach the booster station in its area (cell), from which the telephone signal is fed to a telephone exchange.
		microwave radio relay - transmission of long distance telephone calls and television programs by highly directional radio microwaves that are received and sent on from one booster station to another on an optical path.
		satellite earth station - a communications facility with a microwave radio transmitting and receiving antenna and required receiving and transmitting equipment for communicating with satellites.
	www.indexmundi.com /andorra/telephone_system.html (832 words)

	[CTRL] Echelon & related Data Interception Capabilities 2000
		High frequency radio signals are relatively easy to intercept, requiring only a suitable area of land in, ideally, a "quiet" radio environment.
		Long distance microwave radio relay links may require dozens of intermediate stations to receive and re-transmit communications.
		The nature of microwave "spillage" means that the best position for such satellites is not above the chosen target, but up to 80 degrees of longitude away.
	www.mail-archive.com /ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg30636.html (16106 words)

	Systems Engineering
		Niles Radio Communications can handle the entire process for you, effortlessly delivering to you a fully operational and interference-free microwave system.
		Microwave and Land Mobile communications systems are very complex and leave little room for error.
		For nearly 50 years Niles Radio Communications has provided our customers with a dedicated and specialized team of engineers and technicians to design, modify and upgrade communications networks throughout the southwest and even nationwide.
	www.nilesradio.com /Microwave1.htm (1505 words)

	BELL SYSTEM OPENS TRANSCONTINENTAL RADIO-
		This new project is the longest microwave system in the world and is the product of years of engineering effort and cooperation by the development, manufacturing, and operating units of the Bell System.
		The relay was put into temporary service on Sept. 4th to carry the ceremonies in connection with the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference held in San Francisco.
		Built in about three years at a cost of $40,000,000, the system relays telephone calls and radio and video program material along a chain of 107 microwave towers, spaced approximatel 30 miles apart.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/ggninfo/51.htm (633 words)

	AT & T Outhouse situated at a Microwave Radio Relay Site
		The left photo shows one of the 'standard' outhouses that accompanies every AT&T Co microwave radio relay tower, of which there are (were) hundreds.
		One never knows what to expect when you climb a tower to inspect it or uncover buried cable -- a species of grub worm ate through the underground lead covered cable in Indiana and a species of paper wasp stole the caulking out of Bell cornucopia antennae in Colorado.
		P.S. The reason for building a second, taller, tower at Terrell was that a building being constructed in Dallas was about to block the microwave path from the Dallas telephone office to Terrell.
	www.jldr.com /ohmartin.html (990 words)

	SPECTRUM REALLOCATION FINAL REPORT - Appendix F
		This is appropriate considering the remaining useful life of Federal Government fixed microwave systems that have been purchased and contracted for.
		Fixed microwave, tactical radio relay and aeronautical mobile stations authorized as of February 10, 1994 to Federal agencies at these sites will be retained indefinitely.
		To provide sufficient time to re-engineer assignments on existing tactical and tropospheric scatter microwave equipment in the 4635-4660 MHz band, a minimum delay of three years in reallocating this band is necessary.
	www.ntia.doc.gov /openness/appendf.html (488 words)

	[No title]
		Optical fibre cables, however, do not leak radio frequency signals and cannot be tapped using inductive loops.
		Although city centre embassy premises are often ideally situated to intercept a wide range of communications, ranging from official carphone services to high capacity microwave links, processing and passing on such information may be difficult.
		Selected communications are relayed to distant locations using NSA standard "Collected Signals Data Format" (CSDF).
	www.iwar.org.uk /sigint/resources/ic2000/ic2kreport.htm (12829 words)

	AT&T: AT&T Labs: AT&T Labs - Innovation - Technology Timeline - Microwave Radio-Relay Skyway
		President Harry Truman announces the opening of the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference during the first coast-to-coast television broadcast in the United States.
		August 17, 1951: The first telephone call is placed on ATandT's new microwave radio-relay skyway, the first facilities to transmit telephone conversations across the United States by radio rather than wire or cable.
		The new backbone telephone route, at the time the longest microwave system in the world, relayed calls along a chain of 107 microwave towers, spaced about 30 miles apart.
	www.att.com /attlabs/reputation/timeline/51microwave.html (329 words)

	Presidential Emergency Facilities - Site 2 - Cannonball
		The recessed section at the top is a two-level antenna deck, which was completely enclosed by two circular rows of Plexiglas panels, coated with opaque paint.
		Behind each row of panels is space for mounting the parabolic microwave antennas ("dishes"), six feet in diameter, which linked Cannonball with other stations in the network.
		The panels allowed radio waves to pass through but prevented the curious from seeing where the dishes pointed, and thus locating the other towers.
	coldwar-c4i.net /Cannonball/pef2.html (433 words)

	Telecommunication
		There are 1.1 Million phone lines in Ireland - both residential and commercial.
		digital system using cable and microwave radio relay.
		Radio broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 45, short-wave 0
	www.american.edu /carmel/ed0166a/page1.html (76 words)

	Field Listing - Telephone system :: CountrySeek.com - World Information Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		domestic: consists of a modest but growing number of landlines, a small microwave radio relay system, and a minor radiotelephone communication system; a cellular mobile telephone system is growing
		domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the provinces by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone
		domestic: microwave radio relay, fiber optic and coaxial cable
	www.countryseek.com /fields/2124.html (10245 words)

	Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		As for radio the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centres of the prefectures by microwave radio relay while the remainder of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone.
		International connections employ microwave radio relay to neighbouring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries.
		Rwanda is a poor African nation that has suffered bitterly from ethnic-based civil war.
	www.africafilmtv.com /pages/profiles/Rwanda.htm (813 words)

	USGS Hurricane Mitch Program -Nicaragua
		Transportation officials reported on November 6th that 70% of the roads were unusable and at least 71 bridges had been destroyed or heavily damaged.
		Telephone system: low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System
		Radio broadcast stations: AM 45, FM 0, shortwave 3
	mitchnts1.cr.usgs.gov /country/nicaragua.html (1257 words)

	DoD News: U.S. Microwave Radio Relay Sites to Close in United Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		DoD News: U.S. Microwave Radio Relay Sites to Close in United Kingdom
		U.S. Microwave Radio Relay Sites to Close in United Kingdom
		The Department of Defense announced today that it is closing 10 microwave radio relay sites in the United Kingdom. The sites are: Barkway, Botley Hill Farms, Bovington, Caldecott (also known as Chelveston), Christmas Common, Cold Blow, Daventry, Dunkirk, Swingate, and Uxbridge.
	www.pentagon.mil /releases/2004/nr20040709-1001.html (174 words)

	ArabicNews.com Country Basic Facts
		Telephone system: modern system consisting of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai
		Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 8, shortwave 0
		Televisions: 670,000 (1992 est.) ite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia
	www.arabicnews.com /BasicFacts/TUNISIA/communications.html (464 words)

	1-language.com - The ESL Site: The World Factbook 2002 Online -- Field Listing - Telephone system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		domestic: principal trunk system, end to end of country, is coaxial cable; fiber-optic distribution in Havana and on Isla de la Juventud; 2 microwave radio relay installations (one is old, US-built; the other newer, built during the period of Soviet support); both analog and digital mobile cellular service established
		domestic: consists of a few landlines, a small microwave radio relay system, and a minor radiotelephone communication system
		domestic: national microwave radio relay trunk system, made unserviceable by military activities, is now operating from Freetown to Bo and Kenema (April 2001)
	www.1-language.com /worldfactbook2002/fields/2124.html (8378 words)

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