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Topic: Middle latitudes

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	weather.com - Glossary
		Altocumulus, altostratus, and nimbostratus are the main types of middle clouds.
		In the tropics, the defining altitudes for cloud types are generally higher.
		The latitude belt roughly between 35 and 65 degrees North and South.
	www.weather.com /glossary/m.html (1513 words)

	Chapter 6 Section 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This higher latitude ozone results from the slow atmospheric circulation that moves ozone from the tropics where it is produced into the middle and polar latitudes.
		3.3 The Brewer-Dobson Circulation in the Extratropical Latitudes
		The paddle in the stratosphere is the "wave activity" in the extratropical middle and upper stratosphere.
	www.ccpo.odu.edu /SEES/ozone/class/Chap_6/6_3.htm (5764 words)

	[No title]
		The decrease in precipitation in middle latitudes may be explained by a poleward shift of the middle latitude rainbelt which moves the maximum of precipitation from middle to higher latitudes (Fiigure.9a).
		In middle latitudes, this increase of soil moisture is mainly due to the increase of precipitation in the northern half of the middle-latitude rainbelt.
		Although the middle latitude rainbelt is more difficult to identify in the model with realistic geography, the maximum belt of precipitation in middle latitudes was found to shift poleward in the high CO experiment thus contributing to a reduction of soil wetness both in middle latitudes during summer and in the sub-tropics during winter.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~rw/GREENHOUSE-HISTORY.html (8648 words)

	Land Resources of Russia
		In middle latitudes, the radiating heat is expended mainly for water evaporation from the earth's surface and for direct heating of the soil; additional radiation heats the air from the earth’s surface.
		In all latitudes, the shortest vegetative period is typical for the shores of the Far-East seas; it is caused by the cold advection on shores of the Bering and Okhotsk seas.
		In middle latitudes of the Asian part of Russia, evapotranspiration varies from the values; it is smaller than 250 mm on the northern border of the zone, and exceeds 450 mm in the south of the Far East Primorje.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/FOR/russia_cd/clim_des.htm (5398 words)

	Wind - MSN Encarta
		Near the equator is a low-pressure belt, known as the doldrums, that lies roughly between latitudes 10° South and 10° North.
		Surface air, moving from the horse latitudes toward the low-pressure equatorial belt, constitutes the trade winds, which are the prevailing winds of the lower latitudes.
		In the northern hemisphere, the northerly wind blowing toward the equator is deflected by the rotation of the earth to become northeasterly and is known as the northeast trade wind.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576867/Wind.html (748 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Middle C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Chou people, unaware of high civilizations in the West, believed their empire occupied the middle of the earth, surrounded by barbarians.
		Middle Ages period in Western European history that followed the disintegration of the West Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th cent.
		Middle English literature English literature of the medieval period, c.1100 to c.1500.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Middle+C (561 words)

	UGAMP Newsletter Issue 20: Atmospheric Chemistry Research
		Its isolation from the middle latitudes is due in part to the Rossby-restoring mechanism in the large scale and in part to horizontal wind shear acting at smaller scales (Juckes and McIntyre 1987; Dritschel et al.
		Figure 1 shows the evolution of the effective diffusivity as a function of equivalent latitude on the 480 K isentropic surface during the 1996 winter and spring.
		The region of strongest mixing is associated with the so-called "surf zone" in the middle latitudes.
	www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk /acmsu/newsletter20/lee.html (835 words)

	winds
		The westerlies are associated with the changeable weather common to the middle latitudes.
		Migrating extratropical cyclones and anticyclones associated with contrasting warm, moist air moving poleward from the tropics and cold, dry air moving equatorward from polar latitudes yield periods of rain, sometimes with violent thunderstorms, snow, sleet, or freezing rain interrupted by periods of dry, sunny, and sometimes bitterly cold conditions.
		As in the middle latitudes, the presence of major landmasses, notably in the Northern Hemisphere, results in significant variations in these polar easterlies.
	www.lmu.edu /lonergan/winds.htm (584 words)

	FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA - Volume 1, Chapter 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The glacier retreated northward to Hudson Bay in the middle Holocene (fig.
		At high latitudes during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, long-term climatic cooling shaped the patterns of taxonomic differentiation and favored the latitudinal expansion of tundra and taiga communities across the Arctic (D.I. Axelrod 1986b).
		At middle latitudes in the American West, the combination of climatic cooling and continued late Cenozoic mountain uplift, particularly within the Coast Ranges, the Cascade Range, the Sierra Nevada, and the southern Rocky Mountains, intensified the orographic influence of the rainshadow effect within and immediately east of the north-south trending ranges of the Cordillera.
	www.fna.org /FNA/Volume/V01/Chapter04.shtml (9095 words)

	Regarding Latitude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Aurora forecasts often distinguish between high, middle and low latitudes.
		Auroras are most often seen at high latitudes and least often at low latitudes.
		The key to aurora-spotting for middle and low latitude observers is knowing when to look, and for that SpaceWeather PHONE is a useful helper.
	www.spaceweather.com /glossary/latitudes.html (151 words)

	NASA/ARC STRAT Scientific Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In this paradigm, air is mixed between the stratospheric extratropics (i.e., subtropics and middle latitudes) and the core of the tropical upwelling zone, giving rise to globally uniform isopleths (contours of constant mixing ratios).
		The tropical region is isolated from the middle latitudes, and trace gas mixing ratios would reflect a balance between vertical lifting of air and the local net chemical source terms.
		Exchange with middle latitudes in the tropics is significant in this 2-D model, hence the small deviation from parallel isopleths.
	cloud1.arc.nasa.gov /strat/Overview.html (4777 words)

	OUP Canada: Unit 18
		The C climates tend to be located at lower latitudes within the middle latitude zone.
		The major C climates are the Cf climates, which are located typically on middle latitude land masses either at lower latitudes (e.g., Charleston, South Carolina) on the eastern side or higher latitudes on the western side (e.g., Seattle, Washington).
		The moderately heated climates that are found on the equatorward side of the middle latitudes, where they are generally aligned as interrupted east- west belts; transitional between the climates of the tropics and those of the upper midlatitudes where polar influences begin to produce harsh winters.
	www.oup.com /ca/he/companion/deblij/st_index/st_guide/unit18 (384 words)

	Christian Sky Constellations: The Good Shepherd
		If you live in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere, you will not be able to see The Good Shepherd's head, but the star Spica, which marks his {right} elbow, is fairly easy to find.
		From the middle of April through the middle of May, Spica rises through the south east toward the southern sky, and Antares just begins to ascend into the south eastern sky.
		In the dark hours before dawn from the end of March through the middle of May, Spica sinks rapidly toward the west, Antares begins its descent across the south western sky, and the stars of the staff's hook begin a rapid descent.
	homepage.mac.com /cosmicbyproduct/goodshepherd.html (2121 words)

	Pubs.GISS: Abstract of Wong 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The large ozone depletion in the southern polar lower stratosphere during austral spring changes the climate in the middle atmosphere.
		In the model simulations, it was found that planetary wave propagation from the troposphere plays an essential role in the interannual variability of the size of the ozone hole.
		The ascent of the changed residual circulation provides cooling in middle latitudes, and the descent, warming in the polar region.
	pubs.giss.nasa.gov /abstracts/1998/Wong.html (310 words)

	Cloud Patterns on SSEC Maps
		In the middle latitudes of both hemispheres we see clouds that are long streaks of quite uniform shades of gray.
		In the middle latitudes we have warm fronts and cold fronts which produce this type of cloud.
		Common to the middle latitudes are large storm systems consisting of warm and cold fronts.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /jrcarter/Geo211/WebPage-211/AdvSSEC1.html (723 words)

