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Topic: Middle Irish

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	Middle Irish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Middle Irish is the name given by historical philologists to the form of the Irish language from the 10th to 16th centuries; it is therefore a contemporary of Middle English.
		The modern Goidelic languages Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx are all descendants of Middle Irish.
		At its height, Middle Irish was spoken throughout Ireland and Scotland; from Munster to the North Sea island of Inchcolm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Irish (332 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Irish language
		Irish (Gaeilge in Irish) is a Goidelic language spoken in Ireland and in small communities in Canada and Argentina.
		Irish is constitutionally recognised as the first official language of the Republic of Ireland, and has recently received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland, under the Good Friday Agreement alongside the varieties of Lowland Scots spoken in Northern Ireland.
		Munster Irish is spoken in the Gaeltachtaí of Kerry (Contae Chiarraí), Muskerry (Múscraí), Cape Clear (Oileán Cléire) in the western part of County Cork (Contae Chorcaí), and the tiny pocket of Irish-speakers in An Rinn near Dungarvan (Dún Garbháin) in County Waterford (Contae Phort Láirge).
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Irish_language (3865 words)

	Embassy of Ireland - Washington, DC
		Irish has evolved from a form of Celtic which was introduced into Ireland at some period during the great Celtic migrations of antiquity between the end of the second millennium and the fourth century BC.
		Irish continued as the language of the greater part of the rural population and, for a time, of the servant classes in towns.
		From the middle of the eighteenth century, as the Penal Laws were relaxed and a greater social and economic mobility became possible for the native Irish, the more prosperous of the Irish-speaking community began to conform to the prevailing middle-class ethos by adopting English.
	www.irelandemb.org /gaeilge.html (1178 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Irish Literature
		Early Irish literature and the sagas relating to the pre-Christian period of Irish history abound with references to ogham writing, which was almost certainly of pagan origin, and which continued to be employed up to the Christianization of the island.
		These, according to Irish historians, were a body of Irish janissaries maintained by the Irish kings for the purpose of guarding their coasts and fighting their battles, but they ended by fighting the king himself and were destroyed by the famous cath (or battle of) Gabhra (Gowra).
		The Irish probably learnt the use of letters in the second century, but did not use the Roman alphabet until the country was converted to Christianity in the fourth and fifth centuries.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08116a.htm (13044 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Irish spelling.
		While studying Irish language pedagogy, he researched language revitalization at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and was awarded a PhD from the National University of Ireland in 1995 for a dissertation on language revival.
		During the classical Irish period, 1200-1600, a standardized literary language flourished among the literati of the era, the poets and professional scholars, who were supported by literary families and chieftains.
		The phonological variants in Irish are considerable and are attributable to the existence of three separate dialects, roughly corresponding with geographical distribution, canúint an Tuaiscirt 'northern dialect' in the northwest region, canúint an Iarthair 'western dialect' in the western region of Co.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j22/irish.php (4093 words)

	Gaelic literature - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since Scots Gaelic became separate from Irish Gaelic only in the 17th cent., the literature is conventionally divided into Old Irish (before 900), Middle Irish (until 1350), Late Middle or Early Modern Irish (until 1650), and Modern Irish and Scots Gaelic (from 1650).
		The early literature has survived in Middle and Late Middle Irish manuscripts that are, for the most part, miscellaneous collections of prose and verse in which legend, history, bardic and lyric poetry, and medical, legal, and religious writings of several periods are all preserved side by side.
		With the 9th-century (Middle Irish) period begin the heroic tales in which epic and romance go hand in hand.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-gaelicli.html (1394 words)

	An Doras: What is Gaelic?
		Irish Gaelic, more simply referred to as Irish, has been spoken in Ireland since approximately 300-350 B.C. The language later spread to Scotland and the Isle of Man, where dialectical differences gradually developed and, by the 17th century, resulted in three distinct languages.
		At this time, Irish came to be perceived as a reservoir of Irish myth, legend and folklore, and the bedrock of Irish culture.
		In the years during and after the Irish Famine, the language was associated with the plight of the rural poor and was viewed as an impediment to progress and economic improvement.
	www.gael-image.com /doras/irishgaelic.html (1549 words)

