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Persian language Middle Persian was a contemporary of Parthian, and during the Arsacid period, Persian was strongly influenced by Parthian. Middle Persian was the language used in the Sassanian Empire, and was called Pahlavi. Middle Persian was, just like Old Persian, spoken in southwestern Iran, Parthian was spoken in the north, while a group of languages (Khwarezmian, Sogdian and Saka) were spoken in southeast. i-cias.com /e.o/persian_l.htm   (376 words)

Persian Literature, an English article   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20) The Old Persian of the Achaemenian Empire, preserved in a number of cuneiform inscriptions, was an Indo-European tongue with close affinities with Sanskrit and Avestan (the language of the Zoroastrian sacred texts). In India, Persian language and poetry became the vogue with the ruling classes, and at the court of the Moghul emperor Akbar Persian was adopted as the official language; spreading thence and fusing later with Hindi, it gave rise to the Urdu tongue. Though existing fragments of Persian verse are believed to date from as early as the eighth century A.D., the history of Persian literature proper begins with the lesser dynasties of the ninth and tenth centuries that emerged with the decline of the Caliphate. www.iranonline.com /literature/Articles/Persian-literature/index.html   (2563 words)

Farsi (Persian) Old Persian and its descendant, Middle Persian, are thought to have originated in Parsa (or Fars), the center of the Persian Empire in southwest Iran. Middle Persian, also known as Pahlavi, after the Parthians who ruled Persia after the collapse of Alexander's Empire, is attested by pre-Islamic Zoroastrian religious writings. Persian, Dari and Tajik are Category II languages in terms of difficulty for speakers of English. www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/february/farsi.html   (1120 words)

Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prior to British colonization of south Asia, Persian was widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the "official language" under the Mughal emperors. Middle Persian influenced Arabic, Latin, Hindi, Armenian, Georgian,etc. Much of the literature in Middle Persian was lost by the Arab invasion. Persian was for a long time the lingua franca of the western parts of Islamic world and of the Indian subcontinent. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_language   (2719 words)

THE IRANIAN: Features: Language, Persian or Farsi Persian, the term used for centuries in the West, originated in a region of southern Iran formerly known as Persis. Old Persian was spoken until approximately the 3rd century BC and Middle Persian, or Pahlavi, was spoken from the 3rd century BC to the 9th century AD. Persian became the lingua franca of the region during the Islamic period. www.iranian.com /Features/Dec97/Persian   (1032 words)

Iranian & Persian Studies Students pursuing a graduate degree in Iranian and Persian Studies are required to meet the general graduate requirements for all students pursuing graduate degrees in the Department of Near Eastern Language and Civilizations. Persian Studies concentrates upon the literature of New Persian, which includes the poetry and prose produced in Persian in Iran, Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Ottoman Empire from the tenth century to the present day. For the general examination in Persian Language and Literature students are expected, in addition to having a general overview of Persian literature, to read extensively in the corpus of one author and to know the literature of one period in depth. www.fas.harvard.edu /~nelc/iranian_persian.html   (798 words)

Persian language - HighBeam Encyclopedia   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20) PERSIAN LANGUAGE [Persian language] member of the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Indo-Iranian languages). Old Persian was highly inflected, as was Avestan, which is regarded by some as a form of Old Persian and by others as a separate tongue. The modern form of Persian evolved directly from Middle Persian and may be said to have begun in the 9th or 10th cent. www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-perslang.html   (488 words)

Persian Language Persian is a subgroup of West Iranian languages that include the closely related Persian languages of Dari and Tajik; the less closely related languages of Luri, Bakhtiari and Kumzari; and the non-Persian dialects of Fars Province. Persian is the first language of about 55 percent of the population in Iran, and is the country's official language. Old Persian, by contrast, and its immediate descendant Middle Persian, originated in a province in southwest Iran that was once the center of the Persian Empire -Parsa or Fars-, hence the contemporary Persian name of the language: Farsi. www.iranchamber.com /literature/articles/persian_language.php   (1384 words)

New Persian - (CAIS) Persian, until recent centuries, was culturally and historically one of the most prominent languages of the Middle East and regions beyond. Persian scholars were prominent in both Turkish and Indian courts during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries in composing dictionaries and grammatical works. Persian language was also the official and cultural language of Ottoman Empire until 16th century, and most of the Ottoman manuscripts of that period were composed and executed in Persian. www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/newpersian.htm   (2479 words)

Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-Persian Persian Muslims of the pre-Mongol period also used local dialects in written texts, such as in translations of the Qur'an (Ravaqi, Lazard 1978). In Iran, Persian is the main tool of education and written expression, though less than half of the population speak it at home and many dialects, Iranian and Turkic as well as Semitic, still exist. Local dialects of Persian (of Iran), especially by elder and less educated immigrants in Israel; the distinction between dialects of New Persian and local vernacular forms of New Persian is frequently blurred. www.jewish-languages.org /judeo-persian.html   (1513 words)

