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	§1. Middle English Lyrics. XVII. Later Transition English. Vol. 1. From the Beginnings to the Cycles of Romance. ...
		the middle of the thirteenth century to the days of Piers Plowman, writers of English were still polishing the tools used in the preceding century.
		Its popularity is attested by the existence of the music to which it was sung in the first half of the thirteenth century.
		The slim volume in which these lyrics were printed sixty-five years ago, by Thomas Wright 5, contains poems familiar, perhaps, to most students of English poetry and familiar, certainly, to all students of English prosody.
	www.bartleby.com /211/1701.html (748 words)

	English language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		English is also the most widely used language for young backpackers who travel across continents, regardless of whether it is their mother tongue or a secondary language.
		English is the most widely learned and used foreign language in the world, and as such, some linguists believe that it is no longer the exclusive cultural emblem of 'native English speakers', but rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures world-wide as it grows in use.
		English as a lingua franca for Europe is a new variant of the English language created to become the common language in Europe, spoken in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/English_language (5154 words)

	Middle English - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unlike Old English, which tended largely to adopt Late West Saxon scribal conventions in the immediate pre-Conquest period, Middle English as a written language displays a wide variety of scribal (and presumably dialectal) forms.
		English did not cease to be used in the court: it retained a cartulary function (being the language used in royal charters); nor did it disappear as a language of literary production.
		Middle English is more familiar to us as the language of Ricardian Poetry and its followers, the 14th- and 15th-century literature cultures clustered around the West Midlands and around London and East Anglia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_English (1856 words)

	Middle English Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Middle English is the name given to the English language roughly from the 11th to the 15th centuries: after the Norman invasion by William the Conqueror in 1066 and before the introduction of the printing press.
		Old English had a complex system of inflectional endings, but these were gradually lost and simplified in the dialects of spoken English, and soon the change spread to its increasingly diverse written forms.
		In Middle English f-i-n-e would be pronounced something like 'feene'.) The exception to this is where the next word begins with a vowel, or sometimes an 'i' or an 'h', in which case the final -e elides and is unpronounced.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/middle_english.html (1234 words)

	Middle English
		Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse
		Elizabethan poetry: a bibliography and first-line index of English verse.
		A new index of Middle English verse / Julia Boffey and A.S.G. Edwards.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/medieval/laneng.html (405 words)

	Middle English at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		eo:Meza angla lingvo de: Mittelenglisch Middle English is the name given to the English language roughly from the 12th to the 15th centuries: after the Norman invasion by William the Conqueror in 1066 and before the introduction of the printing press.
		However, a large degree of multilingualism should be assumed amongst all classes, and it should be clear that Middle English was not simply a language for the poor and unlearned.
		English before 1100 is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon; after 1500 comes the era of modern English.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /Middle_English.html (1327 words)

	eHistLing - Middle English
		In the Middle Ages, English was marked by important landmarks that drove its development into a direction that was markedly different from the development of other West Germanic languages such as German.
		The evolution of English from the second half of the Old English to the end of the Middle English period was deeply influenced by language contact situations that disturbed its smooth development as a Germanic language.
		In 1348 English became the language of grammar-schools (excluding Oxford and Cambridge where Latin was used) and in 1362 the Language Act declared English the official language of the law courts.
	www.ehistling-pub.meotod.de /01_lec03.php (2491 words)

	The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages: Introduction
		The Middle Ages is like no other period in The Norton Anthology of English Literature in terms of the time span it covers.
		In addition, for the Middle Ages, there is no one central movement or event such as the English Reformation, the Civil War, or the Restoration around which to organize a historical approach to the period.
		English poets in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries looked upon Chaucer and his contemporary John Gower as founders of English literature, as those who made English a language fit for cultivated readers.
	www.wwnorton.com /nael/middleages/welcome.htm (1240 words)

	Middle English
		rise in use of English, smoothing out of dialectal differences, beginning of standard English based on London dialect; crusades, pilgrimages contributed to increase in communication and formation of common language.
		English was normal medium of instruction; in 1362 English became official language of legal proceedings, everyone in England spoke English by end of 14th c., displacing of French, Norse, and Celtic languages
		Black Death 1348-1351, death of one third of English population, social chaos, labor shortages, emancipation of peasants, wage increases, rise in prestige of English as language of working classes
	mockingbird.creighton.edu /english/worldlit/teaching/upperdiv/mideng.htm (1260 words)