	Gaeltalk: Why learn Irish?
		The end of the Middle Irish period coincides with the invasion of the Normans, a decisive point in the history of Ireland.
		While politics and freedom-fighting of the 'United Irishmen' and the 'Fenian movement' went on in and near the cities the Irish language with all its old treasures of poetry, prayers and traditions was to be found in the remote regions of the west, north-west and south-west.
		The desire to have their children educated through Irish even though the language is not spoken in the home has resulted in the successful establishment of Irish medium pimary and secondary schools all over the country.
	www.gaeltalk.net /briefhistory.htm (3897 words)

	Irish language. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The alphabet employed today for Irish can be called a variant or a derivative of the Roman alphabet that took shape about the 8th cent.
		Native speakers of Irish are now concentrated in the western counties of Ireland.
		The government of Ireland is trying, thus far unsuccessfully, to revive Irish as the primary language of the country; it is an official language, and the study of Irish is required in preparatory schools.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ir/Irishlan.html (312 words)

	Old Irish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old Irish is the ancestor of Modern Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx (spoken on the Isle of Man).
		Contemporary Old Irish scholarship is still greatly influenced by the works of a small number of scholars active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, among them Rudolf Thurneysen (1857-1940) and Osborn Bergin (1873-1950).
		Old Irish maintained three genders, namely, masculine, feminine and neuter; three numbers, namely, singular, plural and dual, with the third number, dual, being attested only to a limited degree with somewhat distinct forms, though it is almost always preceded by the cardinal dá, meaning "two"; and five cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive and dative).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Irish_language (1543 words)

	The shock of the old: translating early Irish poetry into Modern Irish - Critical Essay Eire-Ireland:Journal of Irish ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1900 the perceived need for translations directly from the ancestral language into Modern Irish was formally acknowledged by the Oireachtas (2) in the institution of a prize for "the best modernized version of a tale or episode from Old or Middle Irish" (O'Leary 1994:233).
		The great early Irish prose narratives such as Tain Bo Cuailnge (The Cattle Raid of Cuailnge, modern "Cooley") were seen as constitutive of and more essential to Irish national identity than were the religious, personal, and love poems from the same period.
		He was a professional educator, holding a master's degree and teaching Irish, English, and history at Colaiste Mhuire (1932-44) in Dublin before becoming a schools inspector (1944-67) and then assistant secretary in the Department of Education (1967-75) (O Cearnaigh 1995:163).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0FKX/is_1-2_38/ai_105439605 (902 words)

	Language - Mezzofanti.org
		This Viking invasion ended the Old Irish period, and initiated the Middle Irish period - characterized by a shifting of the language to accommodate the new vocabularies forcefully introduced.
		With the Irish Potato Famine in the 19th century, families faced with economic desolation often had to abandon Gaelic in favor of English, in order to survive in the urban cities.
		Towards the end of the 19th century, many Irish were leaving their ancestral homeland in hopes of financial stability elsewhere, and the extinction of Irish Gaelic became a real possibility.
	www.mezzofanti.org /irish.html (2186 words)

	Middle Baby Names - Middle Names
		The name was rather common in Italy in the Middle Ages, and was by made popular by the 16th-century Italian saint Aloysius, patron saint of students...
		Occupational name: in the Middle Ages, a bailiff was a minor official of the law...
		In the Middle Ages, it was rather common, and gave rise to a surname...
	www.thinkbabynames.com /search/1/middle (333 words)

