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Topic: Middle Chinese

	Chinese Language - MSN Encarta
		Chinese or the Sinitic language(s) (汉语/漢語, pinyin : Hànyǔ ; 华语/華語, Huáyǔ ; or 中文, Zhōngwén) can be considered a language or language family.
		The Chinese written language is of an old and conservative type that assigns a single distinctive symbol, or character, to each syllable.
		In Middle Chinese this had become p, ph, bh; in Mandarin only p and ph (now spelled b and p) are left.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565543_2/Chinese_Language.html (1303 words)

	Middle Chinese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Middle Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 中古漢語; Pinyin: zhōnggǔ Hànyǔ), or Ancient Chinese as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren, refers to the Chinese language spoken during Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century).
		The profuse output of Chinese poetry during the Tang era with its rigid verse structures relies on the rhyming and tone of the end characters of a line of poetry.
		Middle Chinese as embodied in rhyme dictionaries (or rhyme books) were a primary aid to authors in composing rhyming poetry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Chinese (581 words)

	Middle Chinese: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The chinese language (/, /, or ; pinyin: hàny, huáy, or zhngwén)...
		Chinese poetry can be divided into three main periods: the early period, characterised by folk songs in simple, repetitive forms; the classical period from the...
		Middle Chinese as embodied in rime dictionaries (or rime books) were a primary aid to authors in composing rhyming poetry.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/middle_chinese.htm (1606 words)

	Spoken Chinese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the past, it was viewed as closely related to Hakka dialects, because of the way Middle Chinese voiced initials have become voiceless aspirated initials, as in Hakka, and were hence called by the umbrella term "Hakka-Gan dialects".
		In addition, the Dungan language (東干語/东干语) is a language descended from Chinese spoken in Kyrgyzstan, and is akin to northwestern dialects of Mandarin.
		In southern China where the difference between Standard Mandarin and the local dialect is particularly pronounced, well-educated Chinese are generally fluent in Standard Mandarin, and most people have at least a good passive knowledge of it, in addition to being native speakers of the local dialect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_spoken_language (1932 words)

	ipedia.com: Chinese language Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Chinese language (spoken in its standard Mandarin form) is the official language of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China, one of four official languages of Singapore, and one of six official languages of the United Nations.
		The terms and concepts used by Chinese to think about language are different from those used in the West, partly because of the unifying effects of the Chinese characters used in writing, and partly because of differences in the political and social development of China in comparison with Europe.
		Old Chinese, sometimes known as 'Archaic Chinese', was the language common during the early and middle Zhou Dynasty (11th to 7th centuries B.C.), texts of which include inscriptions on bronze artifacts, the poetry of the Shijing, the history of the Shujing, and portions of the Yijing (I Ching).
	www.ipedia.com /chinese_language.html (3591 words)

	China's Role in the World: Is China a Responsible Stakeholder? \| The Middle East Institute
		Chinese energy entities have shown a greater patience in overcoming the political and bureaucratic obstacles to doing business in the Middle East, as well as greater flexibility and higher tolerance for risk than many of their foreign competitors.
		Chinese business activity in the Middle East and the diplomacy supporting it is aimed not only at prying open the door to the region’s energy supplies, but also at offsetting the financial costs associated with the growing volume and rising prices of crude oil imports from the region.
		Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesmen have frequently expressed support for European and Russian diplomatic initiatives, welcoming them as “constructive proposals.” As frequently, they have insisted that the Iranian nuclear issue be addressed within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and by implication, not within the UN Security Council.
	www.mideasti.org /transcript/chinas-role-world-china-responsible-stakeholder (4946 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Chinese languages are the languages of the Han people, the major ethnic group of China, including both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China.
		Approximately 95 percent of the Chinese population speaks Chinese, as opposed to the non-Chinese languages such as Tibetan, Mongolian, Lolo, Miao, and Tai spoken by minorities.
		Chinese, together with Tibetan and Myanmar (formerly known as Burmese) and the many tribal languages of South and Southeast Asia, belongs to the family of Sino-Tibetan languages.
	www.chinalanguage.com /Language/chinese.html (1461 words)

	Chinese Entertaining
		The Chinese are not as understanding of tipsy guests as are the Japanese or Koreans.
		Regular Chinese meals are served all at once, but a banquet is about bounteousness, a host's generosity and prosperity, and the joy of celebration, so the food is brought in many successive courses.
		Peking duck with scallion brushes, hoisin sauce, and thin pancakes is often served in the middle of the festivities.
	www.ethnicfoodsco.com /China/ChineseEntertaining.htm (1171 words)

	AllRefer.com - China - Secondary Education - Middle Schools \| Chinese Information Resource
		Thirty-eight percent of the curriculum at a junior middle school was in Chinese and mathematics, 16 percent in a foreign language.
		Fifty percent of the teaching at a senior middle school was in natural sciences and mathematics, 30 percent in Chinese and a foreign language.
		Middle schools are evaluated in terms of their success in sending graduates on for higher education, although efforts persist to educate young people to take a place in society as valued and skilled members of the work force.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/china/china111.html (715 words)

