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Topic: Middle chronology

	Middle East Reference: Chronologies and Biographies
		A chronology of Middle Eastern politics from 1908 to 1966.
		A chronology of Middle Eastern politics from 1967 to 1990.
		A chronology of Middle Eastern politics from 1991 to 2005.
	middleeastreference.org.uk (299 words)

	Mesopotamian Chronology
		The chronology of the ancient Near East is no exception, but fortunately, the ancient Babylonians were careful astronomers, who designed an accurate lunar calendar with a regularly inserted intercalary month, which was introduced before 503 BCE.
		The publication of the ultra-low chronology, as recently as 1998,[3] has resulted in a series of vehement polemics, from which ad hominem-arguments are not absent.
		Assuming that the Middle Chronology is correct, the Third Dynasty of Ur should be dated to 2112-2004.
	www.livius.org /cg-cm/chronology/mesopotamia.html (1536 words)

	Babylonia - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Long periods of the history of the Middle East in antiquity cannot be dated by an absolute chronology or according to a modern system of reckoning.
		A relative chronology is well established for the era from the beginning of the dynasty of Akkad to the end of the 1st Dynasty of Babylon, about 1595 bc.
		Scholars follow at least three chronological systems for the ancient Middle East: high, middle, or low, depending upon whether the date assigned to the first year of the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon is 1848, 1792, or 1728 bc.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761571780___9/Babylonia.html (1420 words)

	V55.0501-Chronology
		The chronology for Mesopotamia is consistent with that used by S. Pollock in your text Ancient Mesopotamia (2002:2).
		The chronologies above were created through a complex process which combines the determination of dates and the study of the context of objects.
		In short, the dates within a chronology should not be thought of as perfect and scholars often do not agree on chronological dates.
	www.nyu.edu /classes/wright/Fall03/chron.htm (1240 words)

	Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chronology of the Ancient Near East deals with the notoriously difficult task of assigning dates to various events, rulers and dynasties of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC.
		The middle chronology, which was the most commonly used chronology until recently, is 64 years (one period between identical conjunctions of Venus, Sun and Moon) earlier than the short chronology (Hammurabi 1792 BC–1750 BC).
		The chronology of Babylon and Assur can be aligned by the list of wars and treaties between the two cities from the time of king Ashurbanipal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chronology_of_the_Ancient_Near_East (4178 words)

	A CHRONOLOGICAL MODEL FOR THE 1st AND 2nd MILLENNIUM BC Part 1: THE CHRONOLOGY OF EGYPT AND ISRAEL
		From the middle of the reign of Osorkon II, 863 GAD to the middle of the reign of Osorkon III 764 GAD should be 60 years (using 20 years a generation) rather than 99.
		Either the Middle Bronze is the Jericho of Hiel, which is ridiculous or there was an MB occupied town at Jericho between Joshua and Hiel in contradiction to the Scripture.
		The longer chronologies of Judges of the early Christian era chronologists that dated the Exodus to the Middle Bronze are confirmed.
	www.ldolphin.org /alanm/chron1.html (7448 words)

	[No title]
		The language of England evolves into Middle English with an English syntax and grammar and a heavily French vocabulary.
		The beginning of the Late Middle Ages witnesses the invention of the magnetic compass, greatly aiding overseas expansion and enhancing trade between places such as Italy and the North.
		A mixture of war, famine and plague in the Late Middle Ages reduces the population by one-half.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/mepage.htm (6304 words)

	Aegean Dendrochronology 1990 Annual Report
		Between the two extremes, the middle chronology is now the favourite, but as it represents a compromise, it is not necessarily therefore correct.
		The work of the Aegean Dendrochronology Project has been and continues to be the building of long tree-ring chronologies for the Eastern half of the Mediterranean with the aim of helping to bring some kind of rational order to Aegean and Near Eastern chronology from the Neolithic to the Present.
		That is to say, we do not have to take a high, middle or low stance when we begin, and indeed we like to think that we are in a better position to shed light on some of the thornier chronological issues than many of our colleagues.
	www.arts.cornell.edu /dendro/90adp.html (985 words)

