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	archaeology - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Archaeology or archology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of cultural and environmental data, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
		The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, culture history, cultural evolution, and human behaviour and ecology.
		Archaeology is an approach to understanding lost cultures and the mute aspects of human history, without a cut-off date: in England, archaeologists have uncovered the long-lost layouts of medieval villages abandoned after the crises of the 14th century and the equally lost layouts of 17th century parterre gardens swept away by a change in fashion.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/archaeology (5408 words)

	ipedia.com: Archaeology Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Archaeology (or archeology) is the scientific study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
		The next major figure in the development of archaeology in the UK was Mortimer Wheeler, whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage of much of the country in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science on swiftly.
		It was now possible to study archaeology as a subject in universities and even schools, and by the end of the 20th century nearly all professional archaeologists, at least in developed countries, were graduates.
	www.ipedia.com /archaeology.html (6035 words)

	Near Eastern archaeology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Near Eastern Archaeology (sometimes known as Middle Eastern archaeology) is a regional branch of the wider, global discipline of Archaeology.
		The description "Near Eastern" for this branch of archaeology is, of course, highly Eurocentric and Americocentric, reflecting the origins and growth of the field in Western academic traditions.
		Near Eastern Archaeology is a term with a wide, often generalised application, and is frequently divided into further regional sub-branches, the archaeology of modern states in the region or along broad thematic lines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology (962 words)

	Archaeology
		Archaeology (or Archeology) is the study of human activity, primarily through the study of its material remains.
		The next major figure in the development of archaeology in the UK was Mortimer Wheeler, whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage of much of the country in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science on swiftly.
		It was now possible to study archaeology as a subject in universities and even schools, and by the end of the 20th century nearly all professional archaeologists, at least in developed countries, were graduates.
	www.fastload.org /ar/Archaeology.html (1672 words)

	Welcome to NELC at the University of Chicago
		Each student of Near Eastern archaeology designs an academic program, in consultation with a faculty advisor, which is suited to his or her abilities and interests.
		For students who prefer to focus on studies of ancient Near Eastern technology, regional landscape studies, or quantitative data analysis, the archaeology faculty may reduce the ancient language requirement to a single year of instruction, provided that the student can demonstrate that he or she is able to construct a coherent alternative program of study.
		Modern Middle Eastern languages (e.g., Arabic, Turkish, and Hebrew) are becoming increasingly important as languages of archaeological scholarship; training in one of these is therefore strongly recommended for students of ancient Near Eastern archaeology.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/nelc/programs/archaeo_prog.html (889 words)

	Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Archaeology (or archeology) is the study of human cultures through the analysis of material remains (such as architecture, artifacts, biofacts, the human body, landscapes).
		Archaeology is the primary means for reconstructing the human past when there is no written record (generally, more than 5,000 years ago), when the written record is incomplete, or when the written record is biased.
		Some major (although not exhaustive) goals of archaeology are to document and reconstruct cultural systems, define and interpret the use and meaning of past material culture and technology, explain cultural change and cultural evolution, and explore the relationship between cultural systems, landscapes, and natural environments and other organisms.
	www.enlightenweb.net /a/ar/archaeology.html (2073 words)

	UT Undergrad Cat 1996-98. MES Courses
		Middle Eastern Studies 301K and Oriental and African Languages and Literatures 312K may not both be counted.
		Middle Eastern Studies 301L and Oriental and African Languages and Literatures 312L may not both be counted.
		Middle Eastern Studies 320 (Topic 8) and Oriental and African Languages and Literatures 372 (Topic 8: Mysticism, East and West) may not both be counted.
	www.utexas.edu /student/registrar/catalogs/undergrad/mes.html (2763 words)

	Near Eastern Art and Archaeology
		The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations is housed in the premises of the Oriental Institute, a separate research institution that is a major contributor to all fields of ancient Near Eastern studies.
		Archaeology of a third geographical region or of a later period (e.g., Islamic)or an archaeological method (e.g., zooarchaeology) or archaeological theory.
		Recognizing that Islamic archaeology is a discipline within a fully historical tradition, students must acquire a research facility in two Middle Eastern languages, in addition to fulfilling the departmental requirement to demonstrate reading knowledge of French and German.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/nelc/programs/NEArchprog.html (1820 words)

	ScienceDaily: Archaeology
		Archaeology or archeology is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
		Artifact (archaeology) -- An artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor.
		Archaeology -- Archaeology or archeology is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts,...
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/archaeology (1393 words)

	Archaeology Courses
		Archaeology in Greek lands from the Iron Age to the first century BC; aims and methods of Classical archaeology; correlations with anthropology, art history, history and literature.
		A survey of the archaeology of ancient Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, from the Stone Age to the late Roman Empire, with emphasis on the material remains of the second and first millennium BC.
		A survey of the archaeology of ancient Israel, Lebanon, and Syria from the Stone Age to the late Roman Empire, with emphasis on the material remains of the second and first millennia BC.
	www.bu.edu /archaeology/oldsite/programs/courseslist.html (3713 words)

