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Topic: Middle Mississippian

	Mississippian culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mississippian culture was a Mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact.
		The Mississippian way of life began to develop around 900 A.D. in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named).
		The Mississippian (archaeological) Stage is usually considered to come to a close with the arrival of European contact, although the Mississippian way of life continued among their descendants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mississippian_culture (1088 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Mississippian Period: Overview
		It was believed that the Natchez chief, probably like most Mississippian chiefs, could influence the supernatural world and therefore had the ability to ensure that important events like the rising of the sun, spring rains, and the fall harvest came on time.
		Some of the most impressive achievements of Mississippian people are the finely crafted objects made of stone, marine shell, pottery, and native copper.
		The Mississippian Period in Georgia was brought to an end by the increasing European presence in the Southeast.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-707 (1577 words)

	JWSR - Volume II - Article
		Middle Mississippian is a term used to describe an archaeological culture that flourished in the major river systems of the midwest and southeast United States between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1500 (Figure 1).
		Middle Mississippian society is traditionally viewed as a ranked level society (Phillips and Brown 1978).
		However, it is reasonable to assume that Mississippian was a multicentral phenomenon (Chase-Dunn and Hall 1991), and for the purposes of this study, I will treat these southeastern sites as independent and separate socio-political units that had their own core-periphery interactions outside of any connections with Cahokia and the Midwestern Middle Mississippian sites.
	jwsr.ucr.edu /archive/vol2/v2_nb.php (6987 words)

	Prehistory of the Mid-South - The Mississippian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Mississippian period settlements were located predominantly in the floodplains of large rivers.
		Middle period Mississippian began around A.D. The population was dispersed in farmsteads, hamlets, and small villages in most of the region.
		For example, many Mississippian sites were fortified with palisades, skeletons with imbedded arrowheads have been uncovered, scalping or beheading is depicted in artwork; and there are numerous portrayals in Mississippian artwork of scalping or beheading as well as severed trophy heads.
	www.people.memphis.edu /~chucalissa/mississi.html (981 words)

	Mississippian and Late Prehistoric period, SEAC Prehistory and History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The 1963 National Historic Landmark Theme Study characterized Mississippian cultures (then called "Temple Mound" cultures) as different from the Woodland cultures on the basis of distinctive ceramic vessel forms, the use of ground shell as a tempering agent in ceramics, rectangularly shaped structures, and ceremonial earthwork complexes.
		The South Appalachian Mississippian area appears to have derived its inspiration from the Middle Mississippian culture area, as it appears to post-date Mississippian occupation from the latter area.
		Other coeval Mississippian culture areas are the St. Johns culture area of northeastern Florida, the Glades and Calusa culture areas of southern Florida, and the coastal cultures of North Carolina.
	www.cr.nps.gov /seac/misslate.htm (1134 words)

	Tennessee Archaeology Net :: Current Research in Tennessee Archaeology :: Abstracts 1994-Present
		In Middle Tennessee, the frontier period of regional settlement was characterized by the emergence of fortified agricultural complexes called "stations" as a cultural response to the need for secure lifeways amidst the dangers of Native American hostility.
		A Middle Woodland structure was present near the northern sinkhole and a middle Woodland midden was defined in the southern one.
		EXCAVATIONS AT MOUND A, SHILOH: THE 1999 TO 2003 FIELDWORK.
	www.mtsu.edu /~kesmith/TNARCH/CRITA/CRITA_Abstracts.html (20066 words)

	Late Prehistoric Subsistence Shifts in E. AR: Brandon & Brandon
		In the Central Mississippi Valley, and eastern Arkansas in particular, we are beginning to assess the shift in subsistence economy and its relationship with the greater Mississippian cultural phenomena.
		Additionally, an interesting negative correlation is observed in the Middle Mississippian period with the Calloway-Henry-Grenada association.
		By the Middle Mississippian sites are situated on the loamy Dundee soils which incidentally have high soil capabilities ratings.
	www.projectpast.org /jcbrandon/papers/ATOMV.asp (3514 words)