Persian language. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 Old Persian is known chiefly from cuneiform inscriptions dating from the time of the Achaemenid kings of ancient Persia (6th–4th cent. B.C. Old Persian was highly inflected, as was Avestan, which is regarded by some as a form of Old Persian and by others as a separate tongue. A.D. Grammatically, much simplification of inflection took place in Middle Persian, which was recorded both in an Aramaic alphabet and in a script called Pahlavi. www.bartleby.com /65/pe/Perslang.html   (349 words)

Wikinfo | Persian language Persian (فارسی), also known as Farsi or Parsi, is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Georgia, part of India and part of Pakistan. Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family, it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch, within which, the Iranian sub-branch consists of the following chronological linguistic path: Avestan/Old Persian -> Middle Persian (Pahlavi) -> Modern Persian. Although it uses the same Alphabet as the Arabic language (Persian adds four letters, and changes the shape of another two), the Persian is a language completly different, with a different Phonology and Grammar. www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Persian_language   (409 words)

Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in ... Persian is spoken today primarily in Iran and Afghanistan, but was historically a more widely understood language in an area ranging from the Middle East to India. Old Persian is recorded in the southwest in cuneiform inscriptions of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty (circa 550-330 BC), notably Darius I and Xerxes I. Old Persian and Avestan have close affinity with Sanskrit, and, like Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, are highly inflected languages. Other Middle Iranian tongues were also spoken in Sassanian Persia or in bordering regions of Central Asia: Khwarazmian, in Khiva; Bactrian, in Bactria; Sogdian, in the vast region of Sogdiana, including the cities of Samarqand and Bukhoro; and Saka (a name associated with various Scythian kingdoms), in Chinese Turkestan. www.farsinet.com /farsi   (1134 words)

Middle Persian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In the classification of the Iranian languages, the Middle Period includes those languages which were common in Iran from the third century B.C. (the fall of the Achaemenids) up to the seventh century A.D. (the fall of the Sasanians). The modern-day descendant of Middle Persian is Modern Persian. Pahlavi Middle Persian is the language of quite a large body of Zoroastrian literature which details the traditions and prescriptions of the Zoroastrian religion which was the state religion of Sassanid Iran (224 to ca. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Persian   (434 words)

Persian Gulf Online Persian, alongside the name of a language, may be used, as an adjective, for the other aspects of our history and culture. This way, "Persian" may be a common concept of and function as a link between all aspects of Iranian life, including language. For me, Persian can be the name of a language that has been formed, in its last phase, during this last thousand year and has been expanded as a literary language and as a lingua franca in a vast region in western and southwestern Asia. www.persiangulfonline.org /research/propername.htm   (245 words)

Persian And additional concern when basinc your research on early Islamic artistic works, is that, like many ancient art forms, period it usually portrays heroes, myths, and legends, so debate still exists as to whether the clothing pictured is realistic for real people during the date of the painting. The richer you were, the wider and fuller you wore your Sherwal. Persians might wear ankle-length tight sleeves with a slit near the elbow so the arm would not be trapped in a body-length tube of fabric. www.geocities.com /ladysveva/clothing/Persian.html   (1632 words)

Persian Iranian Language (Farsi) at Best Iran Travel.com Persian (Farsi) is the national language of Iran. Persian is one of the world's oldest languages, a well-recognized tongue as early as the 6th century B.C A variety of Persian called Tajik is spoken in the Tajikistan, and is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. www.bestirantravel.com /culture/language.html   (310 words)

Middle Persian scripts - Pahlavi, Parthian and Psalter The Middle Persian script developed from the Aramaic script and became the official script of the Sassanian empire (224-651 AD). The Parthian script developed from the Aramaic script around the 2nd century BC and was used during the Parthian and early Sassanian periods of the Persian empire. The Psalter script is a variant of the Persian script which was used mainly for writing on paper. www.omniglot.com /writing/mpersian.htm   (203 words)

Pahlavi Language (Middle Persian) One of Western Iranian languages, Parthian used to be a state language in Parthia, together with Persian and Greek. Middle Persian has a simpler grammar than Old Persian and was usually written in an ambiguous script with multivalent letters, adopted from Aramaic; it declined after the Arab conquest in the 7th century. Although much of the Middle Persian literature was translated into Arabic, the bulk of its writings was lost during Islamic times. www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/pahlavi/pahlavi.htm   (476 words)

