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Topic: Middle Palaeolithic

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	EFCHED Bibliography
		Kostenki in the context of the Palaeolithic of Eurasia.
		Matiukhin, A. "Middle Palaeolithic assemblages with bifaces from the Russian Plain." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 1 (17): 7-18.
		Kostienki in the context of the Palaeolithic of Eurasia.
	www.gla.ac.uk /efched/Bibliography.htm (3780 words)

	2 - The Lower, Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic periods
		Four Ice Ages have been recognised, the last occurring during the Upper Palaeolithic period, so that three occurred during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic periods and were separated by periods of warmer conditions known as interglacials.
		During the later Middle Palaeolithic period, which lasted from 130,000 to 35,000BP, tool designs changed with the introduction of the small Micoquian handaxes and knives and the classic triangular handaxes/knives which are commonly found in England and elsewhere.
		Increasingly, the Late Upper Palaeolithic period is being being seen as a continuum with the succeeding Mesolithic period and the time of the greatest glaciation as a dividing line between archaeological periods.
	www.btinternet.com /~ron.wilcox/onlinetexts/onlinetexts-chap2.htm (1713 words)

	11 July 2001
		A large number of the artifacts were assigned to the Palaeolithic, specifically to the Middle Palaeolithic (MP), and are broadly similar to the artifacts found elsewhere in Albania, for instance at Xara near Butrint (Korkuti 1983).
		This non-Levallois Middle Palaeolithic is reminiscent of the Pontinian in Italy (Kuhn 1990).
		The reason or reasons for the lack of human use of Mallakastra in the periods before the Middle Palaeolithic, between the MP and the Mesolithic, and after the Mesolithic period are at this stage of our research entirely unknown, and will be the principal object of our continuing study of the lithics from the region.
	river.blg.uc.edu /mrap/lithics01.html (3926 words)

	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Tushabramishvili et al
		Previous research in the Georgian Republic, led to the identification of several distinct Middle Palaeolithic cultural variants based on perceived differences in lithic and faunal assemblages (Liubin 1977, 1989), but these groupings were developed without the benefit of reliable chronometric estimates.
		The Middle Palaeolithic layers (10-9 and 7-5) all contain lithic assemblages characterized as uni-directional Levallois industries dominated by scrapers with a high incidence of truncated facetting.
		Middle Palaeolithic Patterns of Settlement and Subsistence in the Southern Caucasus, in N. Conard (ed.), Middle Palaeolithic Settlement Dynamics.
	antiquity.ac.uk /ProjGall/Adler/adler.html (824 words)

	Veldwezelt-Hezerwater
		We think, that the Middle Palaeolithic humans, living at different times at Veldwezelt-Hezerwater, first of all varied their strategies of core reduction and tool maintenance according to the availability of raw materials.
		In the Maas Basin repeated interruptions of Middle Palaeolithic occupation occurred during fully stadial episodes, for instance during the second half of MIS 4 and MIS 3, when this region was characterised by a cold climate, sparse tundra vegetation and low-density arctic fauna (e.g., Cordy 1988).
		Middle Palaeolithic humans were compelled to change the ways in which they procured and processed meat, because they were forced to accede to a particular climatic setting that they could not control.
	www.geocities.com /veldwezelt2003/lithic_variability.html (4637 words)

	Archeological sites 1-99 - Har Karkom corpus
		A large number of flints dating to the Upper Palaeolithic and the Middle Palaeolithic period were found.
		In the middle of the eastern wall there is an "apse", in front of which there is a rectangular platform raised 25-30cm off the ground; it measures 1 x1.20 m (altar?).
		Coordinates: 124.6/967.5 Description: In the middle of the central promontory, 3 hut floors are aligned in a row in a N-S direction and are connected by a path.
	www.harkarkom.com /Hkcorpus1-99.phtml (10055 words)

	Archeological sites 1-99 - Har Karkom corpus
		Finds: Lithic tools from the Middle Palaeolithic were retouched and reused in the BAC period.
		Finds: BAC worked flints; flakes and lithic tools from the Middle Palaeolithic were retouched and reused in BAC times as it can be seen from the lighter patina of the retouchings.
		Finds: Flints of the Middle Palaeolithic period ("Levallois" technique), 5 of which with traces of secondary retouching in BAC Period.
	www.harkarkom.com /Hkcorpus1-99.php (10070 words)