	Irish
		I find Irish Gaelic of particular historical linguistic importance, not because it is strong today or has superseded other languages, but because it has survived for centuries despite countless attempts to destroy it and has left behind a great legacy of literature.
		Irish Gaelic has suffered severely, as have other Celtic languages, but Irish is of particular linguistic interest because of the literature it has left behind for us to study.
		This period of Irish saw a steady increase in the use of English as the language of prestige in Ireland.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/irish.html (2377 words)

	Irish Festival Activities
		Middle Island Irish Historical Park celebrates our Irish heritage and commemorates the Irish imigrants who died and were buried on the island.
		Irish Festival Inc. will be displaying an exhibition of 15 giant mural reproductions at James M. Hill High School during this years Irish Festival.
		John McLaughlin, Past-President of Irish Festival Inc. has become caretaker and guardian of this display and is presently working with the Middle Island commission to find a place to permanently display these paintings.
	www.canadasirishfest.com /activities.html (826 words)

	Irish Gaelic (Part 1, The Celtic Languages)
		And although Latin was the language of the Church and therefore the scholars, Irish was the language of everyday use.
		Irish Gaelic is one of the three “gaelic” languages, including Scottish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic.
		From the 10th to the 13th century, Irish began changing, at first from the powerful impact of the Viking invasions on the region as a whole, and later also from the Anglo-Norman invasion.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/celtic_internet_resources/76359 (470 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Irish team sent to free reporter
		The Irish government is sending a team of officials to Baghdad to try to secure the release of kidnapped Guardian journalist Rory Carroll.
		The Irish ambassador leading the delegation, Antoin MacUnfraidh, will be accompanied by two Irish army officers, a senior police officer and another Department of Foreign Affairs official.
		The Irish Anti-War Movement has also called for Mr Carroll's release and said it would be contacting anti-occupation groups in Baghdad.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/4362154.stm (489 words)

	Medieval Irish Language and Literature
		The Old Irish List is specifically intended for discussions of medieval Irish and liguistically related issues (it is not the place for cultural discussions).
		The Thesaurus Linguarum Hiberniae was a joint project of the Royal Irish Academy and University College Cork (CURIA) to create an on-line archive of literary and historical materials in the various languages of early, medieval and modern Ireland.
		Irish texts can be downloaded in a variety of formats.
	www.digitalmedievalist.com /urls/medirish.html (661 words)

	Middle English definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Middle English definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Search for "Middle English" in all of MSN Encarta
		English language from 1100 to 1500: the form of the English language spoken and written between the 12th and the beginning of the 16th centuries.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861693596/Middle_English.html (96 words)

	CELT Resources
		The Celtic Digital Initiative at the Department of Early and Medieval Irish at UCC is making scarce resources available in an electronic format to students and scholars, both within UCC and beyond.
		ISOS: Irish Script on Screen, a joint project by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies and Dublin City University, funded by DIAS and the DCU Eduational Trust.
		Irish Constitution: An unofficial variorum text showing the changes since 1937, with the Parliamentary background of the Constitution and subsequent amendments.
	www.ucc.ie /celt/links.html (1514 words)

	EARLY IRISH - Admissions - Trinity College Dublin
		Early Irish can be studied either in combination with one other subject as part of a two-subject moderatorship (TSM) programme or in the single honor Early and Modern Irish programme.
		Old and Middle Irish prose and verse texts will be read and discussed and lectures will be given on palaeography (the study of manuscripts) and on aspects of early Irish political and social history.
		Some students of early Irish carry on with postgraduate study in related areas such as history, interpreting and translation while others proceed to teacher training courses, or to work in the media, business, marketing or public service.
	www.tcd.ie /Admissions/courses/course.php?ID=5 (447 words)

