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Topic: Middle French

	The French (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Court culture of the Middle Ages sought to legitimize the social hierarchy that placed a political, warrior aristocracy over what were essentially slave laborers; most of the literature and culture of the Middle Ages was in the service of developing the ideals of this aristocratic class.
		The later middle ages is a period of challenges to the decentralized aspects of feudalism, so the chivalric and courtly culture developed at the time has a strong subversive and critical aspect to it.
		The French monarchy suddenly grew in prestige and importance as the barons began to regard Louis as the counter-balance to Henry II.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/FRENCH.HTM (6065 words)

	French language. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		French is descended from Vulgar Latin, the vernacular Latin (as distinguished from literary Latin) of the Roman Empire (see Latin language).
		Of the various dialects of Old French, Francien (the north-central dialect spoken in Paris and the region around it) in time became the standard form of the language because of the increasing political and cultural importance of Paris.
		In 1635 the French Academy was founded by Cardinal Richelieu to maintain the purity of the language and its literature and to serve as the ultimate judge of approved usage.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/Frenchla.html (708 words)

	French Language
		The aim of the writers of this period, as is the case of the poets of La Pléiade, was to elevate the French language to the level of Latin as a medium for literary expression, In 1539 a royal decree proclaimed French official language of the public administration.
		French was established as an official language in the French and Belgian colonial possessions in Africa.
		French was the language in which were fixed the notions of the Western culture and for centuries it was used by the educated people all over Europe, gradually replacing Latin in the live international communications.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/French/French.html (1695 words)

	Middle French (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		'''Middle French''' ("le moyen français") is a historical division of the French language which covers the period from (roughly) 1340 to 1610.
		The most important change found in Middle French is the complete disappearance of the noun declension system (already under way for centuries).
		Middle French is the language found in the writings of Villon, Marot, Rabelais, Montaigne, Ronsard and the poets of the Pléiade.
	middle-french.kiwiki.homeip.net (686 words)

	Saklan Valley School - Moraga Private School - Academics
		The goal is to provide middle school students with the experiences and use of the computer that will allow them to succeed in future learning situation where use of technology provides an advantage in education, science, mathematics, business, research, industry, and home.
		Middle school students also pair up with lower school students as "reading buddies," coaching those younger students in their reading skills acquisition on a regular basis, and forming a very special bond in the process.
		Uniforms are required of middle school students, and we believe this significantly reduces the stress many middle school students would otherwise experience trying to dress "cool" and feeling judged, sometimes harshly, by peers for their fashion choices.
	www.saklan.org /pages/academics/acamiddleschool.html (3844 words)

	Egypt: History - French Occupation Period
		French restaurants were opened up by the French citizens of Cairo for the new soldiers in their city.
		The French were afraid to enact any excessive revenge and were only too glad to accept the confession of the killer, who was a student of religion named Suleiman Alepin.
		The British offered to protect the French officer, but he refused their offer and wandered out into the street where he was stoned to death by the people.
	www.touregypt.net /hfrench.htm (4544 words)

	French American Colloquia
		Middle and passive structures are formed by raising the object of V to the syntactic subject position.
		In French (1a), The temporal interval associated with the "manger ces pommes" event is controlled by a pro subject on the akt level and by the head of the SE - pro chain on the T-aspect level.
		We propose that in the French middle, SE [-pers] is identified by a Modal operator in T. This hypothesis accounts for the arb interpretation of the subject and the fact that tense is necessarily virtual in the French middle, while it can be deictic in Italian and Spanish.
	web.mit.edu /linguistics/www/conferences/salt8/gueron.html (814 words)

	'Gret diversity...'
		As the French king began to confiscate lands in France belonging to Anglo-Norman nobility, the rift widened.
		This occurs around the middle of the thirteenth century, and the reason for it seems to be that in seeking words to express themselves in English, nobility fell back on the French vocabulary with which they were familiar.
		The dialects of the northern and northeastern regions of France--possibly because of proximity to Flemish and Dutch--did not reject this phoneme: cf.
	wiz.cath.vt.edu /hel/helmod/lme.html (2239 words)

	The Great French Revolution
		The insurrection of the peasants for the abolition of the feudal rights and the recovery of the communal lands which had been taken away from the village communes, since the seventeenth century, by the lords, lay and ecclesiastical, is the very essence, the foundation of the great Revolution.
		And if the revolution gave the English middle classes a prosperous era for their trade and commerce, this prosperity was obtained on the condition that the middle classes should not profit by it to attack the landed privileges of the nobility.
		The English middle classes also helped the nobility to make of their immense landed estates sources, not only of revenue often fabulous, but also of political and local juridical power, by re-establishing under new forms the right of manorial justice.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /anarchist_archives/kropotkin/frenchrev/xiv.html (1059 words)