	Unit 2. The Open Ocean
		Cold currents are usually found on the west coast of continents in the low and middle latitudes (true in both hemispheres) and the east coast in the northern latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.
		At higher latitudes, where the windflow is principally cyclonic, the oceanic circulation follows this pattern, although not as closely as the anticyclonic pattern of the middle latitudes.
		West coasts of continents in middle and higher latitudes are bordered by warm waters that cause a distinct marine climate.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/docops/afwa/ocean-U2.htm (15043 words)

	World Climates
		Westerlies blow from the southwest on the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere.
		Latitude Range: 15° - 25° N and S. Global Range: southwestern United States and northern Mexico; Argentina; north Africa; south Africa; central part of Australia.
		Latitude Range: 50° - 70° N and S. Global Position: central and western Alaska; Canada, from the Yukon Territory to Labrador; Eurasia, from northern Europe across all of Siberia to the Pacific Ocean.
	www.blueplanetbiomes.org /climate.htm (2131 words)

	Destabilization paper 1984
		The overturn and transfer to the photic zone of such waters is due to disruption of the stable stratification of the oceans as the source of oceanic deep water shifts from middle to high latitudes during climatic cooling.
		This stratification in middle and low latitudes suppresses vertical motion so that significant upwelling is limited to the surface wind-mixed layer and generally to the upper 50 m.
		Boucot (1975) noted marked brachiopod faunal provincialism in the late Early--early Middle Devonian The provincialism was influenced by a relatively cool interval in the early Middle Devonian.
	www.marscigrp.org /ppp84.html (5195 words)

	Universe: Environ maps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		For worlds of size 2, 4, 6, or 8, the outermost ring of environs on the larger "hemisphere" is a cylindrical band.
		The rest of the environ rings can be represented as the base of a cone which intersects the planetary sphere at the latitude circles represented by the inner and outer boundaries of the ring.
		The maps are not complete; I'd like to add details such as: latitudes of boundaries; neighboring environ boundaries; fill-in blanks for environ number, predominant terrain type, and other features; and possibly hex numbering.
	web.mmert.org /~goltz/Universe/envmaps (217 words)

	Nearctica - Ecology - Ecoregions of the United States - Domains
		The climate of the Humid Temperate Domain, located in the middle latitudes (30 to 60 degrees N), is governed by both tropical and polar air masses.
		The middle latitudes are subject to cyclones; much of the precipitation in this belt comes from rising moist air along fronts within these cyclones.
		Climates of the middle latitudes have a distinctive winter season, which tropical climates do not.
	www.nearctica.com /ecology/ecoreg/domdesc.htm (588 words)

	Chapter 4: Stratospheric Processes: Observations and Interpretations
		One reasonable postulate for the total ozone decrease at middle latitudes is that the chemically perturbed polar air is being transported to middle latitudes in the lower stratosphere.
		In the Southern Hemisphere, the mixing of the polar air, depleted of ozone, with the middle latitude air (the dilution effect) (Chipperfield and Pyle, 1988; Sze et al., 1989; Prather et al., 1990; Cariolle et al., 1990) would cause ozone loss at the middle latitudes at the breakup of the vortex in November or December.
		The mixing of the polar air with the middle latitude air at the breakup of the vortices in the late winter and early spring can explain some of the ozone loss at the middle latitudes for these times.
	www.ciesin.org /docs/011-491/011-491.html (5296 words)

	Are High Elevations In Tropical Mountains Arid Environments For Plants? Ecology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pronounced changes in plant morphology occur at higher elevation in mountains at both the middle and the tropical latitudes, where tall, predominantly mesophyllous tree species are replaced by crooked, nanophyllous species (Grubb 1974, 1977).
		In both middle and tropical latitudes, the elevational changes in plant physiognomy were commonly attributed to direct or indirect ef fects of altitudinal decrease in temperature, changing light levels, and low soil nutrient availability (Lauer 1976, K[ddot{o}]rner et al.
		For mountains at the middle latitudes and in mediterranean regions, Gale (1972) and Smith and Geller (1979) showed that low air pressure can counterbalance the negative effect of low temperature on transpiration and result in a substantial evaporative demand even at high elevations.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_5_81/ai_62770470 (836 words)

