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Topic: Middle Paleolithic

	Paleolithic Era - Indian History
		This skull was discovered on 5th December, 1982 in the middle of the Narmada valley in Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh.
		The earliest evidence of Paleolithic human presence in the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent consists of stone implements found scattered around the Soan River Valley in northern Pakistan.
		Despite the lack of fossil evidence, these tools appear to indicate the presence of hominids in the subcontinent as early as 200,000—400,000 years ago and thus are likely to have been associated with archaic Homo species.
	www.gloriousindia.com /history/paleolithic.html (345 words)

	Publications
		Handbook of Paleolithic Typology Vol 1: The Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe.
		In The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus, edited by Deborah Olszewski and Harold L. Dibble.
		In The Middle Paleolithic: Adaptation, Behavior, and Variability, edited by Harold L. Dibble and Paul Mellars.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~hdibble/publicat.htm (1609 words)

	Stone Age - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Archaeologists subdivide the Paleolithic into the Lower Paleolithic (the earliest phase), Middle Paleolithic, and Upper Paleolithic (the later phase), based upon the presence or absence of certain classes of stone artifacts.
		For example, although the majority of the stone found at most Middle Paleolithic sites is local—its source within a few kilometers of a site—an increasing percentage is exotic stone, transported from its sources tens of kilometers away.
		Microscopic studies of residues on Middle Paleolithic scraper tools suggest that they may have been used for woodworking and to work animal hides for use as clothing or in shelters.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761555928___11/Stone_Age.html (5898 words)

	Middle Paleolithic - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia.
		It is succeeded by the Upper Paleolithic subdivision.
		Standard sharp point wood spears were still prevalent in the middle paleolithic age.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Middle_Paleolithic (327 words)

	Paleolithic period. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		By far the most outstanding feature of the Paleolithic period was the evolution of the human species from an apelike creature, or near human, to true Homo sapiens (see human evolution).
		The Middle Paleolithic period includes the Mousterian culture, often associated with Neanderthal man, an early form of humans, living between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago.
		In the Upper Paleolithic period Neanderthal man disappears and is replaced by a variety of Homo sapiens such as Cro-Magnon man and Grimaldi man. This, the flowering of the Paleolithic period, saw an astonishing number of human cultures, such as the Aurignacian, Gravettian, Perigordian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian, rise and develop in the Old World.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pa/Paleolit.html (781 words)

	Paleolithic - Paleolithic Art
		Paleolithic or "Old Stone Age" is a term used to define the oldest period in the human history.
		In Europe and Africa the Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the period of the early Stone Age that lasted between around 120,000 and 40,000 years ago.
		The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia.
	www.huntfor.com /arthistory/prehistoric/paleolithic.htm (808 words)

	TWO-FACED LITHIC ZOOANTHROPOMORPHIC SCULPTURE OF THE EVOLUED ACHEULEAN, SOUTHERN ITALY (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the sculpture of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic the representations of heads of animals are much rare in comparison with the human representation of heads.
		In the Paleolithic, the portrait is only intentional, and it can be considered such, also, in the evolued Acheulean, in which, although some small stylistic deformations, in the anthropomorphic sculpture are evidenced anatomical particulars of the head of the represented human type.
		A cult connected to the animals is present in the upper Paleolithic, and is well documented by the most numerous zoomorphic paintings in cave; but these animals were not divinities, and this is demonstrated from the fact that, in the ethnography, the peoples with similar painting do not have idolatry.
	www.paleolithicartmagazine.org /pagina55.html (4170 words)

	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Glantz et al
		Previously known Middle and Upper Paleolithic sites are indicated in white and fl and Anghilak cave, a new Middle Paleolithic site, is shown in red.
		The Central Asian Upper Paleolithic is typologically diverse and not analogous to any of the Upper Paleolithic traditions known from neighboring regions.
		Moreover, the ability to identify early Upper Paleolithic sites based on techno-typological criteria is confounded by the high frequency of Middle Paleolithic elements retained in these assemblages (Vishnyatsky 1999).
	antiquity.ac.uk /ProjGall/Glantz/glantz.html (897 words)

	Paleolithic period - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Paleolithic period pāand180;lēelĬth´Ĭk, -lēō-, păland180;- or Old Stone Age, the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind's history.
		Dates are not just data: Paleolithic settlement patterns in Siberia derived from radiocarbon records.
		The Paleolithic of Siberia: New Discoveries and Interpretations.(Review)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Paleolit.html (1082 words)

	Was the Emergence of Home Bases and Domestic Fire a Punctuated Event? A Review of the Middle Pleistocene Record in ...
		The African or Middle Stone Age counterpart of the Middle Paleolithic in Eurasia witnessed equally significant transformations (McBrearty and Brooks 2000).
		An apparently late Middle Paleolithic (Upper Pleistocene) ritual arrangement of stalagmites associated with fire traces was found in the deep and remote Druniquel Cave in France (Rouzaud et al.
		On the other hand, it is no less important to underscore, because of their potential bearing on Paleolithic documents, a list of seven well-known emergent bio- behavioral traits that separated at a very early stage of evolution (between 6 and 4 mya) ancient hominids from extant and, probably, all other fossil primate species.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=106631 (8049 words)

