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Topic: Middle Indo-Aryan

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Middle Indo-Aryan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (The term "prakrit" is sometimes used in a general sense to refer to all Middle Indo-Aryan dialects.) The late stage is represented by the Apabhramsa dialects of the sixth century AD and later. The middle stage is represented by the various literary Prakrits, such as Maharashtri. This page was last modified 07:22, 2 August 2005. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan   (131 words)

Aryan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Aryan (Proto-Indo-Iranian) language evolved into the family of Indo-Iranian languages, of which the oldest-known members are Avestan, Vedic, and another Indo-Aryan language, known only from loan-words found in the Mitanni language, the latter which was itself a dialect of Hurrian. Aryan is an English word derived from the Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended form aryāna-. Indeed, the term Iran – in full Iran Shahr – is the modern outcome of an ancient Aryānām Xšaθra- meaning "realm of the Aryans." The Aryan, or Indo-Iranian group of languages is divided into three branches: Indo-Aryan, Nuristani, and Iranian. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aryans   (1391 words)

Who were Illyrians Middle Indo-Aryan includes both the dialects of inscriptions from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD and literary languages. Old Persian was the administrative language of the early Achaemenian dynasty dating from the 6th century BC; and an eastern Middle Indo-Aryan dialect was the language of the chancellery of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in India in the mid-3rd century BC. The middle voice, a form that indicates that a person or thing both performs and is affected by the action represented, was generally abandoned by the Middle Iranian period, although middle voice inflection is well represented in Khotanese. www.geocities.com /iliria1   (15583 words)

Definition of Hindi - Biocrawler It evolved from the Middle Indo-Aryan prakrit languages of the Middle Ages, and indirectly, from Sanskrit. www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Hindi_language   (2020 words)

THE ARYAN QUESTION REVISITED Indo aryan, Old iranian simply to distinguish it from middle Iranian and new Iranian the same way as Indo aryan is distinguished from middle Indo aryan and new Indo Aryan. There is a closeness then of old Iranian and Indo Aryan, a closeness which is also expressed in the fact that the only two Indo European speaking cultures that have the cult of the soma plant, which is called the haoma in the Avestan, are the Iranians and the Indians. The term Aryan as it is used in English with a capital 'A' was invented in the nineteenth century. members.tripod.com /ascjnu/aryan.html   (12454 words)

Indo-Aryan Languages Classical Oriya or Middle Oriya With the ascent of the Surya Maharaja Kapilendradeva the Austric ("Adivasi") empire of Kalinga ended and the Indo-Aryan empire of Orissa began. Bibhasa Stage: With the passage of time and the dispersal of the Aryans over large parts of the continent that lacked means of mutual communication, local dialects of Sanskrit developed. Old Gujarati was known as Sauraseni, and was later displaced by Gujjari (Khazari or Middle Gujarati). www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/1335/Lang/prakrit.html   (3044 words)

A2.txt Middle Indo-Aryan h/aspirate clusters revisited Historical phonology/Pali/Prakrit The issue of the fate of Sanskrit clusters with sibilant + stop (whether oral or nasal) and with [h] + sonorant has recently been revived in a paper by Palaschke and Dressler (1999). I show that given the evidence of Sanskrit [h] + sonorant clusters, an analysis that operates with segmental [h] (rather than with aspiration) provides a better explanation for the Middle Indo-Aryan situation. Middle Indic aspirate formation: Syllable structure vs. natural processes. ccwf.cc.utexas.edu /~sala23/abstracts/A2.txt   (361 words)

Sanskrit, an Indo-European language As Middle Indo-Aryan developed and its various dialects drew further apart, the role of Sanskrit as a lingua franca grew increasingly important, and at a time when brahmanical influence was increasing. That they were composed a fair time after the arrival of the Aryans in India is shown both by the absence of any reference to a homeland outside India and by divergences, principally phonetic, in the language itself from what can be reconstructed as the common Indo-Iranian tongue. The earliest Indo-Iranian speakers are conveniently known as Aryans, from the name which they gave themselves (Sanskrit arya, Avestan airya - from the latter the modern name Iran is derived, while the name "Eire", at the other end of the Indo-European spectrum, may also be cognate). www.muz-online.de /sprache/sanskrit2.html   (1438 words)