	EARLY-MIDDLE MISSISSIPPIAN FLEXURAL PARTITIONING OF THE APPALACHIAN FORELAND-BASIN SYSTEM
		Lower-Middle Mississippian rocks reach maximum thicknesses of between 200-800 m along an orogen-parallel trend between western Virginia and northeast Pennsylvania.
		Comparing the position of Early-Middle Mississippian foreland-basin system depozones with those for the Late Devonian, there is a southeast migration of the forebulge of >300 km.
		Alternatively, the interpreted flexural-partitioning of the Appalachian foreland may be in response to changes in the spatial position of topographic loads in the Appalachian orogen during Early-Middle Mississippian time.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77270.htm (322 words)

	New Frontiers in Preservation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The inhabitants of the new settlement imported ritual objects and luxury goods from Cahokia, and probably from the Middle Mississippian settlements in central and Northern Illinois.
		Mississippian ideas and technology spread across Wisconsin, and may have been responsible for transforming Woodland cultures into the Upper Mississippian Oneota.
		The Middle Mississippians lived within a highly ranked social system that celebrated valor in warfare, quite unlike their relatively peaceful, egalitarian neighbors.
	www.wisconsinhistory.org /archaeology/communities/aztalan.asp (860 words)

	Thomas Kammer: Publications
		The cladid crinoid Barycrinus from the Burlington Limestone (early Osagean) and the phylogenetics of Mississippian botryocrinids.
		Systematic revisions to Aorocrinus, Dorycrinus, Macrocrinus, Paradichocrinus, Strotocrinus, and Uperocrinus: Mississippian camerate crinoids (Echinodermata) from the stratotype region.
		Redefinition of the Osagean-Meramecian boundary in the Mississippian stratotype region.
	www.geo.wvu.edu /~kammer/pubs.htm (699 words)

	Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period - Southeastern Prehistory.
		First, although certain ceramic forms and tempering agents and rectangularly shaped structures are still considered indicators of Mississippian period sites, there now appears to be nothing dramatically new in the way Mississippian cultures lived as opposed to the previous Woodland cultures.
		Walthall (1990) has divided Mississippian cultural chronology into Early Mississippian (A.D. 850 to A.D.), Middle Mississippian (A.D. 1,150 to A.D.), and Late Mississippian (A.D. 1500 to A.D. Mississippian sites appeared almost simultaneously throughout the Southeast around A.D. and were mainly located within river floodplain environments.
		The Fort Ancient culture emerged about A.D. as a response by local Late Woodland populations to an increasing reliance on agriculture, increasing sedentism, and the accompanying rise in socio-political complexity associated with the Middle Mississippian culture area.
	www.cr.nps.gov /seac/outline/05-mississippian (1859 words)

	The Infography about the Cahokia Mounds
		Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest.
		Kelly, John E. "The Emergence of Mississippian Culture in the American Bottom Region." In: The Mississippian Emergence, edited by Bruce Smith, Smithsonian Institution Press, pp.
		"Mississippian Elites and Solar Alignments: A Reflection of Managerial Necessity, or Levers of Social Inequality?" In: Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America, edited by A.W. Barker and T.R. Pauketat, Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 3, pp.
	www.infography.com /content/351566136978.html (1317 words)

	AAA Native Arts - Discovery in Wisconsin stirs scientific debate: Did two different cultures meet
		In Wisconsin, it was the Middle Mississippians who established the fortressed village at Aztalan, an archaeological site on the banks of the Crawfish River, near Lake Mills.
		The issue, according to James Stoltman, a retired professor of archaeology at UW-Madison, is what role the Middle Mississippians had on the transfer of Late Woodland to Oneota culture.
		He points to Boszhardt's discovery of both Late Woodland and Middle Mississippian pottery types at the same hearth; suggesting that a meal was shared between the two groups.
	aaanativearts.com /printout616.html (1018 words)

	IU Bloomington Libraries: Geology Library: Department of Geosciences Thesis List
		Stratigraphy and petrography of the Rockford Limestone (Mississippian) of southeastern Indiana.
		Conodonts from Middle Devonian strata of the Michigan Basin.
		Petrology of the Jeffersonville Limestone (Middle Devonian) of southeastern Indiana.
	www.indiana.edu /~libgeol/theses.html (8922 words)

	iron sword middle east 1000 bc and other middle east related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		By 1200 BC, iron was widely used in the Middle East but did not supplant the dominant...
		From 2000 to 1600 BC, the Middle Bronze Age, references to iron appear in...
		the early middle ages the increasing size of the sword necessitated...
	www.nethorde.com /middle_east/iron-sword-middle-east-1000-bc.html (311 words)

