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	IX. Neurology. 4c. The Fore-brain or Prosencephalon. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The anterior area, formed by the orbital surface of the frontal lobe, is concave, and rests on the roof of the orbit and nose; the middle area is convex, and consists of the under surface of the temporal lobe: it is adapted to the corresponding half of the middle cranial fossa.
		The anterior central gyrus (gyrus centralis anterior; ascending frontal convolution; precentral gyre) is bounded in front by the precentral sulcus, behind by the central sulcus; it extends from the supero-medial border of the hemisphere to the posterior ramus of the lateral fissure.
		The middle frontal gyrus (gyrus frontalis medius; medifrontal gyre), between the superior and inferior frontal sulci, is continuous with the anterior orbital gyrus on the inferior surface of the hemisphere; it is frequently subdivided into two by a horizontal sulcus, the medial frontal sulcus of Eberstaller, which ends anteriorly in a wide bifurcation.
	www.bartleby.com /107/189.html (13328 words)

	Brodmann
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded dorsocaudally by the intermediate frontal area 8, caudally by the agranular frontal area 6, and ventrally by the frontopolar area 10, the middle frontal area 46 and the opercular area 44.
		Approximate boundaries are the cingulate sulcus dorsally and the parieto-occipital sulcus caudally.
		Occupies the postcentral gyrus and the precentral gyrus between the ventrolateral extreme of the central sulcus and the depth of the lateral sulcus at the insula.
	spot.colorado.edu /~dubin/talks/brodmann/neuronames.html (2127 words)

	Frontal lobe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The lateral sulcus separates the inferior frontal gyrus of lower frontal lobes from the temporal lobes.
		The frontal lobe comprises four major folds of cortical tissue: the precentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus of the frontal gyri, and the inferior frontal gyrus.
		People who have damaged frontal lobes may experience problems with these aspects of cognitive function, being at times impulsive; impaired in their ability to plan and execute complex sequences of actions; perhaps persisting with one course of action or pattern of behaviour when a change would be appropriate (perseveration).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frontal_lobe (856 words)

	LONI \| NCRR \| Resources \| Protocols \| Inferior Frontal Cortex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The IFC is defined as cortex anterior to the precentral sulcus, inferior to the inferior frontal sulcus and superior and posterior to the lateral orbital sulcus (Figure 1).
		When the middle frontal gyrus is connected to the pars opercularis, a geometric line is drawn connecting the two points of the inferior frontal sulcus on either side of the junction of the middle frontal gyrus with the inferior frontal gyrus (Figure 8).
		Since the inferior frontal sulcus is not clearly defined in the axial slices of this region, the cortical object model must be used to distinguish this geometric line (Figure 8 and Figure 9).
	www.loni.ucla.edu /NCRR/Protocols/MaskingRegions_3.html (619 words)

	Schizophrenia and the frontal lobes: Post-mortem stereological study of tissue volume -- HIGHLEY et al. 178 (4): 337 -- ...
		frontal gyrus, a composite of the inferior frontal gyrus and
		The inferior frontal gyrus is inferior to the
		the frontal lobe or of the anterior cingulate gyrus.
	bjp.rcpsych.org /cgi/content/full/178/4/337 (3789 words)

	Untitled Document
		Cingulate Gyrus is an arched convolution that lies in its entirety adjacent to the corpus callosum and is separated from it by the sulcus of the corpus callosum.
		The cortical gyri that overlap this structure are derived from the overgrowth of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.
		Middle Rectus is one of the four recti that attaches to the bulb of the eye in such a manner that, acting singly, they turn its corneal surface in the direction corresponding to their names.
	www.med.wayne.edu /diagRadiology/Anatomy_Modules/brain/braintext.html (3190 words)

	EXTERNAL FEATURES
		On the lateral surface of the frontal lobe are 3 prominent sulci: precentral sulcus, superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus.
		Medial to the collateral sulcus is the parahippocampal gyrus.
		It is concealed by the frontal, parietal and temporal opercula.
	users.ipfw.edu /sweazey/LABMANHTML/external%20features.htm (5498 words)

	COACTIVATION OF THE AMYGDALA, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		COACTIVATION OF THE AMYGDALA, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS
		the hippocampus, amygdala, frontal pole, inferior frontal gyrus, middle
		between the amygdala, hippocampus, and inferior frontal gyrus was greater
	www.duke.edu /web/cabezalab/pdf/cns03_Greenberg.htm (151 words)

