
	Where results make sense

Topic: Midbrain tegmentum

In the News (Tue 5 Jun 12)

EXECUTIVE POWER

Iran

ANALYSIS

Pakistan

Family compact

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Midbrain tegmentum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.
		Bechterew is of the opinion that the fibers from the motor area of the cerebral cortex form synapses with cells whose axons pass to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and serve for the coördination of the muscles of mastication.
		The principal gray masses of the tegmentum are the red nucleus and the interpeduncular ganglion; of its fibers the chief longitudinal tracts are the superior peduncle, the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the lemniscus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Midbrain-tegmentum (339 words)

	IX. Neurology. 4b. The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It is semilunar on transverse section, its concavity being directed toward the tegmentum; from its convexity, prolongations extend between the fibers of the base of the peduncle.
		Thicker medially than laterally, it reaches from the oculomotor sulcus to the lateral sulcus, and extends from the upper surface of the pons to the subthalamic region; its medial part is traversed by the fibers of the oculomotor nerve as these stream forward to reach the oculomotor sulcus.
		From the cells of the gray nucleus, fibers are prolonged through the inferior brachium into the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncle, and are carried to the thalamus and the cortex of the temporal lobe; other fibers cross the middle line and end in the opposite colliculus.
	www.bartleby.com /107/188.html (3293 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The midbrain is usually sectioned at the level of the superior and inferior colliculi.
		The cerebral aqueduct runs through the midbrain, and is the communication between the third and fourth ventricle.
		Image:midbrainsuperiorcolliculus.png Diagram of the midbrain, sectioned at the level of the superior colliculus Image:Gray18.pngChick embryo of thirty-three hours' incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Mesencephalon (571 words)

	[No title]
		by Rhawn Joseph, Ph.D. The brainstem consists of the medulla (myelencephalon), the pons (metencephalon), and the midbrain (mesencephalon).
		The more posterior portion of the midbrain consists of the superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) collicululi which are directly related to the thalamus, and the red nucleus which receives motor fibers from the cerebellum and frontal and parietal lobe.
		Spanning the medial and lateral lengths of the brainstem and midbrain is a complex reticulum of richly interconnected cells with long ascending and descending axons, collectively referred to as the reticular activating system, which is concerned with generalized and selective arousal and activation of the neuroaxis.
	brainmind.com /Midbrain.html (4253 words)

	Mesencephalon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biological anatomy, the mesencephalon (or midbrain) is the middle of three vesicles that arise from the neural tube that forms the brain of developing animals.
		On the anterior surface the cerebral peduncles are prominent.
		The midbrain is usually sectioned at the level of the superior and inferior colliculi.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Midbrain (510 words)

	Neuroembryology: Midbrain Development: Mesencephalon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The adult mesencephalon (midbrain) is the least modified of the brainstem structures with regard to basal and alar plates.
		They form the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles in which the motor nuclei of CN III and IV are found in the central gray along with the general visceral efferents (GVE) to the eye i.e., the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
		The cavity of the original neural tube is little modified in the adult midbrain except to be narrowed by growth of the surrounding midbrain structures; it remains as the narrow cerebral aqueduct.
	isc.temple.edu /neuroanatomy/lab/embryo_new/midbrain (189 words)

	Neurological Exam: Midbrain: Anatomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The superior cerebellar peduncle enters the caudal midbrain; its fibers decussate in the tegmentum, pass rostrally around the red nucleus, and terminate in the diencephalon.
		Just rostral to the superior colliculus, at the junction of midbrain and diencephalon, is the pretectal area containing the center for the pupillary light reflex; the posterior commissure connects both sides.
		The substantia nigra lies between the crus cerebri and the tegmentum and serves motor functions associated with the basal ganglia.
	courses.temple.edu /neuroanatomy/lab/lesions/24.htm (367 words)