	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Petraglia et al
		Palaeolithic artefacts were distributed along the base of a quartzitic ridge and its hillslope, for a distance of 10 km.
		The early Middle Palaeolithic assemblages, as typified by the Lakhmapur East, were marked by prepared cores and diminutive bifaces (FIGURE 1).
		The stone tools were technologically similar to the early Middle Palaeolithic industry recovered from Lakhmapur East, each assemblage consisting of a high number of prepared cores, as well as diminutive handaxes and cleavers.
	antiquity.ac.uk /ProjGall/Petraglia/Petraglia.html (801 words)

	Palaeolithic
		Caton-Thompson based a number of conclusions on Middle Palaeolithic sites on small samples of artefacts she found in the Faiyum, but these samples are generally considered to be too small to permit categorization (e.g.
		Unfortunately the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic are poorly understood in the Faiyum and the Delta as a whole, but the later Epipalaeolithic industry in the Faiyum is both well represented and regionally distinctive which should allow for regional comparisons.
		The Middle Palaeolithic was well represented in the Faiyum: “So far as the Faiyum is concerned, no period was more critical than this” (Sandford and Arkell 1929, p34).
	www.faiyum.com /html/palaeolithic.html (727 words)

	The Prehistoric Society - Membership
		The real irony of this scepticism is that Palaeolithic archaeology is now largely concerned with the ways in which hominid societies adapted to their broader environmental context through time and in space.
		From the perspective of the reduction methods employed, Papagianni shows that it is a possibility that Middle Palaeolithic knappers on the coastal plain might have started reducing their raw material resources through unipolar or bipolar reduction strategies and then later transformed these same nodules into radially worked cores.
		She suggests that Middle Palaolithic hominids probably occupied a region from Albania in the North to perhaps the Western Pelopennese to the South.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /prehistoric/reviews/03_02_papagianni.html (1500 words)

	www.phytolith.net
		The Middle Palaeolithic site of Amud Cave is located on the margin of the Dead Sea Rift Valley, 5 km to the northwest of the Sea of Galilee.
		The 4.5 metre column of sediments consists of Middle Palaeolithic deposits (unit B), uncomformably overlain by unit A, dated to the Holocene (5th millennium B.C. and onwards).
		The remains of 15 Middle Palaeolithic hominids were recovered from units B1 and B2.
	www.phytolith.net /Amud.html (1474 words)

	Veldwezelt
		The goal of the "Veldwezelt-Hezerwater Project" is the analysis of the Middle Palaeolithic occupation in this part of Northwest Europe in the context of rapidly changing climates and landscapes between ca.
		These Middle Palaeolithic settlements, situated in the valley of the Hezerwater, tributary of the River Maas, were occupied at different times during the late Saalian 2 (late MIS 6), the late Last Interglacial s.l.
		We can state that the Middle Palaeolithic "Lower-Sites" at Veldwezelt-Hezerwater, with an intermittently active spring to the West, where water seeped out of the cliff face, have yielded several archaeological levels, which represent several occupation phases.
	www.geocities.com /veldwezelt_2002/sub/excavation_campaign_2002.html (3647 words)

	Middle Paleolithic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia.
		Standard sharp point wood spears were still prevalent in the middle paleolithic age.
		Hunting provided the primary food source but people also began to exploit shellfish and may have begun smoking and drying meat to preserve it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Palaeolithic (282 words)

	Transformations of Upper Palaeolithic Implements in the Dabba industry from Haua Fteah (Libya)
		Since the demonstration by Dibble (1984, 1987) that a significant portion of assemblage variability in the Middle Palaeolithic is explicable as morphological transformations of one implement "type" into another as reduction proceeds, many analysts have used this as a key contrast to the inferred technological structure of Upper Palaeolithic assemblages.
		The forms of these distinctively Upper Palaeolithic tools appear to show not only a higher degree of ‘standardization’ than those characteristic of the earlier Middle Palaeolithic industries (see Dibble 1987, 1989; Isaac 1972) but also a more obvious degree of ‘imposed form’ in the various stages of their production and shaping.
		It may therefore be asked whether the perceived difference in technological structure between Middle Palaeolithic and Upper Palaeolithic owes more to the typological approach to assemblage description than it does to the prehistoric patterns of artefact manufacture.
	arts.anu.edu.au /arcworld/resources/papers/ph/hauantiq.htm (3884 words)