	Mesopotamia Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Biblical archaeology - Biblical archaeology involves the recovery and scientific investigation of the material remains of past cultures that can illuminate the periods and descriptions in the Bible.
		Australian archaeology - Australian Archaeology is a large sub-field in the discipline of Archaeology.
		Archaeology in these regions is sometimes intimately associated with language and writing and goes under the name of a specialized branch that deals with the Nile Valley and Delta.
	bo40.muscyberspace.com /mesopotamiaarchaeology.html (1107 words)

	Neil Silberman - Fitting the Pieces Together (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		An address given by Neil Asher Silberman, Archaeological Institute of America, at the WAC Forum: Exploring a Shared Past in the Modern Middle East (sponsored by the Kaplan Centre for Jewish Studies and the Institute for Contemporary Islam of the University of Cape Town) on Friday 15th January 1999.
		Put most simply, it is this: modern Middle Eastern Archaeology has—while discovering countless valuable, interesting, and surprising facts about the ancient societies in the region—effected a profound and painful rupture between the Middle Eastern present and its past.
		And this clash between tradition and archaeology will continue until archaeology is entirely outlawed or abandoned (unlikely), or effectively integrated into the existing hopes, concerns, and ideals of the modern populations of the Middle East.
	www.wac.uct.ac.za /wac4/silberma.htm (4507 words)

	JAIC 1993, Volume 32, Number 3, Article 4 (pp. 249 to 269)
		This humanistic archaeology differs considerably from the more scientifically allied prehistory in often having extant written texts from the civilization being studied as well as emphasizing “high art” objects and the culture of elite groups in ancient society.
		While this is a rather controversial and depressing description for the scope of classical archaeology, it illustrates a concern for each object as a separate entity with intrinsic worth that requires attention to preserve it and restore its former beauty.
		In contrast, prehistoric archaeology, which sees itself as having a more scientific perspective, tends to view its finds as data, sources of information about human activity that must be manipulated in various ways before being of any use.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic32-03-004_3.html (545 words)

	Harvard University Center for Middle Eastern Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) was founded in 1954 for the purpose of furthering the study of the Middle East at Harvard University.
		Middle Eastern studies flourish here in large part because of the superb Middle Eastern and Islamic collections in the Harvard University Library and the University Art Museums.
		Some Harvard students are also pursuing advanced degrees with an informal specialization on the Middle East: in government with a concentration in the Middle East; in sociology with an emphasis on the Arab world; in religion with a focus on Islamic, early Christian, or Judaic studies; and in comparative literature with an emphasis on Arabic.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~mideast (513 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Much attention in Middle Eastern archaeology focuses on the Biblical periods (during the Bronze and Iron Ages).
		Evaluate the major contribution of one of the founding parents of Middle Eastern archaeology in terms of the person's works and the context of the times.
		The key to reading a scholarly article in archaeology is locating the goals found in the introduction, confronting the use or non-use of data, and evaluating the conclusions (they are often not in the section labeled conclusion).
	www.ncf.edu /baram/ArchaeologyoftheHolyLand.htm (2468 words)

	Museum Madness in Baghdad - Middle East Quarterly
		The looting of the Iraq Museum (Baghdad) is the most severe single blow to cultural heritage in modern history, comparable to the sack of Constantinople, the burning of the library at Alexandria, the Vandal and Mogul invasions, and the ravages of the conquistadors.
		Middle Eastern archaeology requires direct access to ancient places that are subject to modern politics.
		They have recently recommended that archaeology in Iraq be supported directly through the U.S. Agency for International Development and the Army Corps of Engineers, but that it come under the formal supervision of old friends at the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage.
	www.meforum.org /article/609 (5724 words)

	Wellesley College Library - Collection Development Policy for Middle Eastern Studies
		The major in Middle Eastern Studies awards the Bachelor of Arts degree, and is designed to acquaint students with Middle Eastern civilization through interdisciplinary study of languages, literatures, histories, religions, arts, social and political institutions, and cultural patterns of the Middle East.
		The Middle Eastern Studies major is relatively new to Wellesley, and the Library is in a collection-building phase.
		In the Middle Eastern Studies collection, this is reflected in works on women and Islam, women in the Qur'an, women's lives in Islamic societies, women and Islamic law, Islamic women authors and artists, gender studies, and other subjects.
	www.wellesley.edu /Library/Collections/CDpolicies/cdmes.html (1051 words)

	Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) was established in 1954 for the purpose of supporting research and teaching in the languages, literatures, history, governments, economics, and cultures of North Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South Asia, with the emphasis on the modern period.
		The Committee on Middle Eastern Studies is a standing committee of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences charged with the administration of graduate degree programs in Middle Eastern and Islamic studies.
		The fourth field is a written language comprehension examination of a major text in the student’s primary Middle Eastern language; it is a separate examination from that which covers the three historical fields.
	www.gsas.harvard.edu /programs_of_study/middle_eastern_studies.php (3126 words)

