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Topic: Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle

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	The Voice & Swallowing Center
		Medial contraction of the lateral pharyngeal wall musculature in combination with slight anterior movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall creates Passavant's ridge, which is a ridge of tissue against which the velum is approximated during the first portion of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing (21, 22).
		This anterior movement of the larynx combined with the contraction of the middle and inferior constrictor muscles strips the food bolus inferiorly, ushering in the final portion of the pharyngeal phase which is entry of the food bolus into the cervical esophagus.
		The brainstem is responsible for the involuntary (pharyngeal and esophageal) phases of swallowing.
	www.voiceandswallowing.com /swall_norm.htm (3061 words)

	Neck muscles
		The muscles run upward and come together in the middle of their course (both pieces of the muscle lie side by side), but do not actually touch and are inserted in the front of the hyoid bone.
		The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a flat, fan-shaped muscle that originates along the upper border of the hyoid bone.
		The rectus capitis muscles are small triangular muscles that extend from the cervical vertebrae and insert in the occipital bone at the base of the skull.
	www.american.edu /adonahue/m7neck.htm (1499 words)

	Prelab Images - Carotid Sheath, Pharynx, & Larynx
		The pharyngeal plexus of nerves is composed of sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion (plates 124 and 125), parasympathetic and motor fibers from the vagus nerve (plates 120, 124, and 125), and sensory fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve (plate 119).
		The stylopharyngeus muscle (remember this one receives motor innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve) is also shown in plate 63 passing between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles.
		This nerve changes its name to the inferior laryngeal nerve (76) and innervates all the muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle (this muscle is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve).
	anatomy.med.umich.edu /nervous_system/deepneck_pre.html (1669 words)

	Human Anatomy - Lab 31 Step 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The inferior part of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle is overlapped by the superior part of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
		The inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle attaches to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages.
		The most inferior fibers of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle are termed the cricopharyngeus muscle, which is continuous inferiorly with the muscular wall of the esophagus.
	ect.downstate.edu /courseware/haonline/labs/l31/100406.htm (103 words)

	Legend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Note that the pharyngeal branches of the X (large arrow) and IX (red arrow) nerves, and the sympathetic nerve branches from the superior cervical ganglion (S) form the pharyngeal plexus to innervate the superior (SPC), middle (MPC) and inferior (IPC) pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and upper esophageal sphincter (UES).
		Note that the pharyngeal branch of the X nerve (large arrow) supplies the outer layer of the pharyngeal constrictor (SPC, MPC and IPC) and cricopharyngeus (CP) muscles, whereas the IX innervates the inner layer of the muscles.
		Schematic illustration of the muscle block taken from the boxed area in Figure 35, showing how the inner and outer fiber layers in the inferior pharyngeal constrictor (IPC) muscle are innervated by the IX and X nerves as demonstrated by Sihler’s stain (see Figs 8-11).
	www.upperairway.com /LEGEND.htm (2383 words)

	middle constrictor muscle (pharynx, anatomy) - General Practice Notebook
		The middle constrictor muscle is one of the paired external muscles of the pharynx.
		It surrounds the inferior border of the superior constrictor that lies superiorly.
		The middle constrictor is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus of nerve fibres.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /simplepage.cfm?ID=-87031731 (880 words)

	Pharyngeal pouch - photoalbum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This is protrusion of the mucosa through the Killian's dehiscence, a weak area of the posterior pharyngeal wall between the oblique fibres of thyropharyngeus and the transverse fibres of the cricopharyngeus at the lower end of the inferior constrictor muscle.
		The sternomastoid muscle is freed by sharp dissection from the underlying vascular structure.
		The omohyoid muscle and the prethyroid muscles are separated or cut to expose the jugular vein, carotid artery and the thyroid gland.
	www.edu.rcsed.ac.uk /photoalbum/ph50.htm (832 words)

	Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine - Marshall University, Huntington, WV
		The Arytenoideus muscle is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
		All muscles of the palate are innervated by the vagus nerve.
		______ The abducens nerve innervates a muscle that is derived from the occipital myotomes.
	musom.marshall.edu /oldsite/ana/grosshom/exam_head_neck.html (2938 words)

	Respiratory activity in glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves and pharyngeal constrictors in newborn rat in ...
		After the glossopharyngeal nerve, pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, cervical vagus nerve and accessory nerve and ganglion had been freed from as much of the surrounding connective tissues as possible, the brainstem-spinal cord was isolated together with these nerves (Fig.
		The procedure was similar to one described previously (Iizuka, 1999) except that the innervation of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles was left intact in the present study.
		Since it is known that SLN and PhX innervate the pharyngeal constrictor muscles (Bieger and Hopkins, 1987), electromyograms were recorded from the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle using the brainstem-spinal cord-rib-pharynx preparation.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/532/2/535 (7934 words)

	Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The middle pharyngeal constrictor (constrictor pharyngis medius) is a flat, fan-shaped muscle that originates along the upper border of the hyoid bone and from the stylohyoid ligament.
		The three constrictor muscles contract to help move food and drink down through the esophagus when swallowing.
		All three muscles are innervated by the pharyngeal plexus.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /E_MIDDLE_PHARYNGEAL_CONSTRICTOR.HTM (96 words)

	Vagus Nerve
		The pharyngeal branch travels between the internal and external carotid arteries and enters the pharynx at the upper border of the middle constrictor muscle.
		The superior laryngeal nerve branches distal to the pharyngeal branch and descends lateral to the pharynx.
		The viscerosensory component of the vagus are derived from nerves that have receptors in the abdominal viscera, esophagus, heart and aortic arch, lungs, bronchia and trachea.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/meded/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn10.htm (703 words)

	Inferior pharyngeal constrictor electromyographic activity during permeability pulmonary edema in lambs -- Diaz et al. ...
		An expiratory phasic EMG of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle was observed in six of the seven lambs during baseline
		Prolonged thyroarytenoid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle response.
		the phasic expiratory EMG of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/81/4/1598 (3595 words)

	Pharynx - Muscle Fibers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Schematic illustration of the adult human inferior pharyngeal constrictor (IPC), cricopharyngeus (CP) and upper esophageal (UE) muscles (lateral view), showing the anatomical relationship between the laryngeal and pharyngeal structures.
		Cross-sections from adult human inferior pharyngeal constrictor (IPC) and oblique cricopharyngeus (CPo) muscles stained for myofibrillar ATPase with preincubation at pH 4.2.
		Electrophoretic analysis of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition in the adult human inferior pharyngeal constrictor (IPC) muscle fibers.
	www.upperairway.com /pharynxmusclefibers.htm (450 words)

	Pharynx and Larynx
		The superior pharyngeal constrictor (SC) arises from the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate and the pterygomandibular raphe which extends from the hamulus to the lingula of the mandible.
		The middle pharyngeal constrictor (MC) arises from the greater horn of the hyoid bone (GH).
		The constrictors join in the mid line posteriorly as a seam (pharyngeal raphe) which is suspended form the pharyngeal tubercle on bottom of the occipital bone.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wnor/lesson8.htm (900 words)

	Anatomy of the Upper Limb & Back
		The mylohyoid muscles of the two sides joint in the mid line forming a sling across the floor of the mouth.
		Removal of the fascia around the sublingual gland (slg) and the deep part of the submandibular gland (sm) allows you to visualize the remainder of the structures of the mouth.
		Beneath the mucosa of the arches, identify the small palatoglossus (pg) and palatopharyngeus (pp) muscles.
	raughshopper.com /oral (492 words)

	Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Activation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea -- KUNA and SMICKLEY 156 (3): 874 -- American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pharyngeal airway closure during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is generally felt to be due to the state-related
		muscles that constrict the pharyngeal airway, notably the tongue
		The purpose of the present study was to further characterize the respiratory-related activity of the superior pharyngeal constrictor
	intl-ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/156/3/874 (3518 words)

	Oral Pharyngeal Dysphagia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The orbicularis oris is a circular-appearing muscle that extends posteriorly from the buccinator muscle, with upper and lower muscle fibers inserting into the upper and lower lip.
		The superior, middle and inferior constrictors are internal pharyngeal muscles that are not easily accessible by surface electrode.
		Collectively, these muscles are responsible primarily for elevation of the larynx and tongue and anterior displacement of the cricoid, hyoid, larynx, trachea and tongue.
	www.bfe.org /protocol/pro06eng.htm (2297 words)

	Terminology C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		inferior constrictor = muscle of the pharynx that is thickest of its three constrictors.
		middle constrictor = fan-shaped muscle of the pharynx that originates from the ceratohyal and thyrohyal of the hyoid bone, and from the
		triangular muscle of the larynx that is attached to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages and is the principal tensor of the vocal cords
	www.anatomist.co.uk /Terminology/Terminology2c.htm (4524 words)

	ORAL AND PHARYNGEAL REFLEXES IN THE MAMMALIAN NERVOUS SYSTEM: THEIR DIVERSE RANGE IN COMPLEXITY AND THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF ...
		a somatic reflex is the striated muscle innervated by the alpha
		discharges from muscles of the tongue (Miller, 1978) and pharynx
		The diaphragm ceases all activity during a pharyngeal swallow (adapted with permission from Doty and Bosma JF [1956]).
	crobm.iadrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/13/5/409 (8284 words)