	Dr. King English 303: Middle English Literature Fall 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Course Description: A study of middle English literature with an emphasis on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
		Indeed, although this course is not devoted entirely to Chaucer, middle English literature is almost synonymous with his name.
		Course Objective: The central objective of this course is to introduce you to middle English language and literature, specifically through a study of various middle English works and of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
	www.montreat.edu /dking/MiddleEnglishLit/English303syllabus.htm (1042 words)

	Middle English Texts Series
		The Middle English Texts Series, launched in 1990, is designed to make available texts that occupy an important place in the literary and cultural canon but have not been readily obtainable in student editions.
		Rather, the focus is on Middle English literature adjacent to those authors, literature that teachers need to construct the syllabuses they wish to teach.
		Scottish poet William Dunbar is usually considered one of the most important figures in fifteenth-century British literature, and may lay claim to being the finest lyric poet writing in English in the century and a half between the death of Chaucer in 1400 and the appearance of Tottel’s Miscellany in 1557.
	www.wmich.edu /medieval/mip/books/midengl.htm (6459 words)

	Notes on Middle English Romance
		In her essay, Everett attempts to develop distinctions between the romance and the saint's life, the romance and the ballad, the romance and the chanson de geste, and the romance and the tale.
		Middle English Literature: A Critical Study of the Romances, the Religious Lyrics, and Piers Plowman (1951).
		The Middle English Romances of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (1969).
	faculty.uca.edu /~jona/second/romannot.htm (1722 words)

	pronunciationguide.org: Middle English
		The term Middle English refers to various dialects spoken in England from about the 12th to the 16th century.
		In spelling and pronunciation, Middle English is often more like German than modern English, though one can still detect many of the idiosyncracies that make English one of the most difficult languages to pronounce consistently.
		Thus in Middle English one often sees alternate spellings (which may indicate alternate pronunciations) of a single word, even within the same text.
	www.math.nyu.edu /~wendlc/pronunciation/English.html (351 words)

	The Making of Middle English (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Modern English has its roots in the language of the Germanic dialects of the tribes of north-western Europe who invaded Britain in the fifth century after the withdrawal of the Romans.
		By the later fourteenth century a demand for English had developed, and literary works in English were wanted not because their audience had no French but because they preferred English.
		This text, which talks about the confusion caused by the different Middle English dialects, is part of William Caxton's prologue to the Eneydos (his translation of the French version of the Latin poem The Aeneid by Virgil), printed in 1490.
	courseweb.stthomas.edu /medieval/chaucer/middleenglish.htm (583 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Middle English Lyric 1100-1500 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the early Middle English period religious lyrics outnumber secular by approximately four to one, though the proportion of secular verse increases notably in the fifteenth century.
		Very few English lyrics of any kind survive from the twelfth century, though tantalising references to vernacular song in contemporary texts indicate that much has been lost.
		Before the fourteenth century the vast majority of Middle English lyrics, and musical settings of them, are anonymous.
	www.literaryencyclopedia.com /php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1414 (557 words)

	Medieval English urban history
		Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse: English gilds
		An anthology of Chancery English: Petition of the Mercers of London
		An anthology of Chancery English: Petition of the Mayor and Citizens of Southampton
	www.trytel.com /~tristan/towns/towns.html (1765 words)

	Middle English Phonology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The most common vowel sound in American English is the "schwa," an "uh" sound produced in the middle of the mouth with the mouth half-open and the tongue hanging slack.
		Generally, Middle English "front vowel" sounds like "aee," "ee," "eh," and "ah" shift down one level (e.g., where you'd say "ee" say "eh," etc.).
		Middle English "back vowel" sounds like "au," "oo," "oh," and "aw" also shift down one level (where you'd say "au" say "oo," etc.).
	faculty.goucher.edu /eng211/middle_english_phonology.htm (240 words)

	grammar
		My firm belief is that if you read Chaucer aloud to yourself, you will not need to "know" middle English grammar but will find that you understand it quite naturally; however, if you are having difficulty, these notes may help.
		in Middle English retain inflection, that is, endings which indicate what their grammatical role is; if you've ever studied Russian, German, Latin or Ancient Greek, this concept will be familiar to you.
		Middle English is not much different, but preserves a distinction we have lost between the singular and plural of the second person.
	www.haverford.edu /engl/chaucer/grammar.htm (314 words)

