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Topic: Middle Dutch

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	DUTCH LANGUAGE - LoveToKnow Article on DUTCH LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Moreover, various words passed from the eastern languages into Dutch by the colonial and commercial connections, while at the same time many words were borrowed from Latin, the language of the learned people, especially in the 16th century, and from French, under the influence of the poetic clubs of the 17th and 18th centuries.
		Middle Dutch preserved a in several words where in Modern Dutch it passes into e before r (arg, erg; sarc, zerk; warf, werf); in others, as aarde, staart, zwaard, the Middle Dutch had e and a (erde, stert, swert, swart, start; Modern Dutch zwaard, staart).
		In Middle Dutch, the lengthening of the vowels was frequently indicated by e (before r sometimes by i, as in air); hence ml for d, oe for.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /D/DU/DUTCH_LANGUAGE.htm (4744 words)

	Dutch literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Apart from courtly romance, epics and saints' lives, another genre popular in the Middle Ages was the fable, and the most elaborate fable produced by Dutch literature was an expanded adaptation of the Reynard the Fox tale.
		The north received a cultural and intellectual boost whereas in the south, Dutch was largely replaced by French as the language of culture and administration.
		The Dutch language of the north resisted the pressure of German from the outside and from within broke through its long stagnation and enriched itself, as a medium for literary expression, with a multitude of fresh and colloquial forms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dutch_literature (4224 words)

	AllRefer.com - Dutch and Flemish literature (Miscellaneous European Literature) - Encyclopedia
		Middle Dutch literature shows the same general characteristics as the contemporary vernacular literatures; thus the bourgeois spirit was expressed in the works of Jacob van Maerlant and in the Dutch versions of Reynard the Fox.
		With the establishment of the republic and the subsequent commercial prosperity, came the Golden Age of Dutch literature; this is the period of the masters Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft and Joost van den Vondel, of the homely verse of Jacob Cats, of the comedies of Gerbrand Bredero, and of the works of Constantijn Huygens.
		Dutch and Flemish literature expanded on European lines, with the novelists Jacob van Lennep, Anna Bosboom-Toussaint, Eduard Dekker, and the Belgian Hendrik Conscience, and the poets IsaAc Da Costa, Hendrik Tollens, Everhardus Potgieter, and the Belgians Guido Gezelle, Albrecht Rodenbach, Pol de Mont, and Nicolaas Beets.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/D/DutchNFl.html (764 words)

	JH Prospectus: Dutch background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		By the end of this period, certain changes had taken place which are now considered characteristic of Middle Dutch, primarily the weakening of full vowels in unstressed syllables, and others such as the voicing of initial s and f (Donaldson 1983:126, Van der Wal and Quak 1994:74).
		The linguistic period designated as "Middle Dutch" is generally held to encompass the language used from about the 12th century until the beginning of the 16th.
		'Middle Dutch' may thus be taken here as referring to the variety of dialects which the non-Frisian inhabitants of the Netherlands spoke during this period.
	www.germanic.ucla.edu /grads/jharvey/prospectus/dutch.htm (724 words)

	Dutch Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dutch Language, member of the Netherlandic-German group in the western branch of the Germanic languages.
		Modern standard literary Dutch developed under the successive influence of the dialects of Flanders, Brabant, and Holland, during the times of their respective political and economic hegemony.
		In the 13th century a determined effort was made to establish a literary Dutch, the leader in the movement being the poet Jacob van Maerlant (1225-91).
	www.starreveld.com /Netherlands/Where4.html (524 words)

	Dutch language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Dutch is a West Germanic language with about 20 million speakers mainly in the Netherlands and Belgium.
		It is taught in schools and used by authorities in the Netherlands, Flanders (Belgium), Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles.
		The Dutch translation of the Bible, the Staten-Bijbel, of 1619-1637 was one of the first major works in Modern Dutch.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/dutch.htm (344 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Middle East \| Dutch and Ukrainians leave Iraq
		About 150 Dutch troops arrived back in their country on Monday, while a similar number of Ukrainians were expected home on Tuesday.
		The Dutch troops arrived in Eindhoven on Monday - the first element of their contingent to arrive home after handing Iraq's southern Muthanna province over to British forces last week.
		Two Dutch soldiers have died over the course of their involvement in Iraq.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/middle_east/4350213.stm (310 words)

	Middle Dutch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In historic literature Diets and Middle Dutch (Middelnederlands) are used interchangeably to describe the proto-language out of which the German, Dutch and English languages would evolve.
		Although almost from the beginning, several middle-dutch variations emerged, the similarities between the different regional languages were stronger than their differences, especially for written languages and various literary works of that time today are just as easy (or difficult) to understand for students in Munich as in Maastricht or even in Manchester.
		Brabantian was the language of the area covered by the modern Dutch province of North Brabant and the Belgian provinces of Walloon Brabant, Flemish Brabant and Antwerp as well as the Brussels capital region;
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Dutch (339 words)

