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Topic: Middle Welsh language

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	Welsh language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg, pronounced [kəmˈrɑːɨɡ], [ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]), is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic spoken natively in Wales (Cymru), England by some along the Welsh border, and in the Chubut Valley, a Welsh immigrant colony in the Patagonia region of Argentina.
		Although Welsh is a minority language, support for the language grew during the second half of the 20th century, along with the rise of nationalist political organisations such as the political party Plaid Cymru and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society).
		Welsh morphology has much in common with that of the other modern Insular Celtic languages, such as the use of initial consonant mutations, and the use of so-called "conjugated prepositions" (prepositions that fuse with the personal pronouns that are their object).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Welsh_language (4151 words)

	Welsh language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Welsh (Cymraeg y Gymraeg) not to be confused with the Welsh dialect of English is a Brythonic branch of Celtic spoken natively in the western part Britain known as Wales (Cymru) and in the Chubut Valley a Welsh immigrant colony in the Patagonia region of Argentina.
		Although Welsh is a minority language and threatened by the dominance of English support for the language grew during second half of the twentieth century along with the rise of nationalist political organisations such as the political Plaid Cymru and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society).
		Amongst the characteristics of the literary as the spoken language are a higher dependence inflected verb forms a shift in the of some of the tenses a reduction the explicit use of pronouns (since the is usually conveyed in the verb/preposition inflections) a greatly reduced tendency to substitute English loanwords for native Welsh words.
	www.freeglossary.com /Welsh_language (2023 words)

	Welsh language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Welsh (''Cymraeg'' or y Gymraeg), not to be confused with Welsh English (the English language as spoken in Wales), is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic spoken natively in the western part of Britain known as Wales (''Cymru''), and in the Chubut Valley, a Welsh immigrant colony in the Patagonia region of Argentina.
		Although Welsh is a minority language, and thus threatened by the dominance of English, support for the language grew during the second half of the 20th century, along with the rise of nationalist political organisations such as the political party Plaid Cymru and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society).
		The stress in spoken Welsh is almost invariably on the penultimate syllable of a word; the few exceptions are indicated by the presence of an acute accent ('''´'''), e.g.
	welsh-language.ask.dyndns.dk (2559 words)

	Welsh language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Welsh (y Gymraeg), not to be confused with the Welsh dialect[?] of English, is a Brythonic branch of Celtic spoken natively in the part of Britain known as Wales (Cymru), and in the Chubut Valley, a Welsh immigrant colony in the Patagonia region of Argentina.
		Although Welsh is a minority language, and thus threatened by the dominance of English, support for the language grew during the second half of the twentieth century, along with the rise of nationalist political organisations such as the political party Plaid Cymru and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg[?] (the Welsh Language Society).
		Welsh as a first language is largely restricted to the less urban north and west of Wales, principally Gwynedd, Merioneth[?], Anglesey (Môn) and Ceredigion.
	www.websign.sk /we/Welsh_language.html (379 words)

	Euromosaic - Welsh (United Kingdom) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The districts with the smallest proportions of Welsh speakers are the main urban districts of south and north-east Wales, rural districts on the border with England, South Pembrokeshire (known as the little England beyond Wales') and the Vale of Glamorgan.
		Welsh is not treated as an official language in the application of the Race Relations Act 1976, and cases of discrimination have been brought.
		Welsh is taught at all educational levels to varying degrees, from pre-school level to university, but the level of provision varies a great deal between localities.
	www.uoc.es /euromosaic/web/document/gales/an/i1/i1.html (2785 words)

	PARDDU'S PAGES ~ WELSH LANGUAGE
		The Welsh language is one of the oldest surviving European languages and had remained comparatively unchanged until fairly recently when a simplified version was developed, mainly aimed at learners.
		Welsh, unlike English is a phonetic language - none of this nonsense of having half-a-dozen ways of pronouncing the same group of letters.
		There are 28 letters in the Welsh alphabet as opposed to the 26 in the English one and some may look rather surprising.
	www.parddu.net /iaith.html (369 words)

	Ymgyrchu! - The Welsh Language - Society, Education Campaigns, Petition
		Although the language was flourishing in many aspects of life in Wales in the last decades of the 19th century, such as the chapel and the Eisteddfod, some argued that learning English was the means 'to get on in the world'.
		As a result of this attitude, proper consideration was not given to the Welsh language in the development of the education system in the second half of the 19th century.
		Owen M Edwards, who was the Chief Inspector of Schools in Wales from 1907 to 1920, promoted the use of the Welsh language in primary schools, and Welsh language and literature were taught as subjects in the secondary schools that had been established as a result of the 1889 Education Act.
	www.llgc.org.uk /ymgyrchu/Iaith/CymIaith/index-e.htm (755 words)

	Category:Welsh language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main article for this category is Welsh language.
		List of Welsh principal areas by percentage Welsh language
		This page was last modified 18:00, 27 January 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Welsh_language (73 words)