Virtual Bangladesh : Bengali Its direct ancestor is a form of Prakrit or Middle Indo-Aryan which descended from Sanskrit or Old Indo-Aryan. Sanskrit was the spoken as well as the literary language of Aryandom until circa 500 B.C., after which it remained for nearly two thousand years the dominant literary languages as well as the lingua franca among the cultured and the erudite throughout the subcontinent. The former is the traditional literary style based on Middle Bengali of the sixteenth century. www.virtualbangladesh.com /bd_bangla.html   (638 words)

ARH 382 - ID List 8 A Middle Indo-Aryan language which was the language of the Theravadan Buddhist canon. A Middle Indo-Aryan language used by the Gandharans. A middle Iranian language that became the major language for trade on the Silk Roads. darkwing.uoregon.edu /~arthist/jacobson/arh382/list08.htm   (476 words)

MSN Encarta - Search Results - Pali Language Pali Language, a Middle Indo-Aryan language, a direct descendant of Sanskrit, which, though long extinct, is still studied as the vehicle for the... The Middle Indic Prakrits existed in many regional varieties, which eventually developed literatures of their own. uk.encarta.msn.com /Pali_Language.html   (95 words)

History of Bangladesh The Old Indo-Aryan period, from the time the Aryans entered India up to the time of Buddha (roughly from 1500 B.C. to 600 B.C.), Vedic and Early Sanskrit are representative of this period. It is true that the Aryan culture, and the Vedic, Buddhist and Jaina religions influenced Bengal. The name Vanga or Banga was abhorred by the Aryans who succeeded the Senas, and avoided by the Palas and Sena rulers, but it became the sole identity of Bengal under Muslim rule. www.bongoz.com /history   (7883 words)

ipedia.com: Sanskrit Article There is a strong genetic relationship between the various forms of Sanskrit and the Middle Indo-Aryan "Prakrits", or vernacular languages, (in which, among other things, most early Buddhist texts are written) and the modern Indo-Aryan languages. The earliest of the Vedas, the Rîgveda, was composed in the middle of the second millennium BC. It is interesting to note the importance that Sanskrit orthography and Vedic philosophy of sound play in Hindu symbolism, as the varnamala, or sound-garland/alphabet, of 51 letters is also seen to be represented by the 51 skulls of Kali. www.ipedia.com /sanskrit.html   (2329 words)

India Timeline 1: Early India In this period, the Aryans establish themselves in the fertile Ganges plain region, with large states ruled by kings claiming divine descent, and the development of cities and a rich merchant class. The Aryans are said to have entered India through the Khyber Pass and invaded or perhaps more peacefully intermingled with the Indus Valley peoples at least since 1600 BCE, and perhaps earlier. Bronze users and horse handlers, Aryans had a superior military and their cavalry warfare enabled them to spread their culture from the Punjab across northern India, preparing the way for emergence of large empires. web.cocc.edu /cagatucci/classes/hum210/tml/IndiaTML/indiatml1.htm   (4108 words)

Influences on Middle Indo-Aryan (from Indo-Aryan languages) --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! The Old Indo-Aryan and Middle Indo-Aryan stages, then, present a picture of concurrent vernaculars with dialects and literary languages influenced by the vernaculars; it is impossible to compartmentalize the different stages as beginning and ending at any definite date. The coexistence of Old Indo-Aryan and Middle Indo-Aryan is to be accepted even for the time when the earliest Old Indo-Aryan texts were put to writing. From their language, also called Aryan, the Indo-European languages of South Asia are descended. www.britannica.com /ebc/article-74596?tocId=74596   (1600 words)