	The Lagar Velho child and the Middle
		The Middle Palaeolithic or Mode 3 represents an evolutionary phase within the technological development of the human groups, mainly characterised by the generalized exploitation of nuclei geared to the morphological pre-determination of the pieces (Levallois technology).
		We have to bear in mind that, even accepting the detailed and well-dated archaeological sequence at Gorham’s Cave in Gibraltar, the oldest presence of modern humans in the south of the peninsula continues to be poorly understood due to the scarcity of well contrasted data.
		Our data show a predominance in the use of the discoidal core technique throughout a thick succession of Middle Palaeolithic deposits (51-32 ka BP uncal.) until the sudden appearance of an Upper Palaeolithic blade core technology near the top of the sequence.
	www.gib.gi /museum/p304.htm (2208 words)

	Internet Archaeol 4. Reviews. Pettitt
		It is quite ironic that, as an archaeologist concerned with ancient (lithic) technology, I should be so ignorant about recent advances in modern technology, particularly in the field of information technology which is having such a profound effect on the nature of academic disciplines.
		As early as the late 19th century, the slope deposits of Combe-Capelle Bas were known to be rich in Middle Palaeolithic material, and received the attention of Henri Ami, who excavated there until his death in 1931.
		Dibble, H. Middle Palaeolithic scraper reduction: background, clarification, and review of the evidence to date Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2 (4), 299-368.
	intarch.ac.uk /journal/issue4/reviews/pettitt.html (2358 words)

	[No title]
		During a transitive epoch from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Upper Palaeolithic there is a replacement such industries, including Levallua, by prismatic technology.
		The palaeolithic archaeology of Transbaikalia today has the earliest stratified for the region Middle Palaeolithic complex Khotyk (4-6) found in early Zyrian deposits (100-60 thousand years ago) with characteristics of the industries of two technological lines.
		The Upper Palaeolithic industries are variable according to their characteristics reflect, in our opinion cultural and may be specific heterogeneity of the ancient population of the region on the boundary 20-50 thousand years ago.
	sati.archaeology.nsc.ru /pages/baikal/eng.htm (556 words)

	Module 9
		Hosfield, R.T. The Palaeolithic of the Hampshire Basin: a regional model of hominid behaviour during the Middle Pleistocene.
		MacRae, R.J. The Palaeolithic of the Upper Thames Valley and its Quartzite Implements.
		Differentiation of the British late Middle Pleistocene interglacials: the evidence from mammalian biostratigraphy.
	www.rdg.ac.uk /secondarycontexts/arch-mod9-refs.htm (1252 words)

	Archeological sites 100-199 in Har Karkom corpus
		A flint nucleus of Middle Palaeolithic could still be connected to three MP flakes, detached by Levallois technique.
		The largest, in the middle, is oval shaped; 2 smaller areas cleared of stones.
		Coordinates: 125.6/968.9 Description: At the northern extremity of the plateau is a large Middle Palaeolithic site with Mousterian bifacial implements of Acheulean tradition, located on an area of about 200 sqm 6 hut floors around a hill.
	www.harkarkom.com /Hkcorpus100-199.phtml?more=all (4637 words)

	Universitaire Pers Leuven :: Catalogus
		This book is an edited publication of several excavation campaigns in Egypt, oriented towards the understanding of the chert extraction techniques employed by Middle and early Upper Palaeolithic humans in the lower desert of the Egyptian Nile Valley between Tahta and Qena.
		The chert extraction structures of several Middle Palaeolithic sites and the related lithic assemblages from the sites of Nazlet Khater 1,2 and 3 but also from Beit Allam and Nazlet Safaha 1-5 are studied and illustrated by numerous profiles and artefact drawings by P.M. Vermeersch, P. Van Peer, E. Paulissen and M. Otte.
		The Upper Palaeolithic site Nazlet Khater 4 (by P.M.Vermeersch, E. Paulissen and T. Vanderbeken) is a real mine that was exploited by a system of bell pits and trenches, creating underground galleries from where chert cobbles were extracted.
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /upers/catalogue/book_detail.php?Id=28 (540 words)

	Lesson 1 Bibliography: The Southern Greek Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Sequence at Franchthi
		Bailey, "The Palaeolithic of Klithi in its Wider Context," BSA 87 (1992) 1-28.
		Bailey, “The Palaeolithic Archaeology and Palaeogeography of Epirus with Particular Reference to the Investigation of the Klithi Rockshelter,” in G. Bailey, E. Adam, E. Panagopoulou, C. Perlès, and K. Zachos (eds.), The Palaeolithic Archaeology of Greece and Adjacent Areas [BSA Studies 3] (London 1999) 159-169.
		Poulianos, "Petralona: A Middle Pleistocene Cave in Greece," Archaeology 24 (1971) 6-11.
	projectsx.dartmouth.edu /classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/bib/1bib.html (3268 words)