Iransaga - Parthian and Middle Persian Written Literatures The bulk of the material, however, consists of religious books which were revised and edited in the ninth and tenth centuries, when the mobads of the diminished and enfeebled Zoroastrian community made an effort to defend their religion and instruct the faithful in the face of Islamic inroads. From the little written poetry that remains it is clear that Middle Persian meter, like the Parthian, was governed by stress, the quantity of syllables being flexible within limits. Judging by their Arabic and Persian translations and adaptations, and by bibliographical notices, Middle Persian literature (apart from clerical writing) included historical, geographical, didactic, and astronomical works; books on land survey and travel; rules of conduct and etiquette; law books, historical novels, romances, folktales, and fables. www.artarena.force9.co.uk /parthlit.htm   (635 words)

Persian Empire, Persopolis - Crystalinks The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). Cyrus rallied the Persians together, and in 550 BC defeated the forces of Astyages, who was then captured by his own nobles and turned over to the triumphant Cyrus, now Shah of the Persian kingdom. The Persians had expected an easy victory, but one after another their ships were sunk or crippled. www.crystalinks.com /persia.html   (2708 words)

FoodNerd!: persian market, middle east bakery I followed her suggestion and got a tasty spinach & cheese pie, and I followed my own gluttony and got a meat kibbe wrapped in a creamy starch (bulgur?) and deep fried to a greasy crunchy delight. The Persian Market has more dishes and cookware, though, and you can get little wasp-waisted tea glasses and saucers, and several types of the long flat metal skewers for kebab kubideh, and tiny coffee cup sets, and hookahs, and it looks like the upstairs has belly dancing outfits. Persian cookery, and Turkish and the other surrounding nations', is just so extraordinarily delicious and combines flavors in such interesting ways, and even beyond that it's very healthful in that mediterranean legumes-and-olive oil mode. www.paisleysky.net /foodnerd/archives/000336.html   (791 words)

Alexander The Great - Crystalinks After an initial victory against Persian forces at the Battle of Granicus, Alexander accepted the surrender of the Persian provincial capital and treasury of Sardis and proceeded down the Ionian coast. Sending the bulk of his army to Persepolis, the Persian capital, by the Royal Road, Alexander stormed and captured the Persian Gates (in the modern Zagros Mountains), then sprinted for Persepolis before its treasury could be looted. During this time, Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress and customs at his court, notably the custom of proskynesis, a symbolic kissing of the hand that Persians paid to their social superiors, but a practice of which the Greeks disapproved. www.crystalinks.com /alexanderthegreat.html   (3823 words)

Persian or Fársi? the debate continues... - an article by: Prof. Dr. Kamran Talattof This attempt to replace the word Persian with Fársi is not only incongruous with the history of the language but also creates confusion and misunderstanding. Three main groups use the word Fársi instead of Persian while speaking English: non-Iranians who are somewhat familiar with the country and its culture; second-generation Iranians who know some Persian, and Iranians, including some officials, who do not have a sound knowledge about their culture and language. Moreover, the name Fársi is obscure and under the best conditions refers only to certain dialects such as the Persian of Iran as opposed to Tajiki, the Persian of Tajikistan or Dari, the Persian of Afghanistan, or even one may say Isfahani, the Persian of Isfahan. www.persiandirect.com /articles/2004/july/id_00002.htm   (1073 words)

CD Review: Persian and Middle Eastern Percussion by Zarbang - Bellydancing Zarbang is an ensemble of Middle Eastern percussionists that was founded in 1996. Fusing the traditional Middle Eastern (predominantly Persian) rhythms with influences from around the world has always been Zarbang’s bread and butter. Persian and Middle Eastern Percussion will definitely appeal to Middle Eastern percussionists of all skill levels. www.bellaonline.com /articles/art38353.asp   (424 words)

Parsik/Pahlavi   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20) By the creation of this site, it is hoped that those who are interested in learning and reading Middle Persian script, texts, and literature would be able to do so through the use of notes and instructions herein compiled and provided. Those with a background in Modern Persian will discover Pahlavi language particularly rewarding and easy: Modern Persian has a strikingly close affinity with Middle Persian and in many respects it has changed very little. He murdered the ruler of Eran and ruined court, and the religion, as all the Avesta and Zand (which were) written on the ox-hide and decorated with water-of-gold (gold leaves) and had been placed/kept in Stakhr/Istakhr of Papak in the 'citadel of the writings.' That wretched, ill-fated, heretic, evil/sinful Alexander, Roman, (resident of) Eg..." www.sfu.ca /~rastinm   (442 words)

Persian language — FactMonster.com Persian language, member of the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Persian literature - Persian literature, literary writings in the Persian language, nearly all of it written in the area... Sogdiana - Sogdiana, part of the ancient Persian Empire in central Asia between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and... www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0838512.html   (381 words)

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