	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus
		At this level, in each of the patients studied, a bend was found in the precentral gyrus that pointed posteriorly and corresponded to Broca's middle bend of the central sulcus; we used this nomenclature.[2] The hand motor activation was found to occur at the apex of the middle bend in all patients in our study.
		The superior frontal sulcus, when followed to its posterior termination, invariably ends at the middle bend of the central sulcus and is a reliable landmark for the hand motor area.
		The hand motor area lies between the superior and middle frontal gyri, on the posterior bank of the precentral gyrus and at the apex of the posterior-pointing middle bend of the central sulcus.
	www.aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/oct99/7-4-p1.asp (4801 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Several lines of research have demonstrated that particular subregions within the frontal lobe are associated with specific motor and cognitive functions in the human being.
		Frontal subregions are defined on 2D slices by surrounding contiguous areas of the grey-matter triangle isosurface, according to the anatomical boundaries defined for each subregion.
		The surface area (SA) of any specific frontal subregion was measured by summing areas of all triangles within the tracings that were made to define that specific subregion.
	www.neurologie.uni-duesseldorf.de /HBM99/cd/methods/2755.html (562 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, (NAS Colloquium) Neuroimaging of Human Brain Function (1998)
		Thus, as with visual priming in occipital cortex, semantic priming in frontal cortex was associated with a facilitation in processing and a reduction in activation.
		It may be that the left middle frontal gyrus is especially involved in lexical rather than semantic retrieval processes because participants had to retrieve a word on the basis of a three-letter stem rather than a semantic cue.
		Thus, there is activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus for phonological relative to orthographic discrimination tasks for visually and auditorily presented words (43), phonetic relative to pitch judgments for auditorily presented syllables (44), and phonetic monitoring of nonwords relative to pitch monitoring for tones (45).
	books.nap.edu /openbook/0309060273/html/144.html (7973 words)

	The Human Brain
		Above the temporal pole of the hemisphere, the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus is a long cleft that runs backwards with an upwards inclination, and it enters the inferior parietal lobule where it may terminate in a T-shaped manner.
		On the left side of the brain (in most individuals), the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus are referred to as Broca's area, which is associated with motor elements of speech.
		The cortex of the angular gyrus is important because it is involved in relating visual impressions to stereognostic impressions (appreciation of the nature of objects by means of touch).
	www.fashionablearmchair.com /women/brain.html (466 words)

	Frontal Lobe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The frontal lobes play a major role in the planning and execution of movements.
		The precentral gyrus represents the primary motor cortex.
		The most anterior region of the frontal lobe is called the prefrontal cortex and includes all three of these gyri.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~lngbrain/cglidden/frontal.html (226 words)

	University of Chicago Hospitals: Connections in brain provide clues to learning
		By measuring the number of synapses--connections between nerve cells--Huttenlocher and Dabholkar were able to establish when the production of synapses reached its peak and when it began to decline in three portions of the brain: the auditory cortex, the primary visual cortex, and the middle frontal gyrus (which controls higher-order thinking skills).
		In the case of the middle frontal gyrus, the peak in synaptic density is not reached until a child is three and a half years old.
		Because the middle frontal gyrus is the last of the three portions to develop, tasks that require higher order thinking skills as well as those dependent on motivation are difficult to perform until a child reaches adolescence.
	www.uchospitals.edu /news/1997/19971020-synapse-learn.php (738 words)

	WOROI: 148 - Middle frontal gyrus
		An area between the inferior and superior frontal gyrus, that is not to be confused with the medial frontal gyrus (gyrus frontalis medialis)
		On the left side, activation of the middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, superior precentral gyrus, thalamus and the caudal part of the anterior cingulate gyrus was seen, while on the right side we found activation in the supramarginal gyrus, mesencephalon and insula
		Specifically, recall of previously memorized words from temporal cues was associated with activity in the basal forebrain, right middle frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, and posterior cingulate gyrus, whereas their recall from person cues was associated with activity in the left insula, right middle frontal gyrus, and posterior cingulate gyrus
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/WOROI_148.html (179 words)

	Errors of Memory-Guided Saccades in Humans With Lesions of the Frontal Eye Field and the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ...
		In the frontal cortex, two regions appear to be essential for the task: the frontal eye field (FEF) and the dorsolateral prefrontal
		the DLPFC in the middle portion of the middle frontal gyrus (+28-mm
		Schiller, P. Sandell, J. and Maunsell, J.H.R. The effect of frontal eye field and superior colliculus lesions on saccadic latencies in the rhesus monkey.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/82/2/1086 (2969 words)

	American Pain Society Annual Meeting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In addition, sensitive patients showed unique activations in primary somatosensory cortex, insula and middle frontal gyrus that were not observed in insensitive patients, and insensitive patients showed unique activations in bilateral temporal lobes and in ipsilateral middle frontal gyrus.
		However, statistical comparison of both groups showed only significantly greater activation in ipsilateral middle frontal gyrus in the sensitive patient group.
		The observation of possibly enhanced cerebral response to innocuous stimulation in the sensitive group suggests that the previously observed augmentation of painful pressure may extend to pressures described as non-painful.
	www.ampainsoc.org /abstract/2005/data/673 (331 words)