	An Account of Austronesian
		Dutch is one of the most closely related languages to English, and the study of it leads to many insights about the history and formation of our own language.
		Flemish, Brabants, Hollands, Limburgs, and East Middle Dutch are the major dialects that are used to describe Middle Dutch.
		Wars and plague racked the country, and linguistically, Middle Dutch experienced a diphthongisation, evolving the vowel sounds into what is spoken in the Netherlands today.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/Dutch1.html (1004 words)

	Re: Dutch, German, Teutonic
		Dutch is any of the Germanic languages of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the Low Countries.
		Dutch is thus a middle ranking language, roughly the 30th largest in the world.
		The word "Dutch" comes from the Middle Dutch "duutsch" through Middle English "Duch(e)" and is etymologically related to "Teutonic." "Teutonic" goes back to the hypothetical Indo-European root "teuta-," tribe, from which "total" also comes (by way of Latin "totus," all, whole (from the meaning "of the whole tribe").
	www.phrases.org.uk /bulletin_board/10/messages/651.html (507 words)

	ipedia.com: Dietsch Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dietsch (Diets in modern Dutch) is a term used to distinguish the southern dialects in the Middle Dutch language.
		'Diets' is often confused with 'Duits', the modern Dutch word for German, and indeed in the Dutch language of the 16th and 17th centuries 'duits' and 'diets' were variant spellings of the same word, which usually is translated as Dutch (of the Dutch people) in modern Dutch.
		Another reason 'Diets' is no longer used in modern Dutch is that the term was abused by 20th century fascists of the NSB and other nationalists, usually in the terms 'Diets', 'Nederdiets', or 'Nederduits' to refer to the shared heritage of the Dutch and German people.
	www.ipedia.com /dietsch.html (390 words)

	Historical overview - Middle Dutch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We are much better informed about the development of the language in 1200-1500, which linguists refer to as the the Middle Dutch (link) period (Middelnederlands), simply because we have many written records of that time.
		Spelling at this time was also very phonetic (link), which means that the spelling of a word is a fairly accurate representation of the way in which it is pronounced.
		For instance, when a group of West Flemish monks received a copy of a religious text by the famous mystic Jan van Ruusbroec (link), they had to commission a Latin translation because they did not understand the Brabant dialect it was written in.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /dutch/dutch/history/pages/md.html (441 words)

	Germanic Languages
		Dutch or Flemish is the contemporary descendent of Middle Dutch.
		Middle English was the descendent of Old English.
		Middle English is characterized by the reduction and loss of inflectional endings and the introduction of a large number of words derived first from Latin through Norman or Middle French and subsequently from Middle Dutch.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Middle Dutch Diversity
		When speaking about Middle Dutch we must not forget that the term is no more than a collective name for dialects which were spoken and written between about 1150 and 1500 in the present-day Dutch-speaking region.
		The final dialect group - East Middle Dutch - was spoken in the area of the modern provinces of Gelderland, Overijssel, Drente and parts of Groningen.
		An important feature of the dialect of Holland province are the relics from Old Dutch shown in the combination -ft- for -cht- (gecoft, after ["bought", "behind"]), and the diminutive forms using -gen/-gien (huysgen ["little house"]).
	www.ned.univie.ac.at /publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/en/mnldial.htm (861 words)

	Dutch and Flemish literature on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		DUTCH AND FLEMISH LITERATURE [Dutch and Flemish literature] literary works written in the standard language of the Low Countries since the Middle Ages.
		The greatest Dutch figure of the Renaissance, Erasmus, wrote in Latin, but other humanists—Jan van der Noot, Dirck Coornhert, Hendrick Spieghel, and the painter and poet Karel van Mander —used vernacular.
		Dutch and Flemish literature expanded on European lines, with the novelists Jacob van Lennep, Anna Bosboom-Toussaint, Eduard Dekker, and the Belgian Hendrik Conscience, and the poets Isaäc Da Costa, Hendrik Tollens, Everhardus Potgieter, and the Belgians Guido Gezelle, Albrecht Rodenbach, Pol de Mont, and Nicolaas Beets.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/D/DutchN1F1l.asp (935 words)

	Wilt ghij leren over den Nederlandsch? Leest dan maer verder oppe dezer pagina! Ja-ja!!
		The signifigance of knowing about this version of the Dutch language is that many Dutch last-names that you may know came from this time period.
		Most dutch language students are told, and many dutch speakers believe, that there are esentially and for all practical purposes, only two grammatical genders in Dutch: gendered or non-gendered, i.e., "de" and "het" nouns.
		likewise in Dutch, "ten" is a smushing of "te" (to) and "den" (in old-fashioned dutch, ('to/for' or 'of') the)...
	www.calvin.edu /~dmd3/languages/Dutch/old_fashioned.htm (754 words)

	Middle Dutch verbs
		There are, just as in Modern Dutch, three different types of verb in Middle Dutch.
		As far as the use and formation of the tenses is concerned, Middle Dutch corresponds very closely with modern Dutch.
		Already in the 15th century the preference was for werden (modern Dutch "worden"), even though sijn continued to be used.
	www.ned.univie.ac.at /publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/en/mnlverbum.htm (743 words)