	Bibliography - section k
		Decadocrinus hughwingi, a new Middle Devonian crinoid from the Silica Formation in northwestern Ohio: University of Michigan Contributions from Museum of Paleontology, v.
		Proctothylacocrinus berryorum, a new crinoid from the Middle Devonian Arkona Shale of Ontario: University of Michigan Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, v.
		Kesling, R.V. and Sigler, J.P. Cunctocrinus, a new Middle Devonian calceocrinid crinoid from the Silica Shale of Ohio: University of Michigan Contributions from Museum of Paleontology, v.
	crinoid.gsajournals.org /crinoidmod/bib?sect=K (4018 words)

	Turning Points of Wisconsin History - Mississippian Culture and Aztalan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Archaeologists call their culture “Middle Mississippian.” About AD 1000, emigrants left the ceremonial center of Cahokia, across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis, and built new towns in northern Illinois.
		Over a short span of time, the Middle Mississippians created a vast trade network that moved valuable items across the midcontinent and exposed Woodland peoples to Middle Mississippian culture.
		They were joined by Middle Mississippian immigrants, who transformed the village into a miniature version of Cahokia.
	www.wisconsinhistory.org /turningpoints/tp-003?action=more_essay (743 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Shell tempered Early Mississippian vessels forms were present, but the majority were of wares were clay or limestone tempered, and characteristic of the Woodland pottery in the area.
		Early Mississippian settlements in the Little Tennessee and Clinch valleys seem to be small and dispersed, and some large Early Mississippian sites such as Hiwassee Island were not palisaded during the earliest part of their existence.
		In sharp contrast to the diffuse Late Woodland occupation, the Early Mississippian component began with a concentrated village surrounded by a ditched palisade.
	www.nps.gov /ocmu/Elsewhere.htm (9913 words)

	Cahokia: archaeology in the Midwest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		One of the most important tracings in the book is the development first of Emergent Mississippian and then of Middle Mississippian culture, not by invasion from outsiders, but rather from the diffusion of changes in the traditional ways of life of Late Woodland people who occupied the same geographic area.
		Allied in time and place with the emergence of early Mississippian culture, the Woodland people's culture was also marked by increased reliance on cultivated maize as a basic food, which seems to have been an important enabling factor in development.
		The regionalized Mississippians of the Lower Wabash Valley "exerted strong influence over much of eastern Illinois and may have limited Cahokia's influence in this direction." Moffat's findings indicate that Mississippian culture was caused by diffusion outward from regional centers rather than intrusion into outlying areas from the main Cahokia site.
	www.lib.niu.edu /ipo/ii910725.html (776 words)

	The University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist -- Mill Creek Culture
		The Mill Creek had established trade relations with the Middle Mississippian culture of the eastern woodlands, specifically those living in western Illinois.
		These relations are seen by the occurrence of locally made copies of Middle Mississippian ceramic vessels found at several Mill Creek sites and by Mill Creek vessels found at the Eveland site, a Middle Mississippian village located in the central Illinois River valley.
		One current hypothesis is that the Oneota, by moving into areas of central and eastern Iowa, severed the trade routes between the Mill Creek and the Middle Mississippians of Illinois.
	www.uiowa.edu /~osa/learn/prehistoric/mill.htm (698 words)

	Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program: Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This study of the Upper Mississippian Keeshin Farm site is the second of two ITARP reports of investigations at late prehistoric sites endangered by proposed expansion of the Greater Rockford Airport in Winnebago County (see TARR #4).
		Except for a scattering of earlier projectile points at several of the sites, and a Mississippian component at Schuhardt, material remains and radiocarbon dates at all the sites indicate the principal occupation at each dated to the Late Woodland period, between A. 600 and 1000.
		These ceramics were generally similar to early Mississippian styles in other regions, and one structure produced a radiocarbon date of c.
	www.anthro.uiuc.edu /itarp/pubs/tarr_series.html (4419 words)