	The Middle Kingdom of Egypt
		The XII Dynasty, the height of the Middle Kingdom, is one of the classic periods of Egyptian history.
		We also have the earliest surviving secular Egyptian literature from the Middle Kingdom, as the language of the period, Middle Egyptian, became the literary language for the rest of Egyptian history.
		The benchmark event for the chronology of this period is the fall of Babylon to the Hittite King Mursilis I. Previously, there were high, middle, and low estimates for this event, 1651, 1595, or 1531.
	www.friesian.com /notes/midking.htm (3315 words)

	A Biblical Interpretation of World History, Appendix 1
		As a result, from Petrie onwards we have fine-tuned our chronologies of the ancient Middle East by looking for points where they correlate with known Egyptian dates; Hittites, Phoenicians, Babylonians, etc., have had their ages moved up and down whenever their objects were found with Egyptian ones.
		This gives the impression that either Egypt's chronology is a mighty tree, too strong to be uprooted or shaken, or the Egyptians had excellent press agents.
		Bietak is a cautious follower of the conventional chronology, and won't make any sensational claims concerning his excavations in the ancient land of Goshen.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /worldhis/Histapp1.html (5167 words)

	"Is the Middle Chronology Dead? (or are they all?)" - Aren Maeir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the present paper I will relate primarily to the chronology of the MBII in the Southern Levant, but this is of course inter-related to other regions and periods.
		by the early chronologies, and to the late 18th/early 17th by the later chronologies.
		Based on the "Middle Chronology" this would place the destruction of Alalakh VII around 1600 or slightly earlier and according to the "Low Chronology" (e.g.
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/archaeology/projects/mbsg/maeirlecture.html (2497 words)

	Cuba in the Middle East: A Brief Chronology
		Secondly, this chronology shows Cuba's actions both as an arm of the Soviet Union's strategy in the Middle East and as Castro's own independent policies and initiatives many times to the chagrin of the Soviets.
		After a close relationship with Middle Eastern groups and countries for forty years, Cuba enjoys today an exceptional position in the region with embassies in almost all countries, and with a wide variety of political connections within the ruling elites.
		The following chronology is only meant to be illustrative of the depth and closesness of Cuba's long-standing relationships with states, leaders, and groups in this troubled region.
	www.state.gov /p/wha/ci/14745.htm (3708 words)

	Middle East chronology
		Chronology of Middle Eastern politics from 1908 to 1966 (middleeastreference.org.uk)
		Chronology of Middle Eastern politics from 1967 to 1990 (middleeastreference.org.uk)
		Chronology of Middle Eastern politics since 1991 (middleeastreference.org.uk)
	www.al-bab.com /arab/chron.htm (79 words)

	Mesopotamian Astronomy & Astrology: Astronomical Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Its significance for chronology was first recognised by Franz Xaver Kugler in 1912, when he could identify the “Year of the Golden Throne” with the 8th regal year of Ammizaduga, the grandson of the Babylonian king Hammurabi.
		Grayson, A.K., “The Chronology of the Reign of Ashurbanipal”;, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 70 (1980), 226-245.
		Brinkman, John A., “Istanbul A. 1998: Middle Babylonian Chronology, and the Statistics of the Nippu Archives”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 73 (1983), 67-74.
	www.phys.uu.nl /~vgent/babylon/babybibl_chronology.htm (9276 words)

	Hammurabi and the Revised Chronology
		The period of Hammurabi also served as a landmark for the histories of the Middle East from Elam to Syria, and was used as a guide for the chronological tables of other nations.
		Chief among the factors that demand a radical change in the chronology of early Babylonia and that of the entire Middle Eastern complex—a chronology that for a long time was regarded as unassailable—are the finds of Mari, Nuzi, and Khorsabad.
		Consequently, three to four centuries were subtracted from all west Asian and Aegean chronology of the period corresponding to the Middle Kingdom in Egypt.
	www.varchive.org /ce/hammurabi.html (1956 words)