	Dutch Reformed Church In Albany, New York
		The Dutch Reformed Church was situated in the middle of the city’s main intersection from the 1650s to 1806.
		The North Pearl Street Dutch church was opened in 1798 and replaced the old structure which was torn down in 1806.
		The Dominie was an ordained minister of the Dutch Reformed Church sent by the church leadership in Holland to minister to the Albany congregation.
	www.nysm.nysed.gov /albany/drc.html (475 words)

	Baking bread in a Dutch oven over hot coals or an open fire. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The traditional Dutch oven is a large heavy cast iron kettle or pot with a matching flat tight-fitting lid.
		The lid is either flat with a raised outer rim or it is concave (sunken in the middle); either design allows hot coals to be placed on the lid and thus faciliate the cooking process.
		Basically, one prepares a batch of bread for baking in a Dutch oven in much the same manner as baking in an oven in a kitchen range or stove.
	www.bottlebrushpress.com /dutchoven.html (520 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Exodus as Dutch middle class seek new life
		Escaping the stress of clogged roads, street violence and loss of faith in Holland's once celebrated way of life, the Dutch middle classes are leaving the country in droves for the first time in living memory.
		The new wave of educated migrants are quietly voting with their feet against a multicultural experiment long touted as a model for the world, but increasingly a warning of how good intentions can go wrong.
		The illusion that all was well in the Netherlands died in May 2002 when Pim Fortuyn, the shaven-headed, gay populist, was shot by a Left-wing activist in the country's first political assassination since 1584.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/12/11/wneth111.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/12/11/ixworld.html (1182 words)

	H - Names
		Middle English Ailwi, represents falling together of several Old English names: E{dh} elwig 'noble battle', Ealdwig 'ancient battle', and Elfwiig 'elf battle'.
		Dutch: from Middle Dutch hanecoc 'winkle', 'periwinkle' (a type of shellfish) probably occupational name for someone who gathered and sold shellfish.
		Dutch and North German: from a short form of the Germanic female personal name Heila, derived from hail 'whole'.
	home1.gte.net /vze7tsc4/id127.html (441 words)

	[No title]
		The Middle Dutch Liège Harmony is written in the Zuid Limburgs (South Limburg) dialect; its text of Matt 1:24 reads: And when Joseph awoke he arose and did that which.
		The interpolation of "the Jews" is unique to Shem-Tob, the Liège Harmony, and Liège's two Middle Dutch daughters, the Stuttgart and The Hague Harmonies (dated 1332 and 1473, respectively), and a Middle High German cousin of the Liège Harmony, the Zürich Harmony (dated 13/14th century, and dependent upon the Middle Dutch tradition).
		This Middle Italian harmony tradition is translated from a Latin Vorlage and belongs to the same broad Western medieval gospel harmony tradition as does the Middle Dutch Liège Harmony.
	rosetta.reltech.org /TC/downloads/vol03/Petersen1998a.txt (12706 words)

	Crash-course Dutch grammar for genealogists
		Middle Dutch –the name for the Dutch language between 1200 and 1550 - was not a standardized language.
		Middle Dutch actually is a umbrella term for a variety of Franconian and Saxon dialects, spoken almost at the entire territory of the Netherlands.
		Hollands was the language spoken in the nowadays Dutch provinces South- and North Holland and part of the Utrecht province.
	www.rabbel.info /crashcourse.html (2280 words)

	Late Bronze Age findings in the Netherlands
		A pair of bracelets, Middle Bronze Age, Elp culture, Ballooërveld.
		Early and Middle British Bronze Age stone mould for a sword and Late Bronze Age clay moulds for spears.
		The hilt plate is the bottom part of the stone sword mould.
	www.angelfire.com /me/ik/pics.html (444 words)

	sisu: Rats leaving the sinking ship? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Interesting that the Dutch middle classes have apparently opted to cut and run, leaving it for others to clean up the mess they have made.
		I don't see the Dutch being any different, especially as they are accustomed to living in close quarters, so that the wide open prairies of Saskatchewan are not likely to be too attractive.
		He indicates that the middle class ("They're accountants, teachers, nurses, businessmen and bricklayers, from all walks of life...") are leaving and that part of their motivation stems from recent events (the murder of Theo Van Gogh) which tend to confirm an uneasiness or even despair with the direction in which the country is moving.
	sisu.typepad.com /sisu/2004/12/rats_leaving_th.html (5763 words)

	pickle - yourDictionary.com - American Heritage Dictionary
		Trade with the Low Countries across the North Sea was important to England in the later Middle Ages, and it is perhaps because of this trade that we have the word pickle.
		It was applied, as it had been in Middle Dutch, to a pickling solution.
		The word also took on a figurative sense, "a troublesome situation," perhaps under the influence of a similar Dutch usage in the phrase in de pekel zitten, "sit in the pickle," and iemand in de pekel laten zitten, "let someone sit in the pickle."
	www.yourdictionary.com /ahd/p/p0287600.html (217 words)

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