	Middle Paleolithic Tool Technologies
		The most important point for you to remember about the Middle Paleolithic stone technologies is that the emphasis shifted from core tools, like the Acheulean Handaxe, to flake tools like the Levallois point.
		The important difference in the Middle Paleolithic is that cores were being carefully shaped to produce flakes of a predetermined size and shape.
		This final exhausted discoidal form is all the evidence that we have of this remarkable improvement in the efficiency of lithic technology attained by Neanderthals and archaic Homo sapiens.
	id-archserve.ucsb.edu /Anth3/Courseware/LithicTech/8_Middle_Paleolithic_Tool.html (658 words)

	Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition
		There was a modest increase in technological sophistication associated with the Middle Paleolithic (in Europe) or Middle Stone Age (Africa) around 200 to 300 KYA.
		Middle Paleolithic (MP) technology was clearly developed from and based on the Acheulean industry.
		There is no way of knowing whether or not Neanderthals may have had a rich expressive culture, perhaps through song or dance, that would not be preserved in the archaeological record, but it is clear the AMH after 35,000 years ago begin to express themselves through objects in a completely new way.
	www.wsu.edu /~rquinlan/mptoup.htm (1344 words)

	Middle Paleolithic - Definition, explanation
		Research interests include Paleolithic archaeology, especially the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Western Europe and the Near East.
		Research interests include Paleolithic archaeology, especially the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Western Europe and the Near...
		Middle and Late Pleistocene investigations of Myshtulagty Lagat (Weasel...
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/m/mi/middle_paleolithic.php (522 words)

	history discoveries of hominid art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The art of the lower Paleolithic is the first shape of art known of all the Paleolithic, in how much, at the times of the first discoveries, the zoomorphic paintings in cave, art mobilier on bone and the feminine sculpturines (venus) of the upper Paleolithic still did not know.
		However, this Middle Ages persists still today, in parallel to isolated and valid researchers and important and sporadic discoveries of art, also by " new academic researchers ", which however join to the " Renaissance " of the studies on the art of the lower Paleolithic of the second half of the 20th century.
		The science of the art of the lower and middle Paleolithic, until 1913 was localized in center-northern France and the Southern England.
	www.paleolithicartmagazine.org /pagina73.html (12358 words)

	Southern Methodist University - Department of Anthropology
		The Middle Paleolithic of Crimea: adaptations in an ecotone.
		The transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Crimea.
		The Late Aurignacian and "Aurignacian" Elements in the Upper Paleolithic of the Portuguese Estremadura.
	www.smu.edu /anthro/faculty/aMarks/aMarks.htm (3606 words)

	parallel civilizations middle paleolithic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Until little years ago, for the official science, the middle Paleolithic was identified with the man of Neanderthal, the mousterian culture, and clearly divided the lower Paleolithic from the upper Paleolithic.
		In this website we have abolished the middle Paleolithic, and have merged the Mousterian to the end of the recent Acheulean and Clactonian, between 200.000 and 40.000 years ago, also often citing the middle Paleolithic, that is always a habitual point of reference for the immediate location of the chronology.
		Regarding the eight civilizations parallels classified, and the mixed civilizations, it's worth what said for the previous phases of the lower Paleolithic, that is, until we do not find sculptures of different typology in a same unequivocal site, cannot be asserted with certainty that they belong to the same civilization.
	www.museoorigini.it /pagina53.html (567 words)

	Paleolithic Population Growth Pulses Evidenced by Small Animal Exploitation
		Paleolithic humans relied on both small animals and ungulates for meat (1), but predator-prey relations between
		Italy: Riparo Mochi on the northwestern coast, Province of Liguria (1), and Grotta dei Moscerini on the west-central coast and Grotta Polesini and Grotta Palidoro inland, Province of Lazio (2); Israel: Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter, 1 km apart in an inland valley (Nahal Meged) in the western Galilee (3).
		Middle Paleolithic, evidenced by the rare presence of bird and
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/paleolithic_population_growth_pu.htm (3206 words)

	Paleolithic Diet Page (Paleo Diet, Caveman Diet, Hunter/Gatherer Diet)
		Paleolithic Nutrition: Your Future Is In Your Dietary Past is an article Jack Challem wrote for Nutrition Science News: April 1997.
		Paleolithic diet is a definition found in the Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine.
		Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors is a study of jaw size and shape, tooth size, shape, and wear patterns, which give clues as to what the earliest human ancestors ate two to four million years ago.
	www.paleodiet.com (6678 words)