	Chronology of the Middle East, 1908 to 1966
		Chronology of the Middle East, 1908 to 1966
		First international exploitation of oil in Middle East, after British discovery at Masjid-i Sulayman, Persia in 1908: the Anglo-Persian oil company (APOC) is established.
		This argument was generally most influential in middle sector of society (craftsmen, traders, teachers andc), who had been trained in Arabic.
	middleeastreference.org.uk /Chronology.html (10205 words)

	[No title]
		In recent years the majority of scholars have adopted the ‘middle chronology’ which is followed here.
		This preserved the mudbrick superstructure in it entirety, including a fine archway over the entrance passage. About the middle of the sixteenth century bc, a number of MB cities were destroyed or abandoned.
		The Historicity of the Patriarchs The Debate Without doubt, the major issue for Biblical Archaeology in the Middle Bronze Age is the bearing of archaeological data on an understanding of the biblical Patriarchs.
	www.wmcarey.edu /browning/Classes/ANE/5-PatriarchalAge.doc (10230 words)

	The Star Sothis and Egyptian Chronology
		The earliest Sothic-dated source used by Meyer and his colleagues for establishing their mathematically precise scheme of chronology were the two papyrii fragments discovered by Ludwig Borchardt in 1899, in a precinct of the Illahun Temple at Fayyum.
		With the Twelfth Dynasty having proven to be the most difficult of all the early dynasties to reconstruct, and to harmonise with acceptable precision (5), it is not hard to understand why the majority of the Egyptologists might have welcomed with open arms the Sothically-calculated date for the 7th year of Sesostris III.
		Even Edgerton (10), who regarded Meyer's "short" chronology as "now no longer tenable", testified that this date of 1580 BC was "one of the very few 'astronomically fixed' points in Egyptian history which met with general acceptance".
	www.specialtyinterests.net /sothic_star2.html (15677 words)

	Middle East Institute: The Middle East Journal
		The Middle East Journal—published quarterly since 1947 by the Middle East Institute—provides original and objective research and analysis, as well as source material, on the area from Morocco to Pakistan and including Central Asia.
		Organized by subject and country, the chronology is a reference source without rival.
		Book Reviews that are among the most respected, comprehensive, and up-to-date in the field of Middle Eastern studies.
	www.mideasti.org /programs/programs_journal.html (171 words)

	CUSD's unbuilt middle school: the first decade -- Coastsider: Half Moon Bay and Coastside news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The following chronology is based on the excellent chronology prepared for the failed Measure D campaign in November 2003.
		I'm publishing this in tandem with a chronology of the Wavecrest development, which you may also find interesting.
		This would be true even if tying the building of a new middle school to the fate of Wavecrest had not turned out to be a disastrously bad decision -- one that the school board would make again and again over the decade that followed.
	coastsider.com /comments/579_0_1_0_C (2648 words)

	Three Rings for the Elven Kings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Despite Tolkien’s meticulous attention to dates and chronology as evidenced by the appendices to The Return of the King, at no time was he prepared to admit precisely how this chronology can be tied into our own.
		The whole chronology of Middle-earth can be pinned down to the precise day by reference to one single astronomical event that occurred on the night of 8/9 Narvinyë 3019 Third Age (i.e.
		An approximate date for these events would be the middle of the fifteenth century BC, a period that not only witnessed the end of the Megalithic Culture in Europe, but also an upheaval of nature in the eastern Mediterranean.
	www.angelfire.com /rings/three/chrono.htm (2996 words)

	Pajamas Media :: Blogger Media at the Forefront of the Middle East Coverage War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Within the PJM Network of 90 bloggers are several in theater commenting on the war between Hamas, Hezbolla and Israel from a first hand perspective.
		A literal living chronology of the ongoing Israel-Hezbollah War has been created and made available on the Pajamas Media front page (http://www.pajamasmedia.com/).
		"This chronology's intention is to give the public moment-to-moment access to the vicissitudes of the war and ultimately to provide historians with a record of the evolving struggle," says Pajamas' CEO Roger L. Simon.
	sev.prnewswire.com /computer-electronics/20060721/DCF02221072006-1.html (867 words)