	Middle English for 419
		Middle English, as its name suggests, is the name we use for the language spoken after the Norman Conquest and before Modern English came around.
		Henryson's Middle Scots uses "-it" as the past tense morpheme, rather than "-ed." But his language differs from Chaucer's (and from ours) in other ways as well; specifically, his vowels are quite different from either Chaucer's or our own.
		Thus "ygo" in the Chaucer selection corresponds to ModE "ago." In Middle English, this prefix was often spelled "y-" or "i-" and used before past participles; in some dialects of ModE, the "a-" prefix is used much the same way: "It's all agone." "I was afeared of it" (cf.
	asstudents.unco.edu /faculty/tbredehoft/UNCclasses/ENG419/ME419.html (3559 words)

	Geoffrey Chaucer (1342-1400) - "The Canterbury Tales" (in middle english and modern english)
		Geoffrey Chaucer (1342-1400) - "The Canterbury Tales" (in middle english and modern english)
		Geoffrey Chaucer, an English poet, was born in 1342.
		Selectable tales in middle english with an extensive hypertext glossary.
	www.librarius.com (1135 words)

	Amazon.com: Middle English Lyrics (Norton Critical Edition): Books: Maxwell S. Luria,Richard L. Hoffman (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Middle English poetry is relatively hard to come by, particularly in the 'original' version.
		Of course, this is a slightly modified original (modern typeface, a few spelling conventions that warrant attention), but for the most part, this is the lyric poetry as it was originally written.
		Middle English encompasses a long time period and a variety of dialects; from the immediate post-Norman Conquest times when the language of Anglo-Saxons jostled with the language of the Normans, up to the generations succeeding Chaucer, when the Germanic and Latinate influences had blended together in a wonderful way.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0393093387?v=glance (997 words)

	Sandahl, Middle English Sea Terms, vol. 1-2
		Sandahl Middle English sea terms I. possible anatomical metaphor: the mast was inserted in a socket in the horizontal mast-step-kelson
		The truss is fastened to the middle of the mayne yearde betweene the Parell with a tymber hitch
		The term is attested, with the same meaning, in Spanish in 1587: a la bretona `la carga se..arruma atrauessada de vabor à estribor' [the cargo is stowed thwartship from port to starboard] (García de Palacio f.
	www.d.umn.edu /~ahartley/Sandahl_v.1-2.html (4625 words)

	TEAMS MIDDLE ENGLISH TEXTS
		The TEAMS Middle English Texts are published for TEAMS (The Consortium for the Teaching of the Middle Ages) in association with the University of Rochester by Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan.
		The goal of the TEAMS Middle English text series is to make available to teachers and students texts which occupy an important place in the literary and cultural canon but which have not been readily available in student editions.
		The focus is upon literature adjacent to that normally in print, which teachers need in compiling the syllabi they wish to teach.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /camelot/teams/tmsmenu.htm (1527 words)

	University of Michigan Press
		Authorized trial users may not make the Middle English Compendium available to anyone, whether by telephone link or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer, or by similar or dissimilar means or arrangements.
		The Middle English Compendium and its contents are subject to copyright, database protection, and other rights of the publisher (The Regents of the University of Michigan) under the laws of the United States and the country of use.
		The Middle English Compendium is provided free of charge to trial users on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.
	www.press.umich.edu /webhome/mec/individual.html (388 words)

	A Concise Dictionary of Middle English
		In particular, the three useful hand-books containing Specimens of English (from 1150 down to 1580) together supply no less than sixty-seven characteristic extracts from the most important literary monuments of this period; and the three glossaries to these books together fill more than 370 pages of closely-printed type in double columns.
		The student of English who wishes to trace back the history of a word still in use can, in general, find the Middle-English form in Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, and will then be able to consult the present work in order to obtain further instances of its early use.
		Morris); and in addition to this, and for the purpose of illustration, forms are given from various texts and Dictionaries, and from the Glossaries to B (Bruce), PP (Piers Plowman), and WA (Wars of Alexander).
	www.pbm.com /~lindahl/concise/concise.html (7700 words)

	Amazon.com: Middle English Literature: Books: Charles Dunn (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Text: English --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
		In the Benedictine monastery at Peterborough an anonymous scribe acquired a version of the Old English Annals and brought the compilation up to date as far as the year 1121.
		Middle English, Piers Plowman, East Midland, Dame Sirith, Sir Gawain, Sir Gawayn, King Horn, Old English, Sir Orfeo, Old French, Middle Ages, New York, Seven Deadly Sins, Thirteenth Century, Vor Ich, William Dunbar, Halidon Hill, John Gower, Morte Arthure, Nine Worthies, Sir Gawan, West Midland, Holi Cherche, Holy Scripture, New Yeres
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0824052978?v=glance (769 words)

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