	FRENCH
		French fairy tales as a major trend in French literature and a continuing influence on modern fictions and films.
		Interdisciplinary studies in French literature and culture, focusing on the construction and representation of gender roles in the French novel from the early eighteenth century.
		Major political, social, and religious movements and events of, and related to, the French religious wars of 1560 to the end of the century, along with the treatment of these in the prose, poetry, and drama of the period.
	www.washington.edu /students/crscat/french.html (2361 words)

	The French Revolution in the Electronic Passport
		A third class was made up of the "middle class," a group shopkeepers and craftsmen who were neither rich nor poor.
		The middle class argued that voting should be "by head" rather than by class, because they had more representatives than the first two estates combined.
		The Reign of Terror ended when the French government was taken over by a popular general who became the most powerful leader in European history since Charlemagne.
	www.mrdowling.com /705-frenchrevolution.html (553 words)

	The French Revolution
		The French Revolution marks an important part of history, where the middle class of the people took the main control of the government.
		The eventual act of rebellion against the French government was due to the incredible amount of taxation and burden put upon the middle class.
		In the French cartoon, the middle-class worker is forced to carry the burden of the entire society to pay taxes and fix the waning treasury; whiule the nobility adds to that difficulty and the clergy stands by and watches, yet does not offer to help (Doc 8).
	www.angelfire.com /blog2/french_revolution/index.html (901 words)

	France in the Middle Ages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In principle, the lords of these lands owed homage to the French king for their possession, but in reality the Capetian king in Paris had little control over these lands, and this was to be confounded by the uniting of Normandy, Aquitaine and England under the Plantagenet dynasty in the 12th century.
		Philippe II of France undertook a massive French expansion in the 13th century, but most of these acquisitions were lost both by the royal system of "apanage" (the giving of regions to members of the royal family to be administered) and through losses in the Hundred Years' War.
		France in the Middle Ages was the most populated region in Europe (and the third most populous country in the world, behind only China and India), although there were great differences in density between the populated north and the relatively unpopulated south.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages (1863 words)

	A Brief History of the English Language
		The Norman Invasion and Conquest of Britain in 1066 and the resulting French Court of William the Conqueror gave the Norwegian-Dutch influenced English a Norman-Parisian-French effect.
		From the Middle High German kuchen meaning to breathe heavily, to the French-Old English cohhian, to the Middle English coughen is derived the current word cough.
		From the Greek hegeisthai meaning to lead, to the Latin sagire meaning to perceive keenly, to the Old High German suohhen meaning to seek, to the French-Old English secan, to the Middle English sekken, is derived the past tense sought of the present tense of the verb to seek.
	www.fiu.edu /~hastyd/englhist.html (1128 words)

	St Edward's CE(A) Middle School French
		French is taught in Years 6, 7 and 8.
		Dictionary skills are taught throughout the three years and pupils are encouraged to read independently, using a variety of readers.
		There is also a French ICT Programme, which includes using CD ROMs and the Internet for investigation, e-mail for communication and programmes such as Word and Publisher for the presentation of work.
	www.stedwards-middle.staffs.sch.uk /FRENCH.HTM (193 words)

	The Chirac Doctrine - Middle East Quarterly
		While Chirac inherited a French foreign policy already tilted toward the Arab world, his pursuit of close personal ties to Arab leaders and his outreach to Islamists, rejectionist Arab states, and groups considered terrorists by the U.S. government is part of a broader strategy to increase French influence in the region.
		The French government's outreach to Arafat led it not only to turn a blind eye to his role in terrorism[56] but also to twist the historical record to exculpate him for previous failures to negotiate.
		The legacy of the Chirac doctrine, though, may not be the French grandeur that Chirac and his allies seek, but rather a reputation for cynicism, hostility to democracy and reform, and association with the worst excesses of Middle Eastern society.
	www.meforum.org /article/772 (5171 words)

	French in the French Middle School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Middle School French curriculum enables students to build on and expand their language arts skills acquired during elementary school.
		French teachers utilize a variety of methodologies, including teacher-led discussions, student-centered projects, group projects, grammar-based and spelling lessons, author studies, free writing, guided writing, theatrical workshops (including poetry recitation), and poetry writing.
		Discussions about the texts studied develop students’ critical thinking skills, and the continued emphasis on grammar allows students to strengthen their French language skills.
	www.istp.org /academics/ms/french/french.html (163 words)