	Midbrain tegmentum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tegmentum (Latin for "floor") was originally used by anatomists to describe the anterior half (if a horizontal line was drawn from medial to lateral through the neural canal) of a primitive neural tube.
		As the part of the primitive neural tube that would become the brain stem developed, the neural canal expanded dorsally and laterally creating the fourth ventricle whereas the neural canal that did not expand and remained the same at the level of the midbrain superior to the fourth ventricle formed the cerebral aqueduct.
		the crus cerebri in the anterior of the midbrain) are not considered part of the 'tegmentum' as they were not part of the primitive neural tube but grew as projections from the cerebral cortex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tegmentum (356 words)

	University of Fribourg - Units of Biochemistry
		The tegmentum is the dorsal portion of the pons; also the major portion of the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain, lying between the substantia nigra and the tectum.
		The dorsal part is named the tegmentum; the ventral, the base or crusta; the two bases are separated from each other, but the tegmenta are joined in the median plane by a forward prolongation of the raphé of the pons.
		The tegmentum is continuous with the reticular formation of the pons, and consists of longitudinal and transverse fibers, together with a considerable amount of gray substance.
	www.unifr.ch /biochem/dreyer/dreyer.php?page=03305 (461 words)

	Ch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The "stem" of the bain, from the medulla to the diencephalon, excluding the cerebellum.
		The region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral cerbellum.
		The tegmentum contains the reticular formation, which is important in sleep, arousal, and movement; the periaqueductal gray matter, which controls various species-typical behaviors; and the red nucleus and the substantia nigra, both parts of the motor system.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/cafrye/apsy601/Ch.03StructureoftheNervousSystem.html (2994 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: List of regions in the human brain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The tectum is the dorsal part of the midbrain, derived in embryonic development from the alar plate of the neural tube.
		The substantia nigra, (Latin for fl substance, Soemering) or locus niger is a heterogeneous portion of the midbrain, separating the pes (foot) from the tegmentum (covering), and a major element of the basal ganglia system.
		The mesocortical pathway is a neural pathway which connects the ventral tegmentum to the cortex, particularly the frontal lobes.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-regions-in-the-human-brain (5461 words)

	midbrain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Also known as the mesencephalon, the middle division of the embryonic brain, which includes the tectum and tegmentum.
		The midbrain is considered to be part of the brainstem.
		The reticular formation in the midbrain collects input from higher brain centers and passes it to motor neurons.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/midbrain.html (147 words)

	Arcuate Plan of Chick Midbrain Development -- Sanders et al. 22 (24): 10742 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		The ventral midbrain and adjoining hindbrain have been dissected away from the forebrain and the other head tissues of stage 26 (E5) chick embryos and flattened on a glass slide with a coverslip.
		Expression throughout the midbrain tectum of DELTA1 and the HX gene PAX3 is indicated by arrows, the base of which identifies the lateral edge of the tegmentum.
		Arcs of the embryonic midbrain tegmentum have gross morphological correlates.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/24/10742 (6620 words)

	MRN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Klitenick, M.A. & Wirtshafter, D. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of opioids in the paramedian midbrain tegmentum.
		Small lesions or drug injections into the median raphe produce a dramatic behavioral syndrome characterized by astonishingly pronounced hyperactivity, large increases in food and water intake and sexual behavior and a pattern of disturbances in learning and memory situations similar to seen after damage to the hippocampus.
		Wirtshafter, D. & Stratford, T.R. Evidence for a GABAergic projection from the tegmental nuclei of Gudden to the mammillary body in the rat.
	www.homestead.com /wirts/MRN.html (784 words)

	The Brain and Behavior - Cambridge University Press
		The tegmentum consists of nuclei and tracts that lie between the basilar pons and the floor of the fourth ventricle (IV in Figure 1.2; see Figure 10.2).
		The dorsal surface of the midbrain is marked by four hillocks, the corpora quadrigemina (tectum).
		Cranial nerves associated with the midbrain are the trochlear and oculomotor.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0511128711&ss=exc (3067 words)

	Midbrain Ataxia: An Introduction to the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region and the Pedunculopontine Nucleus -- Hathout and ...
		Midbrain Ataxia: An Introduction to the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region and the Pedunculopontine Nucleus
		gait disturbances caused by dorsal midbrain lesions that are
		The PPN is a heterogeneous population of neurons, lying in the
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/184/3/953 (2429 words)