	Introduction to Archaeology: Hunter-Gatherers, the Emergence of Modern Humans, the Mesolithic
		So the Neanderthals, robust and ugly-looking to us, were considered to be the makers of Middle Paleolithic tools in Europe and the Near East (eastern Mediterranean and southwestern Asia), then in came modern people with Upper Paleolithic tools and art, and away went Neanderthals.
		Mousterian tools of the Middle Paleolithic were made on flint flakes; they were scrapers and gravers and many other types, including triangular, unifacial points.
		One clue that has yet to be interpreted is that the figurines from Dolni Vestonice, which appeared to have shattered during firing of the clay, were found by experimental archaeology replication techniques to have been deliberately shattered.
	www.indiana.edu /~arch/saa/matrix/ia/ia03_mod_11.html (2387 words)

	Middle Paleolithic
		While the Lower Paleolithic is characterised by core tools, the Middle Paleolithic is defined by its flake tools.
		According to recent investigations, this human type disappeared elsewhere in Europe between 40,000 and 35,000 years ago, as a result of the immigration of peoples of African descent with a fully modern anatomy.
		Since their migration was effected through the Middle East, it could be predicted that the last Neandertal survivors would have been those inhabiting Europe's Far-West, that is, the Iberian Peninsula.
	www.ipa.min-cultura.pt /coa/en/Paleolithic/Paleo_Middle (221 words)

	Western Asia -- Neanderthals and Modern Humans
		The Zuttiyeh skull was associated with an early Middle Paleolithic industry of the Levant region, or eastern Mediterranean, called the Acheulo-Yabrudian.
		The Acheulo-Yabrudian was followed by the Mousterian, a Middle Paleolithic industry associated in the Levant with both modern and "Neanderthal" remains.
		Similarly, an early Upper Paleolithic industry from the Zagros Mountains of Iran and northern Iraq, the Baradostian, resembles the Bachokirian industry of the Balkans (Kozlowski, 1996: 208).
	karmak.org /archive/2003/01/westasia.htm (4267 words)

	THE PALEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY OF WEASEL CAVE
		Paleolithic research in North Ossetia began in 1954 with the investigations of V. Lubin.
		It is the first intact, stratified Paleolithic cave situated on the northern slopes of the Central Caucasus.
		The middle and lower part of the layer (and Layer 5) are filled with limestone eboulis, representing cold and very cold periods.
	www.acs.appstate.edu /dept/anthro/new_orleans.html (2627 words)

	RunnelsC_15_3.html (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As part of a research program aimed at clarifying the date of the Middle Paleolithic in Greece and its relationship with contemporary industries in the Balkans, a survey of the Larisa area of Thessaly for Paleolithic remains was undertaken in 1987.
		The lithic artifacts are Middle and Upper Paleolithic types, and are dated by their association with the fluviatile deposits exposed by downcutting of the river.
		The Thessalian Paleolithic industry is a Levallois-Mousterian facies with bifacial leafpoints, side scrapers, Mousterian points, denticulates, and Aurignacian-type end scrapers, burins, retouched blades, and bifacial leafpoints with rounded bases.
	www.bu.edu /jfa/Abstracts/R/RunnelsC_15_3.html (294 words)

	John J. Shea
		Paleolithic archaeology and paleoanthropology of the Near East, Africa, and Europe, Origin of Modern Humans, Neandertals, Lithic Technology, Experimental Archaeology.
		Shea, J. The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant.
		Shea, J. The Middle Paleolithic: Neandertals and Early Modern Humans in the Levant.
	www.sunysb.edu /anthro/Shea/index.html (366 words)

	Clovis / Pre-Clovis Views
		The bright line distinction between the Middle and Upper Paleolithic was the change from a flake to a BLADE technology.
		The other is the first inhabitants in the New World were Clovis from the Upper Paleolithic with a BLADE technology and they reverted back to a flake technology upon their arrival.
		These flakes left scars that extended past the middle of the face of the biface and created a platelike biface which is different than a biface with a medial ridge.
	www.ele.net /art_folsom/preclvis.htm (2012 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter III: Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian) in Eurasia
		In Siberia, Middle Paleolithic is known in the Altai Mountains but only based on very poor material finds.
		Alexeev continues: in addition to the Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian) sites of Kiik-Koba in the Crimea, Teshik-Tash in Uzbekistan, and Staroselie also in the Crimea, there are two additional sites located in Ukraine: Mezin and Molodova.
		New excavations were undertaken as part of the Joint Ukrainian/American Middle Paleolithic of the Crimea Project by Anthony Marks et.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterIII.html (4219 words)

	ASOR Publications
		The Levantine coast is one of the richest areas in the world for evidence of the Middle Paleolithic.
		Solecki]s project was following in the footsteps of one of the pioneers of paleolithic archaeology in the Levant, P. Zumoffen, who excavated at the cave in the early years of the past century.
		The Middle Paleolithic: Early Modern Humans and Neandertals in the Levant
	www.asor.org /pubs/nea/64_1.html (588 words)

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