	History and Status of the Welsh Language
		Welsh is one of the Celtic languages still spoken, perhaps that with the greatest number of speakers.
		It is a language with an older pedigree, and a distinct one.
		It led the campaign for the first Welsh Language Act and is held to be responsible for many of the symbols which have made the existence of the Welsh language more a natural part of public life in the last half of the twentieth century.
	users.comlab.ox.ac.uk /geraint.jones/about.welsh (4126 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Welsh Language
		It remained the language of the vast majority of the Welsh until it began to wane in the middle of the last century due to numerous factors such as immigration.
		Welsh is not an official language of Wales as the UK has no official languages (not even English!).
		The percentage of Welsh speakers between the ages of 3 and 15 is about 25%, higher than the percentage in the whole population.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A287994 (423 words)

	A Welsh Course
		The main emphasis of the course is in developing conversational skills in Welsh as it is currently spoken (as contrasted with teaching the forms needed for understanding literary Welsh).
		The Welsh National Eisteddfod has a page describing their annual events, which are great places for learners to go.
		Cymdeithas Madog, the Welsh Studies Institute of North America, has a home page that includes pictures of Wales and information about their annual Cwrs Cymraeg, a week-long intensive Welsh course that is traditionally held in early August.
	www.cs.cf.ac.uk /fun/welsh/Welsh.html (876 words)

	MavicaNET - Welsh Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The language from the beginning; public opinion; families; the Law; Education; the language in the economy; the language and the National Assembly. Info about the Board's activities, news, partnerships, useful contacts.
		Welsh is one of the oldest languages that is still in use in the world today.
		The main emphasis of the course is in developing conversational skills in Welsh as it is currently spoken (as contrasted with teaching the forms needed for understanding literary Welsh).
	www.mavicanet.com /lite/fin/1411.html (579 words)

	Welsh language in agony \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The increase since 1991 in people able to speak Welsh is largely associated with children being taught the language in school.
		Those born in Wales were much more likely to have the full complement of Welsh language skills than those born outside the country (20 per cent compared with 7 per cent).
		Census question on speaking Welsh: Although the exact format of the question and the population base have changed over that time, it is possible to use previous Census data to show the broad trends in Welsh language usage.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/7076.htm (910 words)

	GardeningDaily - Welsh language
		Welsh also uses a grave accent to mark vowels that should be short, when a long vowel would normally be expected, eg pas [paːs] 'a cough', pàs [pas] 'a pass/permit'; mwg [muːg] 'a smoke', mẁg [mʊg] 'a mug' [1].
		Initial consonant mutation is a phenomenon common to all Celtic languages.
		According to the Welsh Language Board[2], over a quarter of children in Wales attend schools which teach predominantly through the medium of Welsh.
	www.gardeningdaily.com /flowers-and-plants/Welsh_language (2568 words)

	Language, Grammar and Dictionaries - UNIVERSITY OF WALES PRESS
		This concise outline of the development of the Welsh language to the end of the medieval period was welcomed on its first appearance as an original work of synthesis, and it has remained the standard treatment of the subject for over sixty years.
		Illustrative examples are quoted from both the written and the spoken language, and from sources which demonstrate the variant and changing significance of words, from their earliest to their latest occurrences.
		Both manuscripts and printed texts are drawn upon up to c.1800, and are followed by selected examples indicative of the intensive growth of the Welsh language during the last and the present century, including new additions drawn from the vocabulary of the arts and sciences, the media and administration.
	www.uwp.co.uk /book_desc/rb9.html (1181 words)

	Modern and Celtic Languages - What's Been Published
		Welsh language Study and teaching (Continuing education) Wales.
		Welsh literature early modern, 1500-1700 History and criticism.
		Welsh literature To 1550 History and criticism Congresses.
	www.pitbossannie.com /rp-pb-w.html (75 words)

	The Welsh Language Before the Industrial Revolution
		This is the first volume in a pioneering series of authoritative studies on the social history of the Welsh language, a massive and intimidating field of study which has yet to receive the attention it deserves.
		The status of the language in matters relating to politics, administration and law is discussed, as well as its place in the fields of religion, education and scholarship.
		New light is shed on Welsh as a spoken language as well as its geographical distribution, and particular attention is paid to the endeavours made to raise the status and esteem of the Welsh language in order to remove the stigma placed upon it by the celebrated 'language clause' of 1536.
	www.uwp.co.uk /book_desc/1418.html (707 words)

	The History of Welsh - Welsh Language Board
		Welsh is a Celtic language, closely related to Cornish and Breton.
		The Welsh we speak today is directly descended from the language of the sixth century.
		Elements of Old Welsh are seen in the work of the Cynfeirdd, originally dating back to the sixth century, although all manuscripts are much later than this date.
	www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk /en/cynnwys.php?cID=4&pID=124 (210 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Welsh is a Celtic language, a lineal descendant of the language spoken in most of Britain when the Anglo-Saxons invaded the island in the fifth century.
		Some Middle Welsh texts, however, are clearly redactions of much earlier compositions, some perhaps as old as the sixth century.
		The language is something like English in structure, as it is syntactically isolative and not heavily inflected.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blfal01/eng/eng_g405_2147.html (162 words)