	University of Fribourg - Units of Biochemistry
		Minor projections to the striatum also arise from the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (thalamostriate projection) and from the pedunculopontine nucleus (pedunculopontine projection) located within the midbrain tegmentum at its junction with the pons.
		The neostriatum in turn projects to both internal and external segments of the globus pallidus (striopallidal efferents), and to the substantia nigra pars reticulata and compacta (strionigral efferents).
		Remaining pallidal efferents from the GPi descend to the reticular formation and pedunculopontine nucleus within the midbrain tegmentum.
	www.unifr.ch /biochem/dreyer/dreyer.php?page=03310 (1293 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		Morphologically, in the alar plate the deletion is characterized by the substitution of the tectum (dorsal midbrain) and cerebellum (dorsal metencephalon) by the caudal diencephalon and in the basal plate by the replacement of the midbrain tegmentum by the ventral metencephalon (pons).
		Molecularly, the loss of the tectum is demonstrated by an expanded expression of Pax6, (the molecular determinant of posterior commissure), and a rostral shift of the territory of expression of Gbx2 and Otp (markers for the pons), toward the caudal diencephalon.
		During early neural pattern formation expression of the midbrain markers Wnt1 and Ephrin-A5, the isthmic organizer markers Pax2 and Fgf-8 and the hindbrain marker Gbx2 are shifted caudally in the presumptive hindbrain territory.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/dbzhnsky/unplug2.htm (6469 words)

	Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research - Sulfated proteoglycans as modulators of neuronal migration and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The midbrain is a structure characterized by a remarkable dependence on the Wnt-1 (int-1) proto-oncogene, being selectively ablated in mice homozygous for null alleles of Wnt-1 (6).
		It is not yet clear whether migration for the midbrain tectum follows rules similar to those described for the midbrain tegmentum although the morphology of a specialized set of radial glia, the median ventricular formation (21), suggests that selected tectal populations may follow a sequence of radial and tangential migration.
		It remains to be demonstrated whether a homologous component is responsible for the contribution of HS to the nonpermissive role of the midline glia in the growth of midbrain neurites in a mammal.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2003000800005&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en (6073 words)

	eMedicine - Oculomotor Nerve Palsy : Article Excerpt by: James Goodwin, MD
		Fascicular intraparenchymal midbrain portion: The fascicular portion of the oculomotor nerve courses ventrally from the nucleus in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum, passes through the red nucleus, and emerges from the medial aspect of the cerebral peduncle.
		Fascicular subarachnoid portion: The cisternal portion of the nerve is in the subarachnoid space anterior to the midbrain and in close proximity to the posterior communicating artery.
		Berry aneurysm at the junction between the posterior communicating artery and the internal carotid artery is an important cause of oculomotor nerve palsy.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/byname/oculomotor-nerve-palsy.htm (627 words)

	The isthmic organizer signal FGF8 is required for cell survival in the prospective midbrain and cerebellum -- Chi et ...
		The arrow in B points to the part of the head that is misshapen due to the absence of the midbrain and cerebellum.
		The bulk of the dorsal midbrain (tectum) is subdivided into the superior colliculus (rostral) and inferior colliculus (caudal).
		At the 19-20 somite stage, the midbrain vesicle is obvious in the NBS stained control embryo (between the pink and green arrowheads), but appears to be entirely deleted in the Fgf8 MHB KO embryo (indicated by half pink, half green arrowhead).
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/figsonly/130/12/2633 (1022 words)

	Brain Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It is hypothesized that developed brains derive consciousness from the complex interactions between the numerous systems within the brain.
		Cognitive processing in mammals occurs in the cerebral cortex but relies on midbrain and limbic functions as well.
		Midbrain tegmentum (Periaqueductal gray, Ventral tegmentum, Nucleus raphe dorsalis), Pretectum, Substantia nigra, Red nucleus, Pedunculopontine nucleus, Medial longitudinal fasciculus, Medial lemniscus, Rubrospinal tract, Lateral lemniscus, Oculomotor nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, Trochlear nucleus
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Brain.html (4696 words)