	NUIG Arts: MA (Old and Middle Irish) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The programme is designed for students who have a particular interest in Gaelic language, literature, and culture of the period 600 to 1200.
		It is aimed at people who already have a good basic knowledge of Irish (Medieval or Modern), or another Celtic language, and exceptionally, at those who have the appropriate background to undertake the study of Old and Middle Irish ab initio.
		Students with postgraduate degrees in Old and Middle Irish from NUI Galway are to be found in a wide range of careers, in the media (television, radio, journalism), the music industry, politics, and the teaching profession.
	www.nuigalway.ie /postgrad/PACweb/Downloads/old_mid_irish.html (343 words)

	Irish offer Middle East lessons in peace - smh.com.au
		Northern Ireland political leaders have urged Israelis and Palestinians not to give up trying to end violence in the Middle East but to take heart from just how far the Irish peace process has come in the past few years.
		The Northern Irish participants admitted there were big differences in the two situations but agreed all the delegates could learn a great deal from each other.
		All four agreed there had to be international impetus from the United States and Europe to kick-start the process, in the way that direct personal involvement by Bill Clinton, Tony Blair and the Irish Prime Minister, Bertie Ahern, spurred on the Good Friday peace agreement.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2002/06/02/1022982651869.html (584 words)

	Gaelic literature: Middle Irish
		With the 9th-century (Middle Irish) period begin the heroic tales in which
		The cabinet of Irish literature: a historical perspective on Irish anthologies *.
		Irish literature and the ghetto genes.(Onghtobiography, Leaves from the Diary of a Hyphenated Jew)(Book Review)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/ent/A0858321.html (442 words)

	Medieval Ireland -- An Encyclopedia
		From the sacred site of Tara to the manuscript illuminations in the Book of Kells, Anglo-Irish relations to the Connachta dynasty, Ireland during the middle ages was a rich and vivid culture.
		The development of the city of Dublin from the early Irish settlement of Áth Cliath (ford of hurdle-work) in the sixth century C.E. to a thriving medieval city
		The latest volume in the acclaimed Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middles Ages, this resource is a fascinating and comprehensive exploration of Irish history.
	www.routledge-ny.com /MiddleAges/ireland (295 words)

	Literature in Irish - The Middle Irish Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Literature in Irish - The Middle Irish Period
		Certainly, it lacks the freshness and vitality of the Old Irish period, but it produced all the same a substantial body of literature.
		This includes the long sequence of 150 cantos on biblical themes called Saltair na Rann (The Versified Psalter), a work believed to have been composed in AD 988 by Airbertach Mac Cosse Dobráin, though this is disputed by some scholars; the historical poems of Flann Mainistrech (c.
	www.ireland-information.com /reference/middle.html (181 words)

	Irish Studies
		This course will focus on the story of the Irish immigrants who fled their homeland's famine in the late 1840s and their children, who grew to maturity at the turn of the twentieth century, as a case study in American immigration and ethnic group history.
		Participants will also learn how to use primary sources in Ireland and the United States to reconstruct histories of Irish and Irish American families and communities in the nineteenth century.
		This course follows the origins and development of the Northern Ireland conflict from the 1960s to the present, and explores the cultural, especially literary, renaissance proceeding in tandem with that conflict.
	arts-sciences.cua.edu /irish/courses.cfm (397 words)

	Irish Arts of Mid-TN
		Irish Arts of Mid-TN Irish Arts of Middle Tennessee
		Irish Culture Club of Delaware, Wilmington, DE Sunday, 8/12/2007
		Copyright © 2007 Irish Arts of Middle Tennessee, Inc. All rights reserved.
	www.irishartstenn.com (231 words)

	Irish in Asia & Middle east - Irish in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, Malaysia, Bahrain, Egypt, Israel
		Irish in Asia & Middle east - Irish in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, Malaysia, Bahrain, Egypt, Israel
		The ninth IrishAbroad.com Asian Gaelic Sevens were declared a stunning success after a weekend extravaganza in Hong Kong which saw over 30 men’s and women’s teams take part in the seven-a-side competition.
		In case you’re thirsty, you might want to pay a visit to a local Irish pub in Asia.
	www.irishabroad.com /irishworld/asia (167 words)

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