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	Role of Spinal Glutamatergic Transmission in the Ascending Limb of the Micturition Reflex Pathway in the Rat -- ...
		Micturition is mediated by a spinobulbospinal reflex pathway consisting of: (1) an ascending limb from the lumbosacral spinal
		of glutamate in the ascending limb of the micturition reflex pathway
		the ascending limb of the micturition reflex pathway and that
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/285/1/22 (4311 words)

	Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Basis for Current and Future Treatments of Urinary Incontinence -- Andersson ...
		glycinergic neurons on the spinobulbospinal and spinal micturition
		on the spinobulbospinal and spinal micturition reflexes at the
		the descending limb of the micturition reflex pathway.
	pharmrev.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/56/4/581 (6112 words)

	ACVC 2001 - The Leakers: Disorders of Micturition and Continence
		Disorders of micturition include disorders of urine retention (incontinence) and disorders of bladder emptying, which may or may not be accompanied by incontinence.
		Normal micturition requires stimulation of the parasympathetic receptors in the detrusor, with a simultaneous decrease in sympathetic and somatic tone to relax the urethra and allow complete contraction of the bladder.
		The bladder emptying part of the micturition reflex is normal, but when the dog is at rest and the bladder is full, the internal sphincter tone is insufficient to prevent leakage of urine.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00442.htm (2294 words)

	Volume-evoked micturition reflex is mediated by the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in anesthetized rats -- Matsuura ...
		Volume-evoked micturition reflex is mediated by the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in anesthetized rats -- Matsuura et al.
		Volume-evoked micturition reflex is mediated by the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in anesthetized rats
		Ultrastructural evidence for a paucity of projection from the lumbosacral cord to the pontine micturition center or M-region in the cat: a new concept for the organization of the micturition reflex with the periaqueductal gray as central relay.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/6/R2049 (3532 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Actions of tramadol on micturition in awake, freely moving rats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Basal values for micturition volume as well as threshold and micturition pressure, for each tested drug and dose, are given in Table 2.
		At this dose, micturition volume was larger than estimated bladder capacity in all rats and one rat developed overflow incontinence 15 min after drug injection.
		However, noradrenaline reuptake inhibition was ineffective for cat micturition (Katofiasc et al., 2002) and (-)-tramadol was ineffective for rat micturition.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v139/n4/full/0705297a.html (4523 words)

	Urinary Incontinence VM 552 SAM Urogenital System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Urinary incontinence is the involuntary passage of urine.
		Neurogenic abnormalities of micturition may be further evaluated using skill or spinal radiography, myelography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
		Rational drug therapy depends on defining the micturition disorder since drugs are selected to produce a specific response (increase or decrease detrusor activity; increase or decrease the tone of the internal or external urethral sphincters).
	courses.vetmed.wsu.edu /vm552/urogenital/micturit.htm (2625 words)

	Portable elimination device - Patent 6199220
		In a first embodiment for micturition by males, the device is a cylinder having an outside layer made from a pliable, liquid impermeable plastic and an inside layer made from a soft, absorbent material.
		In a second embodiment for micturition by females, the device is generally rectangular with rounded corners having an outside layer made from a pliable, liquid impermeable plastic and an inside layer made from a soft, absorbent material.
		It is another object of the invention to provide a portable elimination device for micturition by males which is disposable, being made from a pliant, plastic material with a bead and groove seal for closing the container for disposal.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6199220.html (2545 words)

	eighth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An analysis of the immediate (one-week) test-retest variability and correlations on weekly diurnal micturition frequency, nocturnal micturition frequency, and urinary incontinent episodes were performed in subjects with sphincteric incompetence alone (N = 34) and in those with detrusor instability with or without concomitant sphincteric incompetence (N = 16).
		Diurnal micturition frequency, nocturnal micturition frequency, and number of incontinent episodes were highly reproducible and did not differ by urodynamic diagnosis.
		The results indicate that a one-week diary is a reliable method for assessing the frequency of voluntary micturitions and involuntary episodes of urine loss.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~swharkin/swhpages/eighth.htm (248 words)

	Disorders of Micturition - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Disorders of micturition result from a dysfunction in the storage or voiding of urine and may be neurogenic or non-neurogenic in origin.
		Urinary incontinence is the failure of voluntarily control micturition, with constant or intermittent unconscious passage of urine.
		Another neurologic cause of inability to urinate is functional obstruction (detrusor-sphincter reflex dyssynergia), which occurs when there is incoordination of the normal micturition reflex; this is believed to result from overdischarge of sympathetic nerve impulses to the urethral sphincter, resulting in a failure of urethral relaxation during detrusor contraction.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/130614.htm (874 words)

	Neurourological Research in a Total LabVIEW Environment - Customer Solutions - National Instruments
		Three prominent experimental modalities are the behavioral study of micturition (determining the frequency and volume of micturition in conscious unrestrained rats), cystometry (measuring bladder pressure, micturition volume, and urinary frequency), and in vitro contractility (studying mechanical behavior of isolated bladder muscle strips).
		Micturition behavior is established over a period of two to three days using a chronic micturition recording system (CMRS) of our design.
		Additionally, the occurrence of a micturition event is graphically recorded on the monitor, one cage at a time.
	sine.ni.com /csol/cds/item/vw/p/id/554/nid/124100 (876 words)