	Learning of Sequences of Finger Movements and Timing: Frontal Lobe and Action-Oriented Representation -- Sakai et al. ...
		the inferior frontal gyrus, anterior to the ascending branch of
		The activity in frontal areas cannot be explained in terms of task difficulty because the activity increased as RTs shortened.
		Connections of the ventral granular frontal cortex of macaques with perisylvian premotor and somatosensory areas: anatomical evidence for somatic representation in primate frontal association cortex.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/88/4/2035 (7759 words)

	Space Perception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sustained mnemonic response in the human middle frontal gyrus during on-line storage of spatial memoranda.
		On the basis of homology with lesion and physiological studies in nonhuman primates, Brodmanns area (BA) 46/9 in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) has been...
		The frontal P2a and posterior N2b event-related potential components are early indices of activity in neural systems supporting attention and they are reduced in schizophrenia in auditory...
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/CTG-Space-Perception-38.asp (759 words)

	Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory impairment after traumatic brain injury -- Christodoulou et al. ...
		Frontal lobe activation occurred predominantly in the middle frontal
		Activation foci in the frontal lobes of the healthy control group were primarily limited to the left middle frontal gyrus
		The middle frontal gyrus was activated in all six of the controls
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/71/2/161 (4799 words)

	Functional organisation of saccades and antisaccades in the frontal lobe in humans: a study with echo planar functional ...
		Functional organisation of saccades and antisaccades in the frontal lobe in humans: a study with echo planar functional magnetic resonance imaging
		gyrus and in the precentral sulcus or in the depth of the caudalmost
		Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppression reflexive glances and in generating goal-directed saccades.
	www.jnnp.com /cgi/content/full/65/3/374 (2601 words)

	Schizophrenia and the frontal lobes: Post-mortem stereological study of tissue volume -- HIGHLEY et al. 178 (4): 337 -- ...
		Schizophrenia and the frontal lobes: Post-mortem stereological study of tissue volume -- HIGHLEY et al.
		The components measured were: superior frontal gyrus, middle
		In addition, the anterior cingulate gyrus was measured.
	bjp.rcpsych.org /cgi/content/abstract/178/4/337 (361 words)

	Right posterior inferior frontal gyrus responds more to holistic than sequential processing of musical notes and novel ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In a previous fMRI study (1), we found that the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG) responded not to the sound structure of language but rather to the process of sequencing discrete units, whether phoneme segments or hummed notes.
		Second, we wanted to investigate the influence of sequential processing on the degree of a right inferior frontal response to non-speech and novel phonemes.
		In the Delete task, subjects mentally removed the middle syllable or hummed note of the first sequence.
	208.164.121.55 /hbm2003/abstract/abstract1281.htm (505 words)

	New Page 1
		-divides the superior temporal gyrus (peach) from middle temporal gyrus (lime)
		-divides middle temporal gyrus from inferior temporal gyrus (lavender)
		-divides superior frontal gyrus (mocha) from the middle frontal gyrus (pink)
	defiant.ssc.uwo.ca /Jody_web/fMRI4Dummies/cortical_sulci.htm (366 words)

	Conjugate Eye Deviation With Head Version due to a Cortical Infarction of the Frontal Eye Field -- Tanaka et al. 33 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The affected lesion extended between the junction of the superior frontal sulcus and precentral sulcus (arrowhead).
		SFS indicates superior frontal sulcus; CS, central sulcus; and PCS, precentral sulcus.
		of the superior frontal sulcus and the precentral sulcus (Figure F).
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/33/2/642 (960 words)

	Functional organization of spatial and nonspatial working memory processing within the human lateral frontal cortex -- ...
		resolution coronally from the frontal pole to the occipital lobe.
		inferior frontal sulcus at mid-levels of the frontal lobe (19).
		cortex (i.e., cortex on the inferior frontal gyrus).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/13/7721 (4220 words)

	Functional Neuroanatomy of Visuospatial Working Memory in Fragile X Syndrome: Relation to Behavioral and Molecular ...
		frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule,
		gyrus bordering on the left superior temporal gyrus.
		in the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/158/7/1040 (6415 words)

	Effects of m-Chlorophenylpiperazine on Regional Brain Glucose Utilization: A Positron Emission Tomographic Comparison ...
		frontal gyrus (superior portion), and left posterior cingulate.
		the orbital frontal cortex, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus
		CSF 5-HIAA and CMRglc in the orbital frontal basal ganglia-thalamocortical
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/17/8/2796 (7412 words)

	Annual Report 1997 - MPI Nijmegen - Chapter 9 Figure 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Left fusiform gyrus, BA37 (-43 -59 -16), Right middle frontal gyrus, BA11 (27 38 -12), Right inf.
		frontal gyrus, BA47 (49 31 0), Hypothalamus (0 -10 2), Left sup.
		frontal gyrus, BA9 (6 42 30), Left middle frontal gyrus, BA9/46 (-45 28 29 / -42 0 33 / -34 0 39), Left inf.
	www.mpi.nl /world/anrep/97/figure9_3.html (104 words)

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