	2. Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The following diagram (Figure 1) is a schematic diagram of transverse sections through the midbrain, medulla and spinal cord showing the path of the corticospinal tract: Fibres of the corticospinal tract originate prodominantly in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex, and pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
		The first section is of the midbrain, and shows the crus cerebri, through which the corticospinal tract runs.
		Fibres of the rubrospinal tract have their cell bodies in the red nucleus, situated in the tegmentum of the midbrain.
	d-mis-web.ana.bris.ac.uk /calnet/UMN/page2.htm (1733 words)

	Ventromedial Tegmentum and Offense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The model for this analysis comes from defense, where the motivational mechanism was said to be located in the midbrain central gray, a location where: (1) lesions permanently abolish defense; (2) electrical and chemical stimulation produce defense; and (3) single neurons are differentially active during defense [2].
		Further research is needed to determine if the ventromedial tegmentum contains the neurons of a motivational mechanism for offense, in the same sense that the central gray appears to have such a mechanism for defense.
		The fact that brain lesions of the ventromedial tegmentum abolish offense and not other types of aggression is one of the necessary criteria, but others remain untested as yet.
	www.culture-of-peace.info /tegmentum/article3.html (494 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		Midbrain/ Mesencephalon- middle division of the brain, which includes the tectum and tegmentum; involved in functions such as vision, hearing, eye movement, and body movement
		Prosencephalon- the forebrain; lies rostral to the midbrain (mesencephalon); consists of the telencephalon (cerebral cortex & hippocampus) and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
		Tectum- the dorsal portion of the midbrain (mesencephalon)
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/kinser/Glossary.html (1465 words)

	[No title]
		The anterior surface of the midbrain is formed by the [appeared on 2002/02] a) Tectum b) Tegmentum c) Superior cerebellar peduncle d) Reticular formation e) Cerebellar peduncle 2.
		The large bundle of axons that runs upward from the cerebellum into the midbrain tegmentum is the [may have appeared on 2002/02] a) Superior cerebellar peduncle b) Middle cerebellar peduncle c) Inferior cerebellar peduncle d) Medial longitudinal fasciculus 62.
		The main contribution from midbrain structures to the central tegmental fasciculus comes from [there is a similar question on 2002/02] a) Substantia nigra b) Edinger-Westphal nucleus c) Nucleus of Darkschewitz d) Red nucleus e) Locus cereleus 120.
	www.uagmd.com /quizbank/2002quizbank.txt (5165 words)

	ICP monitors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The motor nucleus of V is medial to the chief sensory nucleus, and supplies the muscles of mastication (branchial motor).
		The mesencephalic nucleus is beneath the lateral edge of the rostral 4th ventricle, and extends into midbrain.
		Tegmentum, which consists of the remainder of the midbrain.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/02.1-Anatomy-Brain&SC/Brainstem.html (3416 words)

	midbrain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The dorsal or posterior part has the superior colliculus, which is important for visual system reflexes, and the inferior colliculus, which is important for auditory system function.
		The ventral or anterior part has the cerebral peduncle, which is a huge bundle of axons traveling from the cerebral cortex into/ through the brainstem; those fibers are important for voluntary motor function.
		Two other structures in the depth of the midbrain that are important for normal motor function are the red nucleus (not visible) and the substantia nigra.
	www.sci.uidaho.edu /med532/midbrain.htm (119 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A.S. Yagodnitsyn, M.L. Shik Correlation analysis of spike activity of pairs of neurons in midbrain tegmentum in cats (in Russian).
		M.L. Shik, A.S. Yagodnitsyn Study of the neuronal connections in the dorsolateral midbrain tegmentum of the cat by the method of microstimulation (in Russian).
		V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Convergence of influences from locomotor points of the midbrain and medulla and from an inhibitory pontine point onto medullary neurons (in Russian).
	www.tau.ac.il /lifesci/departments/zoology/members/shik/shik.html (2117 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)