	MIDDLE MISSISSIPPIAN (OSAGE) BEDDED CHERT IN THE REDWALL LIMESTONE OF ARIZONA AND DELLE PHOSPHATIC MEMBER OF UTAH: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Extensive bedded chert within the Thunder Springs member of the Middle Mississippian Redwall Limestone of Arizona is stratigraphically equivalent to an anomalous phosphate and chert interval in the Mississippian shelf sequence of central Utah, known as the Delle Phosphatic Member.
		Previous geochemical and petrologic studies of the Thunder Springs Member determined that chert formed when silica-rich fluid of hydrothermal affinity silicified the member’s thin-bedded carbonate wackstones and mudstones, either at the sediment-water interface or as the result of subsurface fluid flow.
		The geochemical and backbulge basin setting similarities between the stratigraphically equivalent Delle and Thunder Springs Members suggest a link in their origin, and indicate a silicification process active over large areas of the western carbonate shelf in the Middle Mississippian.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002CD/finalprogram/abstract_35205.htm (420 words)

	Middle Mississippi Valley Cultures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Middle Mississippi culture area included northern Alabama and Mississippi, eastern Arkansas and Missouri, southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and all of Tennessee.
		The Woodland Period cultures in this area were primarily influenced by the Adena and Hopewell traditions of the Ohio Valley, although ceramics were less significant and mound building more so.
		Ceramic technologies transformed dramatically, with a far greater diversity of vessel forms and decorative techniques, and shell tempering becoming the norm.
	www.beloit.edu /~museum/logan/mississippian/midmiss/middlemiss.htm (95 words)

	Oneota Bibliography, P. 3: E-Z (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Apparently marginal to Oneota studies: "The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of tuberculosis (TB) and treponematosis in the Orendorf population, a Middle Mississippian group who inhabited the central Illinois River valley from A.D. Prevalence rates are 2.6% for TB and 6.0% for treponematosis, respectively.
		When comparing the results to other Mississippian and non-Mississippian sites, it is found that there are no significant differences in the numbers of individuals affected, except when comparing TB in Orendorf to Norris Farms #36, a later Oneota population.
		She liberally interprets images as women to further her arguments, conclcuding that at least a third of Illinois-Missouri Mississippian "anthropomorphs appear to be female, a number far higher than in Fort ancient and Oneota locales" (p.
	www.angelfire.com /wi/oneota/page3.html (6077 words)

	The chronology of the middle Mississippian occupation of the Angel site by Hilgeman, Sherri L.
		The chronology was created by ordering a total of 56 contexts (including twelve features and 44 levels and level combinations), and 22 pottery types, morphologies or attributes using the Bonn seriation program for presence-absence data.
		It is known from work at the Stephan-Steinkamp site (12 PP 33) and seems to be the period of the earliest Middle Mississippian occupations in the Angel vicinity.
		The initial late prehistoric occupation of the Angel site might well date to this time period, but if so the occupation was probably limited in size and evidence of the occupation has been destroyed in the excavated areas by later, more extensive and intensive Mississippian use of the site area.
	www.gbl.indiana.edu /abstracts/91/hilgeman_91.html (862 words)

	Illinois Archaeology, Serial Index -- Tennessee Archaeology Net
		Isolated Middle Woodland Occupation in the Sny Bottom.
		Middle Mississippian Households in the Central Illinois River Valley: Examples from the Tree Row and Baker-Preston Sites.
		A Preliminary Analysis of Mississippian Jar Rim Heights from the Central Illinois River Valley.
	www.mtsu.edu /~kesmith/TNARCHNET/Pubs/ilindex.html (1443 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #6591181 - Preservation of intragranular porosity within the Harrodsburg limestone (Middle Mississippian), Newtonville Consolidated Field, Spencer County, Indiana
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Preservation of intragranular porosity within the Harrodsburg limestone (Middle Mississippian), Newtonville Consolidated Field, Spencer County, Indiana
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6591181 (161 words)

	Lynne Goldstein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		(2000) “Mississippian Ritual as Viewed through the Practice of Secondary Disposal of the Dead,” in Mounds, Modoc, and Mesoamerica: Papers in Honor of Melvin L. Fowler (Steven R. Ahler, editor).
		(1997) Lynne Goldstein and Joan Freeman, “Aztalan: A Middle Mississippian Village,” Wisconsin Archeologist 78:1/2:223-248;
		(1997) “Exploring Aztalan and Its Role in Mississippian Societies,” in Research Frontiers in Anthropology: Archaeology (Volume 2) (Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine, eds.).
	www.ssc.msu.edu /~anp/archaeology/archeo_bios/goldstein.htm (403 words)

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