	Introduction
		The primary goal of the project is to produce a regional synthesis of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic archaeology of south-west Britain.
		For the purposes of this project, south-west Britain is defined as the region west of the headwaters of the River Frome and River Piddle (Dorset) and south-west of the River Avon (Somerset).
		The project complements regional and national studies of the British Quaternary and Palaeolithic archaeology such as The National Ice Age Network, The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Occupation of the Middle and Lower Trent Catchment, and The Medway Valley Palaeolithic Project.
	www.personal.rdg.ac.uk /~sgs04rh/SWRivers/arch-intro.htm (481 words)

	Jabal Harûn in Palaeolithic period - Middle Palaeolithic material
		The Middle Palaeolithic is already reprecented by clusters of finds.
		Middle Palaeolithic artefacts are one of the most general find categories also in areas between the clusters.
		This shows that during the Middle Palaeolithic period the area around Jabal Harûn possibly was periodically quite intensively used.
	www.helsinki.fi /hum/arla/Levant-internetcourse/Lessons/JHPaleolithicMPMaterial.htm (321 words)

	Module 2 Introduction
		The evaluation therefore indicated both that the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic heritage of the south-west region is richer than had previously been envisaged, and initiated documentation of this ‘invisible’ resource.
		The artefact collections of the south-west region’s public museums which could be confidently assigned to the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic were dominated by handaxes, reflecting the secondary context origins of the findspots, the higher level visibility of the artefacts, and their status as a diagnostic chronological marker.
		The Regional Palaeolithic Networks Meeting (June 16th 2005) demonstrated the interest of local government archaeologists, HER officers, museum staff, local enthusiasts, and regional archaeological societies for the further development of Palaeolithic research in the south-west region.
	www.personal.rdg.ac.uk /~sgs04rh/SWRivers/arch-mod2.htm (572 words)

	DIRECT AGE ASSESSMENT OF MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC AND LATER SKELETAL MATERIAL USING OPTICAL DATING
		The accurate dating of human fossils, particularly diagnostic materials such as skulls, is a vitally important component in understanding the emergence and subsequent development of anatomically modern humans.
		The site contains remarkable assemblages of Middle Palaeolithic industries and the skeleton found in burial position is one of the most important finds in African palaeoanthropology.
		We also discuss the dosimetry which is complex and non-uniform in such archaeological contexts, with particular attention paid to the development of a numerical model of radiation dose deposition during burial.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_55532.htm (406 words)

	Zinken: [03] Middle Palaeolithic [03] Middle Paleolithic
		They were archaic members of the human family, robust with heavy brow ridges and forward-projecting faces, who lived in Europe and western Asia from at least 250,000 years ago until they vanished from the fossil record about 28,000 years ago...
		The tooth was found in Crvena Stijena (Red Cliff) and "belonged to Neanderthal man," Zvezdana Lucic, director of the museum in the north-western town of Niksic, told reporters...
		This paper examines claims for Middle and Lower Palaeolithic finds from Scandinavia, within the context of the geological history of the area, where glaciers repeatedly modified Pleistocene landscapes.
	zinken.typepad.com /palaeo/03_middle_palaeolithic_03_middle_paleolithic (2049 words)

	Archeological periods as found at Har Karkom
		The most important feature of Palaeolithic ages at Har Karkom is the presence of several sites primarily lying on the surface, due to the desert conditions, that allow the investigation of site morphology related to the prehistoric culture in a large number of sites.
		The relative chronology of Palaeolithic at Har Karkom is based on the comparison of the material culture with literature data of the Negeb and the Near East, as the conformation of the territory, lack of stratigraphy and of organic remains, does not allow an absolute chronology by standard methods.
		Lower Palaeolithic cultures included Acheulian, Clactonian or Micocqian; in the Middle Palaeolithic sites Mousterian and Aterian flints were collected; finally, early Upper Palaeolithic cultures were abundant, while only few sites were represented for late Upper Palaeolithic [Mailland 1992:3-10, 1993:4, 1995:4-6, 1996:31, 1998:9-14].
	www.harkarkom.com /HKsurveyPeriods.php?more=all (2516 words)

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