	Chinese language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chinese is a tonal language related to Tibetan and Burmese, but unrelated to other CJK and neighbouring languages genetically, such as, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai or Japanese.
		Old Chinese, sometimes known as 'Archaic Chinese', is the language of the early and mid Zhou Dynasty (11th to 7th centuries B.C.), whose texts include inscriptions on bronze artifacts, the poetry of the 詩經 Shijing, the history of the 書經 Shujing, and portions of the 易經 Yijing (I Ching).
		Middle Chinese is the language of the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (7th through 10th centuries A.D.).
	usapedia.com /c/chinese-language.html (1289 words)

	Brief introduction of Chinese Language - Learn Chinese Resources
		The Chinese languages are the languages of the Han people, the major ethnic group of China, including both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China.
		Approximately 95 percent of the Chinese population speaks Chinese, as opposed to the non-Chinese languages such as Tibetan, Mongolian, Lolo, Miao, and Tai spoken by minorities.
		Chinese, together with Tibetan and Myanmar (formerly known as Burmese) and the many tribal languages of South and Southeast Asia, belongs to the family of Sino-Tibetan languages.
	www.language-chinese.net /how07.htm (1465 words)

	Celebration of the MId-Autumn Festival
		According to the lunar calendar, it is also the exact middle of autumn (which begins in the seventh month and ends in the ninth).
		To the Chinese, this festival is similar to the American Thanksgiving holiday, celebrating a bountiful harvest.
		The Mongol Hordes of Ghengis Khan subjugated the Chinese, and established the Yuan Dynasty in the 13th Century.
	www.c-c-c.org /chineseculture/festival/zhongqiu/zhongqiu.html (364 words)

	A life of Chinese middle class
		Chinese middle class are termed as one who owns an Audi A4 2.4 and works with an IBM ThinkPad in office.
		Like their counterparts in Europe and the United States, most of the middle class in China are in favor of purchasing houses and many wish to have a large house in the suburban areas.
		The survey showed that on the whole, Chinese middle class people have received education in college and obtained expertise knowledge in specific fields.
	en.ce.cn /Life/social/200603/02/t20060302_6245271.shtml (347 words)

	Stimson - China and the Middle East: No threat to US interests, for now
		During recent exchanges in Beijing, Chinese foreign policy experts expressed respect for American power and influence in the Middle East, but were honest and direct about the shortcomings in US policies and performance.
		This gap seemed to resonate with the Chinese, who remember the "century of humiliation" at the hands of outside powers, and may suggest another aspect of growing political and cultural ties that would not be transparent to western observers.
		Chinese interlocutors hope for an agenda that is not too daunting, as they move from observers to more "responsible stakeholders" in the critical Middle East.
	www.stimson.org /swa/?SN=SW200703261233 (799 words)

	Dissecting China's 'middle class'
		In fact, the emerging "middle class" in China carries special meaning for multinationals that are counting on the huge Chinese market to boost their growth.
		He stresses that the expansion of the middle stratum is set to spur domestic consumption demand to ensure a more sustainable and healthy development of the Chinese economy.
		Five categories of people are expected to represent the new middle stratum: entrepreneurs in high-tech companies; managerial staff working in foreign firms in China; middle and high-level managerial staff in State-owned financial institutions; professional technicians in various fields especially in intermediary firms; and some self-employed private entrepreneurs.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-10/27/content_386060.htm (1760 words)

	Rise of China's Middle Class
		For Western and Chinese companies, the middle class signifies a large and still growing market of those with enough disposable income to make discretionary purchases, ranging from brand name shampoo to a luxury purchase of a new Lexus sedan to a widescreen television.
		Chinese consumers are much less leveraged than their peers in emerging and developed economies.
		Present estimates of “middle class” in China range from 100 million to 247 million, depending on how much income renders one “middle class.” Assuming that an income of about$9000 is necessary to be considered middle class, China could have over 600 million middle class citizens by 2015.
	www.wikinvest.com /concept/Rise_of_China's_Middle_Class (2935 words)

	The Epoch Times :: Analysis: The Significance of the Growing Middle Class in China
		The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) issued a report stating that the total number of middle class citizens in China has risen to one-fifth of the entire population.
		When the proportion of the middle class is over 60 percent, political openness will be inevitable, and the pressure on the government will be dramatic.
		Although the population of the middle class is increasing, China is an agricultural country, and the vast majority of China’s population is composed of 900 million peasants.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-4-24/21061.html (988 words)

	China's emerging middle class - Asia Finest Discussion Forum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Chinese government has a system that separates rural from urban people that creates a scenario similar to the mexican-us border, where tons of uneducated, poor degenerates flood into big cities to work for cheap and live in $hitty conditions.
		The so called middle class are those that are lucky enough to reap the benefits that investors and corporate owners brought to the country.
		Middle class importance is according to it's proportion rather than size.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=29912 (1347 words)