	French Professor Olga Anna Duhl Receives Prestigious Grant from Renaissance Society of America for Research on 15th ...
		La Grant nef des folles is a French version of The Ship of Fools, an allegorical poem penned in 1494 by Sebastian Brant that satirizes the follies and vices of late-medieval society.
		Her research on the Middle French version has already resulted in the publication of two papers in academic journals.
		Various words in Middle French are ambiguous and confusing to the modern reader, she notes.
	www.lafayette.edu /news.php/view/2947 (1033 words)

	French lessons CDROM
		By 700 A.D. the inhabitants of Gaul spoke a modified Latin different from the pure Latin spoken by the Church and administration officials.
		The modified Latin spoken by Gauls became the new official language of the region and evolved into Modern French.
		Below is an account of the milestones in the evolution of the French language.
	www.learnfrenchlanguage.com /HISTORY.HTM (175 words)

	EAWC Essay: Literature and the Middle Time
		During this period, the French language was born from the cradle of latinity.
		In fact, it is not until 1798 that the French Academy "declares the Renaissance to the be the upper limit of the Middle Ages" (Edelman 63-69).
		The French literature of the Middle Ages begins to flourish during this "second," post-Antique, historical period which may have been a period of renaissance and not a middle time at all.
	eawc.evansville.edu /essays/seaman.htm (1978 words)

	Middle French - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Middle French (French: le moyen français) is a historical division of the French language which covers the period from (roughly) 1340 to 1611
		Regional differences were still extremely pronounced throughout France: in the south of France, Occitan languages dominated; in east central France, Franco-Provençal languages were predominant; while in the north of France, Oïl languages other than Francien continued to be spoken.
		The fascination with classical texts led to numerous borrowings from Latin and Greek, sometimes to the detriment of Old French words.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_French (681 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| French reporter missing in Iraq
		Two French journalists were released last month after being held hostage by Iraqi militants for four months.
		The French foreign ministry has confirmed Ms Aubenas and her assistant are missing.
		After their eventual release, the pair said their colleagues should not go to Iraq, as it was a deeply dangerous place for journalists of all nationalities.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/4152783.stm (289 words)

	Filmmaker to present U with French views of Middle East conflict - Minnesota Daily
		The event is part of the yearlong series, "The French Middle East: Fallout from the Arab-Israeli Conflict in France," she said.
		The lecture and film are being presented because they examine perceptions of the Middle East conflict in France and the French media's depiction of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, said Daniel Brewer, chairman of the French and Italian department at the University.
		The series is organized by the University's French and Italian department and co-sponsored by the CLA Scholarly Events Fund; the German, Scandinavian and Dutch department; the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies; the Center for Jewish Studies and other community groups and colleges in Minnesota, Eagan said.
	www.mndaily.com /articles/2004/11/30/62481 (529 words)

	Middle East Electricity - Testimonials
		According to French sources, Middle-East Electricity exhibition which is considered one of the world’s top five energy shows, is a vital platform for related companies to seek contracts of mutual interest and contribute to the region’s multi-facet energy infrastructure projects.
		We see huge growth potential in the Middle East, and Middle East Electricity is very important to us, as it directly targets – and importantly attracts – the exact audience that we want to reach.
		Middle East Electricity 2006 was a very good exhibition and well planned as usual.
	www.middleeastelectricity.com /Testimonials.html (669 words)

	Courses in the French Graduate Program
		F520 Advanced French Phonetics (3 cr.) General introduction to French phonetics and phonemics; training in the evaluation of pronunciation accuracy and the teaching of French pronunciation at the secondary school and university level; remedial practice.
		F565 Introduction to French Linguistics (3 cr.) Introduction to the structure of the French language: phonology, morpholoy, and syntax.
		F576 Introduction to French Phonology (3 cr.) Study of French phonology and the phonology/ morphology interface within the framework of recent linguistic models, including solutions to major descriptive problems proposed from the early 20th century to the present.
	www.indiana.edu /~frithome/grads/f-courses.shtml (1757 words)

	BACKGROUNDER: FRANCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
		With the blatantly pro-Arab bias displayed by French President Jacques Chirac during his recent Middle East tour, few reasonable observers will wonder why Israel is so opposed to an enhanced French role in the regional peace initiatives.
		BEHIND MUCH of Jewish suspicion of the French agenda today stands the legacy of anti-Semitism and the Second World War, when Marshal Philippe Pétain's collaborationist Vichy government, in alliance with the Nazis, deported some 80 000 Jews to the extermination camps.
		For more than a decade, French interests in Middle East peace diplomacy took backstage, the result of Arab perceptions that the former Socialist government was too friendly towards Israel.
	www.cdn-friends-icej.ca /medigest/dec96/france.html (990 words)

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