KASHMIR OBSERVER ONLINE [ KO COLUMNIST] A huge number of Kashmiri verbs can be traced back in the Old and Middle Indo-Aryan languages and dialects, of course, with slight variations (which is very common in different stages of a language). Some of the words that can be used as evidence to support the argument that Kashmiri is related to Indo-Aryan are: Old Indo-Aryan. He further claims that Dards were not an “Aryan” race but they were the original inhabitants of this area while Aryans came later. www.kashmirobserver.com /opinion5.htm   (1995 words)

Asko Parpola 16: Text Only Version his etymology also appears preferable to the current explanation, which derives vata 'Indian fig' from Middle Indo-Aryan (Prakrit vata Sanskrit vata 'covered, surrounded'), because the Aryan nomads did not bring this tree to the subcontinent, but encountered it first there. Numerically the early Aryans can have been only a fraction of the Indus population, which is estimated to have been about five million. They could, of course, give this tree an Aryan name: nyag-rodha 'downwards growing' is one, based on the tree's habit of growing new trunks from the hanging aerial roots. www.harappa.com /script/parpola16.html   (5452 words)

WWW Virtual Library: The roots of Sinhala We have the old Indo-Aryan stage largely represented by the Sanskrit speech introduced by the Aryan invaders of India around 2800-2500 B.C. Then we have the later Middle-Indo-Aryan or Prakritic stage, largely represented by Pali, the language of the Buddhist scriptures. The fact is that Sinhala is not only a member of the Aryan group of languages, but also of a larger linguistic group, the Indo-European family, which includes all the major languages of Europe, Iran and Southern Asia. That the Sinhala language is an Aryan one and is related to other Indo-Aryan speeches such as Hindi and Bengali is generally well known. www.lankalibrary.com /books/sinhala5.htm   (1005 words)

IPSASvolumes.htm Salomon, On drawing socio-linguistic distinctions in Old Indo-Aryan: the question of Kshatriya Sanskrit and related problems Deshpande, Vedic Aryans, non-Vedic Aryans and non- Aryans: judging the linguistic evidence of the Veda. Its underlying theme is the need to reconcile the approaches of these two disciplines towards ethicity, migrations and social evolution since much of the current confusion regarding the "Aryan problem" stems from mutual misunderstandings of the subject matter, aims, approaches and limitations of archaeology and linguistics. www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~witzel/volumes.htm   (653 words)

Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Indo-Aryan-Speaking Peoples of the Hindu Kush Beyond some general changes of the Middle Indo-Âryan period, no single linguistic feature has united these regional dialects into a common group; and they have remained beyond many of the later linguistic innovations that radiated out of the Indian Midlands toward the northwest (see note 1). History: Recent and current archaeological research substantiates that around the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. equestrian tribesmen bearing the Indo-Âryan branch of the early Âryan culture spread south over the Caucasus from their homeland between the Black and Caspian Seas, to engulf much of the Middle East from Syria to the Iranian Plateau. One subdialect centers on the middle Panjshir and its tributary Pachaghân Valley; the other subdialect, called kurmait'o, centers on the middle Alishang, spilling over into the upper Uzbin Valley to the southwest and into the west side of the upper Alingar Basin to the east. users.sedona.net /~strand/IndoAryan/IndoAryas.html   (1896 words)