	Precipitation (
		in the middle latitudes (areas between 35 and 65° N and S) are characterized by moderate precipitation amounts (close to the global average of 90 cm per year)
		in the high latitudes (extending from 65 N and S to the poles) precipitation is the lowest due to the low temperatures (the air is too cold to hold enough water vapour to generate precipitation)
		- weather fronts are numerous in the middle latitudes (areas that are within the reach of air masses from both polar and tropical latitudes)
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~wbuhay/nov10.htm (1589 words)

	Climate Diagnostics Bulletin - Extratropical Highlights
		In the Northern Hemisphere cyclonic streamfunction anomalies were observed throughout the middle latitudes at 200-hPa, with the largest anomalies extending along an axis from northern Africa to the central North Pacific, and from central North America to central Europe (Fig.
		E2 middle), and in near-average mean temperatures for land areas averaged over the entire globe (Fig.
		It was also associated with an extended jet stream in the middle latitudes (near 40°N) from southern Australia to the central South Atlantic (Fig.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/analysis_monitoring/bulletin_1002/extra.html (806 words)

	[No title]
		The winds aloft in middle latitudes would not blow from the west if the air over high latitudes became warmer than the air over the equator.
		Deserts of the world are found at latitudes near 30° because of the sinking air associated with the subtropical highs.
		On the average, the winds aloft above the middle latitudes are strongest during winter.
	filebox.vt.edu /a/agravitt/meteo_test3.doc (1405 words)

	1995: Journal of Climate, 8(12), 3096-3108
		The simulated reduction of soil moisture in middle latitudes begins in late spring and is caused by the excess of evaporation over precipitation.
		The increase of carbon dioxide and the associated increase of atmospheric water vapor enhances the downward flux of terrestrial radiation at the continental surface at all latitudes.
		As the rain belt moves poleward from spring to summer, the soil moisture decreases in middle latitudes, reducing the rate of evaporation.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /reference/bibliography/1995/rtw9501.html (615 words)

	Ozone layer succumbs to assault - NASA research Science News - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The new findings raise concern that ozone levels over the globe's populous middle latitudes could decline even faster than earlier estimates had warned.
		In the past, scientists had thought that because the nitrogen cycle dominated the ozone chemistry of the middle latitudes, it provided a natural buffer system, limiting the destructive impact of rising pollution levels.
		While scientists cannot yet determine how much ozone destruction occurred over the middle latitudes, the situation in the Arctic is clearer.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n19_v141/ai_12248579 (832 words)

	On the occurrence of storm-induced nighttime ionization enhancements at ionospheric middle latitudes
		Storms with initial compressive phase and rapidly evolving main phase have as a global effect the ionization depletion in the nightside at middle latitudes, independent of the storm intensity.
		Gradually evolving storms are characterized by the restricted development of the neutral composition disturbance zone to higher latitudes, and the extent of its equatorward boundary depends on the intensity of the storm.
		Their effects are observable up to subauroral latitudes given that the neutral composition disturbance zone development is restricted to higher latitudes, as happens when the geomagnetic activity is of low or moderate intensity.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002.../2001JA005029.shtml (388 words)

	UGAMP Newsletter Issue 20: THESEO
		The emphasis in THESEO is the study of the processes controlling ozone loss over the populated latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere middle latitudes and their connections with other regions.
		The connection between the middle latitudes and the less intensely studied tropical lower stratosphere is another THESEO theme.
		Figure 1 from Adrian Lee and Genevieve Cahill, shows the accumulated loss on the 480K isentropic surface, due exclusively to processes occurring within the vortex by 31 December 1998 (a PV tracer included in the model allows the location of the ozone loss to be tracked).
	www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk /acmsu/newsletter20/pyle.html (509 words)

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