	Welsh names for children - Welsh Language Board
		Owain Glyndwr was a national hero and was the founder of the last Welsh Parliament in the fourteenth century.
		Geraint was the hero of a legend in the middle ages.
		Angharad was the name of the mother of Gerallt Gymro, one of the most famous Welsh Latin writers in the twelfth century.
	www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk /cynnwys.php?pID=222&langID=2 (786 words)

	Reading Middle Welsh -- 29 Medieval Spelling
		The date when the Welsh language began to be written down is a matter of much controversy.
		It is suggested that a system of Welsh orthography was established by the sixth century.
		Welsh poetry in the traditional forms considers words like cefn and cwbl as monosyllables.
	canol.home.att.net /chap29.html (680 words)

	Wales on the Web: Welsh fiction
		A Historical Corpus of the Welsh Language 1500-1850
		The Historical Corpus of the Welsh Language 1500-1850 is a collection of Welsh texts from the period 1500-1850 in an electronic format, and is a part of the University of Cambridge's website.
		Textbook to Middle Welsh, the language used in the writing of the Mabinogion and other Welsh folk tales by Gareth Morgan of the University of Texas at Austin.
	www.walesontheweb.org /cayw/index/en/893/0903 (476 words)

	Welsh language - Welsh League of Arizona
		While similarities can be found in all the languages (the building blocks to reconstructing Indo-European), it is difficult to find a lot of similarities in the languages not in the same branches.
		A stark example of this is that Welsh sentences, as a rule of thumb, begin with a verb, and the verb is conjugated (changed) to form a question, whereas in English, the verb is simply moved around to form a question.
		English and Welsh have 2 different periods of a mixing with Italic languages, first from Latin, during the Roman occupation of the British Isles, and the second from French following the conquest of William the Conqueror.
	www.welshleagueofarizona.org /cymraeg.html (576 words)

	Implementing Welsh Language Schemes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Organisations in the public and crown sectors are required to draw up and implement a Welsh Language Scheme, to ensure that people can, so far as is reasonable, use either Welsh or English when dealing with them.
		To introduce managers to the requirements of implementing effective statutory Welsh Language Schemes, and their role in ensuring that their organisation is able to meet the reqirements of the Welsh speaking public, the Welsh Language Board and the Welsh Assembly Government.
		Senior and Middle Managers in public and crown sector organisations which already have a statutory Welsh Language Scheme, or where one is now being drawn up, and who need to understand their role in ensuring that the Scheme is implemented and monitored effectively.
	www.cf.ac.uk /learn/training/courses/implementing_welsh_schemes.php (190 words)

	A Historical Corpus of the Welsh Language
		The project aims to produce a historical corpus of Welsh texts from the period 1500-1850 in an electronic format.
		The corpus will be arranged into different groups of text types in order to represent the stylistic diversity of the Welsh language, while allowing for differences in the specific range of text types actually available at different periods.
		Although some dialectal variation has been demonstrated for Middle Welsh, this is the first time that large scale dialect variation is evident, and is crucial for the study of the emergence of the modern Welsh dialects in their current form and the formation of the standard language.
	www.mml.cam.ac.uk /ling/research/welshcorpuseng.html (639 words)

	Reading Middle Welsh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is often assumed that people with an interest in Middle Welsh are either speakers of Modern Welsh, who can be eased into the medieval language fairly simply, or high-powered linguistics students with considerable knowledge of other languages, who can work directly from academic grammars and dictionaries.
		Reading Middle Welsh is based on materials and methods used by the author over many years to teach this wider audience.
		If you teach Middle Welsh and would like to use Reading Middle Welsh in a class, please request permission, which will be granted gladly.
	canol.home.att.net (326 words)

	GWYBODIADUR: Welsh Language Books
		Fired by her discovery of the Welsh language at university in Lampeter, an American Welsh-learner travels the world in search of ideas about what it means to be Welsh.
		The snippets of Welsh she throws in are not always accurate, but the book is worth reading for its perceptive insights into the Welsh language and people.
		Lewis, Robyn (1993) Blas ar Iaith Cwmderi [‘a flavour of the language of Cwmderi’].
	web.ukonline.co.uk /flapdragon/gwybodiadur/otherpub.htm (3634 words)

	Welsh Language
		I invite you to join me in learning about the Welsh language and its rich cultural and historical backdrop.
		Whether you're looking for an introduction to the language and its history, information about the status of the Welsh language today, or Welsh resources on the Internet, I hope you'll find something of interest here.
		If you eavesdrop on any Welsh language mailing list long enough, you'll be sure to hear some arguments take place about "Cymraeg Byw." Cymraeg Byw, or Living Welsh, is a somewhat controversial academic version of Welsh created in the 1960s and 1970s as a standard for textbooks.
	www.suite101.com /welcome.cfm/welsh_language (610 words)

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