	Iraq Chronology
		February 17, 1997 The Middle East Economic Survey reports that Iraq's State Oil Marketing Organization is increasing crude oil sales to reach its targeted $1.0 billion in sales for the first 90day period under the United Nations' oilforfood plan.
		The total value of contracts for the first 90 days is reported to be $800-$850 million, lower than expected due to lower oil prices (14% less than when the sale was announced in mid-December 1996) and the failure of Russian companies to lift contracted volumes.
		October 19, 1998 The Middle East Economic Survey (MEES) reports that Iraq's methods for producing crude oil are causing permanent damage to the country's oil reservoirs.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/iraqchron.html (17807 words)

	Four Corners - 21/06/2002: Middle East Chronology
		The Middle East Economic Survey reports that Iraq's State Oil Marketing Organization is increasing crude oil sales to reach its targeted $1.0 billion in sales for the first 90 day period under the United Nations' oil for food plan.
		The total value of contracts for the first 90 days is reported to be $800-$850 million, lower than expected due to lower oil prices (14% less than when the sale was announced in mid-December1996) and the failure of Russian companies to lift contracted volumes.
		The Middle East Economic Survey (MEES) reports that Iraq's methods for producing crude oil are causing permanent damage to the country's oil reservoirs.
	www.abc.net.au /4corners/stories/s587951.htm (8803 words)

	EFCHED - Aberystwyth
		A split award from NERC to Oxford University and University of Wales, Aberystwyth (Duller) has funded a 4 year project entitled "Chronology, adaptation and environment of the Middle Palaeolithic in Northern Africa: Implications for the dispersal of anatomically modern humans".
		Ongoing work is extending the luminescence chronology for Blombos that was published in Henshilwood et al (2002), with more detailed descriptions of the single aliquot and single grain methods being provided by Jacobs et al (2003a,b).
		As well as providing an absolute chronology for this key site, these papers are also an important contribution to the development of robust single grain methods.
	www.aber.ac.uk /~qecwww/luminescence/efched.htm (715 words)

	State of Maine--Middle School Wireless Laptop Program Chronology
		Fast-growing wireless technology means there is no spaghetti-like jumble of cables in the classrooms here....The same wireless technology that keeps people connected on Palm Pilots and lets a family surf the Net on the porch will allow students to stay connected in class, in the lunchroom, and even outside on the basketball court.
		Williams is one of scores of middle schools across Maine receiving the $1,000 computers this fall in a pioneering effort to supply one entire grade level of students with the machines and tie them into the regular seventh-grade curriculum.
		King told a group of Freeport Middle School seventh-graders Tuesday that he would like to set up an interactive, Internet-based system through which he could teach writing to students....Stephen King, who grew up in nearby Durham and now lives in Bangor, said all students in time will have computers as part of their learning arsenal.
	www.mindandcomputer.com /ames/ME_wireless (4464 words)

	[No title]
		Michael Astour's book "Hittite History and the Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age" seems to show that there are reasonable grounds for lowering their chronology -- particularly if he is correct that kings like Hantilish II, Zidantash II, Huzziyas II, and Hattusilash II were non-existent (or regional lords without chronological effect).
		But if he and his colleagues are right, then there is a well-known Egyptian synchronism that has to be reevaluated: that of king Neferhotep, reasonably assumed to be be Neferhotep I, to Hammurabi, via Zimri-Lim of Mari and Yantin-Ammu, king of Byblos.
		We get a maximal chronology for Neferhotep I by assuming that Yantin-Ammu's reign ended about the time Zimri-Lim's started and that it started near the end of Neferhotep I's 11 year reign.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/1998/v1998.n148 (1133 words)

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