	Mesopotamia Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The foregoing names may have political overtones and more recently a new appellation, the southern Levant (Levant is a name given to the whole area between Anatolia, Mesopotamia and Egypt and associated regions in sub-Saharan Africa, the Sinai Peninsula is also called the Holy Land, the Land of Israel, and Canaan because of biblical associations.
		In this groundbreaking and fascinating study, William J. Hamblin synthesises current knowledge of early ancient Near Eastern warfare focusing on key topics including recruitment and training of the chariot as a mode of military transportation; fortifications and siegecraft; and developments innaval warfare.
		Archaeology in these regions is sometimes intimately associated with language and writing and goes under the name of a sub-discipline.
	bo75.majestic-equip.com /mesopotamiaarchaeology.html (1046 words)

	NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY FACTS AND INFORMATION
		It refers generally to the excavation and study of artefacts and material_culture of the Near_East in the ancient and pre-modern periods (up to approximately AD 612).
		Iran, sometimes known as Persia, includes a large plateau and its periphery, including the Zagros_Mountains.
		These include the American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research which publishes the journal ''Near Eastern Archaeology '' and the Council_for_British_Research_in_the_Levant, which publishes the journal Levant.
	www.beatlesfacts.com /Near_Eastern_archaeology (917 words)

	HISTORY OF MIDDLE EAST ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
		However, the chief focus of Egyptian archaeology remained, and still to a large extent still remains, discovery of the central monuments of the Egyptian Pharaonic State and interpretation of the prolific texts.
		There was little formal archaeology under the British in India until the creation of the Indian Archaeological Survey 1861.
		The area north of the Kopet Dagh Mountains of northern Iran and present-day Turkmenistan is the location of the Central Asian (or Oxus) Civilization, the fourth Middle Eastern civilization which like the others originated in the cirum-regional Neolithic.
	www.unm.edu /~gbawden/328-hist/328-hist.htm (1611 words)

	Masters in Middle Eastern Studies
		CAMES is committed to the study of the Arabic language and offers courses at all levels in coordination with the Department of Arabic and Near Eastern Languages as well as a six-week intensive course in the summer.
		A general seminar in Middle Eastern Studies designed to introduce students to the interdisciplinary study of the Middle East.
		Faculty from the various departments associated with CAMES such as History and Archaeology, Philosophy, Arabic, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Economics and Political Science are asked to present one or two seminars that illustrate the approaches and methodologies used in their respective fields to study the region.
	wwwlb.aub.edu.lb /~webcames/MA_Program.html (955 words)

	Intute: Arts and Humanities - browse Other Middle Eastern Archaeology
		Al Mashriq Archaeology will interest students and researchers of Near Eastern archaeology and history as well as heritage professionals or those who study the politics of culture in the Middle East.
		Tables of contents and abstracts of the Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Near Eastern Archaeology (formerly Biblical Archaeologist) and BASOR from the mid-1990s onwards are complemented by the usual advice for contributors and authors.
		It was formed in July 2003 by archaeogists in Münster, Germany in response to uncontrolled excavation of Iraqi mass graves by desperate family members, with the express purpose of examining mass graves with archaeological methods in cooperation with physical anthropologists and forensic experts and in concert with the local Iraqi authorities.
	www.intute.ac.uk /artsandhumanities/cgi-bin/browse.pl?id=202089 (4047 words)

	Las Vegas SUN: Not digging in: War in Middle East puts many archaeological projects on hold
		The war with Iraq has led scientists to place archaeology projects on hold in areas such as Jordan, Syria and Yemen until the ripple effects of the U.S.-led action subside.
		And while tensions kicked up by the war have led to uncertainty for researchers traveling to that area, a resolution to the situation in Iraq could ultimately provide archaeologists and anthropologists unlimited access to the country for the first time in 12 years.
		McGuire Gibson, a professor of Mesopotamian archaeology at the University of Chicago, says that for now, American researchers have stopped working on projects in several countries in the Middle East.
	www.lasvegassun.com /sunbin/stories/lv-other/2003/apr/02/514888384.html (1032 words)

	PaleoJudaica.com
		It is necessary because biblical archaeology has not only enlightened our reading of Scripture (the recently discovered Tel-Dan inscription, for example, illuminates the character of David's dynasty) but has often confirmed the Bible's historicity.
		It is necessary because, over the past 10 to 15 years, Middle Eastern archaeology has shifted from interpretation of the evidence in the light of the written records (including Scripture) to a bias against giving Scripture the benefit of the doubt.
		Archaeology involves learning about the past through the surviving remnants of its material culture.
	paleojudaica.blogspot.com /2003_09_21_paleojudaica_archive.html (5728 words)

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