	Middle Chinese
		To answer this question, we have to look at the tonal system of Middle Chinese, which is assumed to be the common ancestor of the modern Chinese dialects.
		Due to the nature of the Chinese writing system, there is no historical record of what tones are like per se, with the exception of some impressionistic verbal descriptions.
		With the middle Chinese tonal system as the frame of reference, we can now see how the categories (if not the actually pitch contours) of tones in the modern dialects came about.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /dept/chinese/aspect/midchinesetone.html (852 words)

	Chinese middle class covers 19% by 2003(29/03/04)
		China's middle class covered 19 percent of the total population by 2003, up 1 percentage points every year since 1999, according to a report released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS).
		About 49 percent of households in the urban areas meet the middle class standard, but considering the large amount of families with lower incomes in the rural areas, the report reachedthe result that the middle class covers 19 percent of the total population.
		Based on the figures of 15 percent in 1999 and 19 percent in 2003, the percentage of middle class people in China is expected to reach 40 percent in 2020 under current economic growth condition.
	www.china-embassy.org /eng/gyzg/t80880.htm (165 words)

	Chinese language
		Standard Cantonese, Chinese is one of the official languages of Hong Kong (together with English) and of Macau (together with Portuguese).
		The Chinese characters used here literally mean "using-colour-rank," or "ranking using colour," but the sense is automatically ignored because it is understood that the characters are used for their phonetic values only.
		Classical Chinese words for "thus" and "you," are never used in their original senses (except in a limited number of idiomatic expressions) and more often used to transcribe the sounds /s/ and /l/ in foreign words.
	schools-wikipedia.org /wp/c/Chinese_language.htm (5567 words)

	Chinese Cookbooks - Regional Cook Books
		Don't expect another Chinese cookbook with this title: far richer than its 100 selected recipes is its attention to Chinese culinary history which examines the changing foods and traditions of the nation.
		Opening with a useful explanation of the fundamentals of Chinese cooking, you learn how all food is viewed for its seasonal, medicinal, and nutritional values; how color, aroma, flavor, shape, and texture must be balanced in each dish; and how today's cooking goes beyond the classic five flavors.
		For dessert, Chinese Fruit Salad, combining fresh or canned lychees, cubed melon, and other fruits in the scooped out melon, which is nestled in crushed ice, lets you bring the care of Chinese presentation to the table easily.
	www.ethnicfoodsco.com /Books/ChineseBooks/ChineseRegionalCookBooks.html (1383 words)

	Michigan Virtual High School - About Us
		Chinese 1A: There are no prerequisites to enroll in the Introductory Chinese 1A course.
		Chinese 1B: Chinese 1A or equivalent level of Chinese with proficiency of 200 Chinese fundamental words in Pinyin, knowledge about Chinese and/or Asian culture and the ability to carry on short conversations.
		Chinese 2A: Chinese 1B or equivalent level of Chinese with proficency of 500 Chinese fundamental words in Pinyin, knowledge about Chinese and/or Asian culture, and the ability to carry on conversations in real-life situations, for example, shopping or traveling in China.
	www.mivhs.org /chinese (518 words)

	Technology in the Medieval Age
		In the Middle Ages, however, the plow was radically improved and was used with multiple-oxen teams.
		By the Middle Ages, the location of textile production was usually a household where the man was the weaver and the women prepared and spun yarn for the loom.
		Although the Middle Ages stretch from approximately 500 to 1500 AD, there were changes in the distribution of people in Europe.
	www.engr.sjsu.edu /pabacker/history/middle.htm (4332 words)

	Epochtimes English Edition :: Divorce Rate Climbs Among Middle-Aged Chinese Couples
		Divorce rate among young couples in Chinese has decreased while the divorce rate among middle-aged Chinese couples has gradually risen in the last two decades in China.
		A recent study released by the Haidian District Civil Court showed that the divorce rate among middle-aged Chinese couples has gradually risen in the last two decades, while divorce rate among couples in their 20s has dropped.
		The increase in divorce among those over 50 is primarily due to couples who choose to leave an unsatisfying relationship after the children are grown.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/4-1-23/18820.html (555 words)

	Worldandnation: High blood pressure, smoking take deadly toll on middle-aged Chinese
		Heart disease, cancer and stroke are now the top killers of middle-aged people in China, fueled by high blood pressure and smoking, which have developed alongside the communist country's economy, according to one of the largest surveys of its kind.
		The findings from the study of nearly 170,000 Chinese men and women over age 40 showed that about two-thirds of the 20,033 people who died during that time were killed by heart disease, cancer or stroke.
		Of those deaths involving people in their 40s to mid 60s - prime working years - Chinese mortality rates from each of the three categories topped deaths among the same age group in the United States, according to the study.
	www.sptimes.com /2005/09/15/Worldandnation/High_blood_pressure__.shtml (592 words)

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