	APStracts 4:0292A, 1997. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Respiratory-related activity of the hyopharyngeus (middle pharyngeal constrictor) and thyropharyngeus (inferior pharyngeal constrictor) muscles was determined in decerebrate, tracheotomized adult cats and compared to the electromyographic activity of the thyroarytenoid, a vocal cord adductor.
		Passively induced hypocapnia and the central apnea that followed the cessation of the mechanical hyperventilation were associated with tonic activation of the hyopharyngeus and thyroarytenoid but no recruitment in thyropharyngeus activity.
		The results indicate that a variety of stimuli modulate respiratory -related PC activity suggesting that the PC muscles may have a role in the regulation of upper airway patency during respiration.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1997/jap/July/292a.html (220 words)

	Regional Effects of Selective Pharyngeal Muscle Activation on Airway Shape -- Kuna 169 (9): 1063 -- American Journal of ...
		of pharyngeal muscle activation on the shape of the airway.
		Effect of co-activation of tongue protrudor and retractor muscles on tongue movements and pharyngeal airflow mechanics in the rat.
		Fibre composition of the hypoglossal nerve in the rat.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/169/9/1063 (4071 words)

	Muscles of the Head and Neck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		lies posterior to the transverse arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse fibers
		ascending pharyngeal a., ascending palatine branch of the facial a.
		medial pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) superior tympanic branch of the middle meningeal a.
	www.cavitybusters.com /muscles_of_the_head_and_neck.htm (2094 words)

	Lateral pharyngeal fat pad pressure during breathing in anesthetized pigs -- Winter et al. 83 (3): 688 -- Journal of ...
		The purpose of this study was to attempt to measure the pressure in tissue surrounding the pharyngeal airway.
		This study has shown that pressure in the lateral pharyngeal fad pad is different from both atmospheric and pharyngeal pressures.
		The muscles that comprise most of the lateral pharyngeal wall are the superior and possibly the middle pharyngeal constrictors.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/3/688 (3376 words)

	[No title]
		Identify the stylopharyngeus muscle [left] [right] as it arises from the styloid process.
		Follow this muscle inferiorly and confirm that its fibers travel medially and inferiorly between fibers of superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles and attach into the posterior pharyngeal wall.
		Distally, the nerve passes between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles laterally to reach the posterior aspect of the tongue.
	www.med.uc.edu /haonline/head/labs/lab31/lab31_11.html (109 words)

	Respiratory-related pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity in normal human adults -- Kuna et al. 155 (6): 1991 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Respiratory-related pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity in normal human adults -- Kuna et al.
		Respiratory-related pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity in normal human adults
		Electromyographic activity of the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal
	intl-ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/155/6/1991 (480 words)

	Larynx
		represents the innermost fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle; the cricothyroid m.
		constricts the pharyngeal cavity and the entrance to the esophagus
		all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid; those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold
	anatomy.uams.edu /anatomyhtml/larynx.html (2355 words)

	Cranial Nerves
		The pharyngeal nerve is the principle motor nerve of the pharynx.
		It branches from the vagus nerve just below the inferior ganglion and travels inferiorly and medially to pass between the internal and external carotid arteries.
		The nerve enters the middle constrictor muscle of the pharynx where it spreads out to form the pharyngeal plexus to innervate all muscles of the pharynx and soft palate (except the stylopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini muscles which are innervated by CNs IX and V, respectively).
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn10/cn10_7.html (90 words)

	Lateral Pharyngeal and Prevertebral Regions
		When the fingers are gently slid behind the carotid sheath structures (arrows), the internal jugular vein can be reflected freed from the lateral pharyngeal structures.
		Many of the back muscles have already been identified by now and have not been labeled.
		anterior ramus of C1 Remember from the upper limb that C5 and C6 merge to form the upper trunk of the brachial, C7 forms the middle trunk and C8 and T1 form the lower trunk.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wnor/lesson7.htm (592 words)

	[No title]
		Contains muscle fibers of the palatine muscles, mucous glands on the oral side and mucous membrane on both sides.
		The esophagus is marked at both ends by short segments of tonically contracted muscle — UES and LES UES = cricopharyngeus Hyoid bone - shaped like a horseshoe and situated at the base of the tongue.
		Pharynx — composed of outer and inner muscle layers, which are not completely separable throughout the length of the pharynx.
	www.spth.canterbury.ac.nz /people/huckabee/lecturetwo.doc (1290 words)

	Pharyngeal Liposarcoma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The walls of the pharynx are made of skeletal muscle, the pharyngeal constrictor
		Between the skeletal muscle tissue of the walls of the pharynx and its
		Pharyngeal liposarcoma is treated with surgery to remove the tumour as well as
	biology.wsc.ma.edu /biology/students/posters/cyberspace/1998/angelotti.htm (1209 words)

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