Evolution of the Sinhala language- virtual library-Sri Lanka The Sinhala language is therefore a member of the Aryan family of languages, which is a member of a still larger family of languages known as Indo-European. The change of Sanskrit s to h and the latterÕs eventual disappearance is unique to Sinhala amongst Aryan languages, although such changes have occured in other Indo-European languages such as Greek and Armenian. The Indo-European family of languages, which is by far the largest and the most widely distributed linguistic group in the world, includes such modern languages as German, French, English, Persian and Hindi. members.tripod.com /~hettiarachchi/sinhala.html   (1260 words)

b02-hist.htm During the first stages of the project, Dr. Bubenik created a database by excerpting, analysing grammatically and computerizing selected late Middle Indo-Aryan texts. A Historical Syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan (Apabhramsa) Based on Dr. Vit Bubenik's research in the area of Indo-Aryan linguistics (Medieval period) over the past 10 years, this monograph aims to close the gap in the knowledge of the nature and pace of grammatical change during the formative period of today's Indo-European language. www.mun.ca /univrel/gazette/1998-99/Jan.7/books/b02-hist.htm   (253 words)

Gandhara This alphabet also sets Gāndhārī apart as a unique set of dialects of the Middle Indo-Aryan period; Semitic scripts were not used to write Indian languages again until the arrival of Islam and subsequent adoption of the Persian-style Arabic alphabet for New Indo-Aryan languages like Urdu, Sindhi and Kashmiri. Gandhara's language, Gāndhārī, was a collection of related Prakrit or "Middle Indo-Aryan" dialects. At the time of its adoption, Gandhāra was controlled by the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian empire, which used a similar script to write the related Iranian languages of the Empire. www.worldhistory.com /wiki/G/Gandhara.htm   (818 words)

Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristân Around the middle of the fourth millennium B.C., some 800 years after the first Indo-European peoples expanded out of their Volga Basin homeland into Europe, new waves of horse-mounted tribesmen who called themselves Aryas expanded south and east around the Caspian Sea from the Volga Basin, driving other Indo-European speaking peoples before them. Later, when the Proto-Nuristânis were within the Aryan sphere, both groups underwent apical suppression, which caused the plain velar stops to become palatal affricates, so that, for example, PIE *kuon- 'dog' became *cuon-, *d'ekm 'ten' became *d'eca, *genu- 'knee' became *j'ênu-, and *ghi-m'o- 'snow' became *jhim'o-. One area of refuge was the middle and upper LanDai Sin Valley: an early split among the Kâta sent the speakers of Eastern Kâtaviri there, and the KSto, Binio, Mumo, and Jâmco also sought refuge there. users.sedona.net /~strand/Nuristani/nuristanis.html   (3223 words)

Books at Memorial Produced with the help of two grants from the Indo-Canadian Shastri Institute, The Structure and Development of Middle Indo-Aryan Dialects is a book its author doesn't expect to be used much in North America. The Structure and Development of Middle Indo-Aryan Dialects was published last year by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. The languages in question are those of medieval India -- "You could say 'Middle Indic' rather than 'Indo-Aryan,'" Dr. www.mun.ca /univrel/gazette/1997-98/Sept.4/special/s01-midl.htm   (232 words)

Mind Your Language The Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrits existed in many regional varieties, which eventually developed literatures of their own. www.useless-knowledge.com /articles/apr/june157.html   (1449 words)

UNE University Library Electronic Resources FAQ Aryan Invasion Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts Argues that there was no Indo-European invasion and that the Aryans were indigenous to India. Aryans in the Archaeological Record: The Evidence outside the Subcontinent -- 11. Aryans in the Archaeological Record: The Evidence inside the Subcontinent -- 12. www.une.edu.au /library/faqs/hist142_aryan_invasion.htm   (749 words)

ejvs0501d.txt IIJ 38, 1995, 207-238 Deshpande, M. and P.E. Hook (eds.), Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, Ann Arbor: Center for South and South-East Asian Studies, University of Michigan 1979 De Silva, M.W. Sugathapala, Vedda language of Ceylon; texts and lexicon. The Hague 1966, 96-192 ---, Aryans in the Rigveda, Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi 1991 ---, On a Hunt for 'Possible' Objections. Middle Persian MS maitrAyaNi saMhitA (2-3 W) MT Mother Tongue Mund. users.primushost.com /~india/ejvs/ejvs0501/ejvs0501d.txt   (3261 words)

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