	Effects of ZD6169, a KATP Channel Opener, on the Micturition Reflex in the Rat -- Yu and de Groat 290 (2): 825 -- ...
		The frequency of micturition was relatively constant during the course of the experiment.
		Cheng CL, Ma CL and de Groat WC (1993) Effects of capsaicin on micturition and associated reflexes in the rat.
		Yu YB, Fraser MO and de Groat WC (1996) Effects of intravesical administration of ZD6169 on the micturition reflex and on C-Fos expression in the spinal cord induced by noxious bladder stimulation in the rat.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/290/2/825 (4509 words)

	Bladder-wall and pelvic-plexus stimulation with model microstimulators: Preliminary observations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We conducted preliminary investigations in cats to prove the hypothesis that pelvic-plexus (bladder-neck) stimulation would produce greater micturition response with reduced side effects, such as animal movement or discomfort, than bladder-wall stimulation with electrodes implanted higher on the bladder wall.
		Again, inhibited micturition response following anesthesia was shown by increased bladder filling and residual volumes, and decreased peak bladder pressures and urine flow rates.
		The animal took a squatting position during and after stimulation indicating that stimulation was inducing a micturition stance and reflex.
	www.vard.org /jour/05/42/2/walter.html (4521 words)

	Micturitional disturbance in herpetic brainstem encephalitis; contribution of the pontine micturition centre -- ...
		Micturitional disturbance in herpetic brainstem encephalitis; contribution of the pontine micturition centre -- Sakakibara et al.
		Micturitional disturbance in herpetic brainstem encephalitis; contribution of the pontine micturition centre
		During voluntary micturition (VOID), the detrusor pressure rise was insufficient, evidence of hypocontractile bladder on voiding.
	jnnp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/64/2/269 (1606 words)

	Welcome to SAMBA - The Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia
		Voiding is a reflex action ("the micturition reflex") that requires simultaneous contraction of the detrusor muscle of the bladder, and relaxation of the internal and external urethral sphincters.
		The afferent (sensory) limb of this reflex is conveyed primarily via pelvic nerves to synapse in the sacral cord, with projections to the micturition center in the brain.
		In an elegant study, Kamphuis (5) demonstrated that the micturition reflex did not recover for 460 min on average after spinal anesthesia with 10 mg of bupivacaine, but recovered in approximately 235 min after 100 mg of lidocaine.
	www.sambahq.org /professional-info/syllabi-19-AM-abstract9.html (3371 words)

	Afferent Fibers of the Hypogastric Nerves Are Involved in the Facilitating Effects of Chemical Bladder Irritation in ...
		A preganglionic autonomic nucleus in the dosal gray commissure of the lumber spinal cord of the rat.
		Role of spinal nitric oxide in the facilitation on the micturition reflex by bladder irritation.
		Micturition in rats: a chronic model for study of bladder function and effect of anesthetics.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/86/5/2276 (4035 words)

	Micturition disturbance in acute idiopathic autonomic neuropathy -- Sakakibara et al. 75 (2): 287 -- Journal of ...
		Micturition disturbance in acute idiopathic autonomic neuropathy -- Sakakibara et al.
		Disturbances of micturition are known to occur in this disorder,
		The neurophysiology of micturition; a clinical study of 550 patients.
	jnnp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/75/2/287 (1900 words)

	eMedicine - Bladder Management : Article Excerpt by: Ramon S Lansang, Jr, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The sacral micturition center is located at the S2-S4 levels and is responsible for bladder contraction.
		The pontine micturition center may play a role in coordinating relaxation of the external sphincter with bladder contractions while the cerebral cortex plays an inhibitory role in relation to the sacral micturition center.
		Lesions of the peripheral nerves or the sacral micturition center cause detrusor areflexia that manifests as distended bladder with overflow incontinence.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/byname/bladder-management.htm (630 words)

	Effect of capsaicin on the micturition reflex in normal and chronic spinal cord-injured cats -- Cheng et al. 277 (3): ...
		Effect of capsaicin on the micturition reflex in normal and chronic spinal cord-injured cats -- Cheng et al.
		that comprise the afferent limb of the micturition reflex pathway
		The effects of capsaicin on micturition and associated reflexes in the rat.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/277/3/R786 (4503 words)

	NATRUM MURIATICUM. - THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PURE MATERIA MEDICA By TIMOTHY F. ALLEN, A.M., M.D.
		Increased micturition; she was frequently obliged to rise at night to urinate (3d trit.),
		Frequent micturition during the whole day, always followed by burning in the vagina, as if it were sore, lasting a quarter of an hour; the urine was turbid and yellowish-red (twenty-fourth day),
		Frequent micturition for two or three days; the urine was pale and clear, but of a strong odor and sweetish taste (1st trit.),
	www.homeoint.org /allen/n/nat-m-08.htm (1947 words)

	Roles for Pain Modulatory Cells during Micturition and Continence -- Baez et al. 25 (2): 384 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		Micturition was marked by vesicular pressure oscillations (fourth trace) and bursting of the bulbospongiosus muscle (middle trace).
		Aimone LD, Gebhart GF (1986) Stimulation-produced spinal inhibition from the midbrain in the rat is mediated by an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the medial medulla.
		Andrew J, Nathan PW (1964) Lesions of the anterior frontal lobes and disturbances of micturition and defaecation.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/25/2/384 (7282 words)

	Urinary Incontinence â“ Part 2 - Boston Spinal Cord
		Lesions above the pontine micturition center lead to lack of inhibition from the cerebral cortex and result in uninhibited bladder contractions, but voluntary relaxation of the urethral sphincter remains intact.
		Lesions of the sacral micturition center in the sacral spinal cord (S2-4) cause detrusor areflexia. This leads to a low tone, distended bladder, and overflow incontinence.
		Detrusor hyperreflexia refers to overactive bladder symptoms due to a suprapontine (above the pontine micturition center) upper motor neuron neurologic disorder.
	www1.va.gov /SpinalCordBoston/page.cfm?pg=21 (639 words)

	Substance P via NK1 receptor facilitates hyperactive bladder afferent signaling via action of ROS -- Chien et al. 284 ...
		the afferent and efferent neural transmission of the micturition
		afferent micturition pathway in the lumbosacral spinal cord (Fig.
		Evidence for a role of tachykinins as sensory transmitters in the activation of micturition reflex.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/4/F840 (6414 words)

	iknowledgenow.com
		Micturition is a two stage process involving the passive storage and the active voiding of urine.
		The loss of voluntary control of micturition is defined as urinary incontinence The clinical importance of these disorders is twofold: Incontinence is unacceptable to most owners; if not adequately treated this disorder may result in euthanasia of the pet.
		Micturition disorders may lead to unresponsive urinary tract infection, resulting in an ascending pyelonephritis.
	www.iknowledgenow.com /search.cfm?keywordlist=Ganglion (1869 words)

	Spinal Micturition Reflex Mediated by Afferents in the Deep Perineal Nerve -- Boggs et al. 93 (5): 2688 -- Journal of ...
		Spinal Micturition Reflex Mediated by Afferents in the Deep Perineal Nerve -- Boggs et al.
		Primary afferent depolarization of cat pudendal afferents during micturition and segmental afferent stimulation.
		Jiang C and Lindstrom S. Prolonged enhancement of the micturition reflex in the cat by repetitive stimulation of bladder afferents.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/93/5/2688 (6963 words)

	Clinical Reports (Cystone)
		Cystone was chosen because it has proven its efficacy in burning micturition and acute urinary tract infection (Garg and Singh 1985, Prasad 1980) and been used for long-term therapy (for four to six months and even longer) in urolithiasis and various other urinary disorders (Chaudhury 1982, Chatterji 1982) without significant side-effects.
		The present study was done in 297 patients of either sex over a period of about 2 years, complaining of burning and frequency of micturition.
		It is evident from Table 1 that Group A (91) patients, with increased frequency and burning micturition but non-infective, showing only an increase in number of epithelial cells, did not require any antimicrobial therapy and were relieved of their symptoms by Cystone plus an alkalizer.
	members.tripod.com /kelab2020_p2020/cys-011.htm (1198 words)

	Neurological disorders of micturition and their treatment -- Fowler 122 (7): 1213 -- Brain
		Micturition was normally co-ordinated, indicating that the disturbance
		pathway and the basal ganglia is mainly responsible for micturitional
		fasciculus to the presumed pontine micturition centre in the
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/122/7/1213 (6190 words)

	Micturition syncope - Patient UK
		Micturition syncope - Patient UK PatientPlus articles are written for doctors and so the language can be technical.
		However, some people find that they add depth to the articles found in the other sections of this website which are written for non-medical people.
		Sources that have a strict view on micturition syncope being mediated solely by bladder stretch receptors state that there is no association with prostatism (as the bladder is overdistended, and empties slowly).
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40000734 (490 words)

	Micturition disturbances and human immunodeficiency virus infection.
		It often is difficult to identify the origin of voiding disorders but the most frequent causes are infections (prostatitis and so forth), obstruction (cervico-prostatic or urethral) and neurological (encephalitis, myelitis, polyradiculoneuritis and so forth).
		We determined the etiologies, therapy and clinical outcome of micturitional disturbances in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
		CONCLUSIONS: A micturition problem is an unfavorable event since it usually indicates a neurological cause.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1996/sep/M9690373.html (458 words)

	BLADDER CAPACITIES AND MICTURITION PAGE
		Voluntary contraction of the external sphincter and pelvic floor can prevent release of urine...
		Micturition Reflex: The micturition reflex center in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th sacral levels of the spinal cord receives information from stretch receptors of the detrusor muscle in the bladder wall.
		Filling the bladder to 450 mL strongly activates the stretch receptors, which reflexly activates parasympathetic neurons innervating the bladder wall and the neck of the bladder.
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/micturition.htm (785 words)

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