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Topic: Midwife toad

	MSN Encarta - Toad
		Toad, group of froglike amphibians that are usually distinguished from frogs by the roughness of the skin, due to a large number of glandular tubercules, and by the shorter hind legs.
		Toads are shy, usually nocturnal animals, hiding during the day in dark, damp places and hopping about at night in search of insects, grubs, slugs, worms, and other invertebrates.
		Two species found primarily in central and southwestern Europe are commonly referred to as midwife toads because the male carries and cares for the eggs after they have been laid in strings by the female (see Midwife Toad).
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761571957 (521 words)

	Midwife toad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Midwife toads (Alytes) is a genus of frogs in the Discoglossidae family, and are found in most of Europe and northwestern Africa.
		Characteristic of these toad-like frogs is their parental care: the males carry a string of fertilised eggs on their back, hence the name "midwife".
		Apoptosis, the programmed cell death, was first observed in the developing of the tadpoles of the midwife toads 1842 by Carl Vogt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Midwife_toad (186 words)

	Education \| The midwife toad affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		These toads mate on land rather than in water, and lack "nuptial pads", the small dark bumps on the male forelimbs of most toad species, which provide extra grip while mating underwater.
		The male midwife toad carries the female's eggs on his back until they hatch in water, hence the name.
		The experiment involved separating the toads into two groups; one forced to live on dry land, the other in a tank containing small islands, where the air temperature was uncomfortably high.
	education.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4996164-110865,00.html (367 words)

	Lysenkoism: The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
		There is a type of toad, the midwife toad, that lives and mates mates out of water but the male after incubating the eggs takes them to water so the hatched tadpoles have an opportunity to survive and develop.
		Obviously the midwife toad is descended from some ancestral speicies of toad that live and mated in the water.
		The midwife toads have vestigual thumb pads which are useless when toads mate on land but have a utilitarian value for toads mating in water.
	www.applet-magic.com /lysenkoism.htm (1537 words)

	The Midwife Toad's Tale
		But when live specimens of the midwife toad were found living in damp, isolated crevices and waterfall pools high in Mallorca’s Sierra de Traumuntana Mountains, the discovery reverberated among scientific and conservation circles.
		Besides being one of the few “extinct” animals to be rediscovered, the midwife toad is unusual because of the way it reproduces.
		So far, British, Spanish and German captive-breeding programs have reintroduced ten populations of toads to Mallorca and it is estimated that a quarter of the animals now present on the island came from captive toads.
	www.conservation.org /xp/frontlines/species/10260401.xml (433 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Originally it was thought that the toad would help control the cane beetle and other pests in these areas; however, the giant toad has itself become a pest because it devours native wildlife.
		They are called midwife toads because the male helps to care for the eggs by carrying them on its back.
		Midwife toads were the subject of controversial experiments by the Austrian biologist Paul Kammerer.
	abc.eznettools.net /D300971/X313375/toadtips.html (787 words)

	Mallorcan Midwife Toad
		Toad tadpoles and the âLaurel and Hardyâ effect: Research at the University of Kent has revealed a remarkable phenomenon among tadpoles of the Mallorcan midwife toad, one of Europeâs most threatened species...
		Behavioural responses of Mallorcan midwife toad tadpoles to.
		The morphing tadpoles of the Mallorcan midwife toad.
	specieslist.com /endangered/common_name/M/Mallorcan_Midwife_Toad.shtml (1869 words)

	THE MALLORCAN MIDWIFE TOAD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An emergency action plan to breed midwife toads in captivity and return their offspring to the wild has helped to brighten the outlook for this diminutive amphibian.
		Searches for living toads proved fruitless, and it was thought that the species must have become extinct some 2000 years previously, following the introduction to the island by the Romans of predatory viperine snakes and green frogs (both of which have a real taste for defenceless midwife toads.
		Twenty toads were captured and brought back to Durrell Wildlife’s headquarters, Jersey Zoo, and there our herpetological staff had the privilege of being amongst the first people in the world to witness their remarkable reproductive behaviour.
	www.durrellwildlife.org /index.cfm?p=60 (854 words)

	Guardian \| Mallorcan midwife toad saved from extinction
		One of the world's strangest animals, the Mallorcan midwife toad, has been rescued from the brink of extinction.
		The species is an isolated member of the midwife toad family whose homelands extend across Europe and whose members distinguish themselves in the startling way they bring up their offspring.
		Durrell Wildlife took 20 toads to its headquarters in Jersey to begin a breeding programme and 76 Jersey-born tadpoles were returned to Mallorca in 1989.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,5073323-111492,00.html (269 words)

	Ladywildlife's Midwife Toad Page
		During the winter, the common midwife toad hibernates in its hole or in a burrow deserted by a small mammal.
		Breeding: The midwife toad is unique among other frogs and toads of Europe in that the male cares for the eggs until they hatch.
		Midwife toads can be found in the snows of the Pyrenees mountains, living at heights of 5,000-6,500 feet.
	ladywildlife.com /animal/midwifetoad.html (767 words)

	The Case of the Midwife Toad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kammerer wanted to demonstrate that if you forced the Midwife Toad to mate in water, it would eventually acquire the same bumps that naturally water-mating toads possessed—and that these bumps would be inherited by its offspring because of Lamarckian inheritance.
		So Kammerer filled a fishtank full of water, put some Midwife Toads in it, and then waited as generations of toads were born and died.
		He insisted that he had not injected ink into the toads and suggested that one of his lab assistants might have done it, but in either case his reputation was ruined.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /midwife.html (343 words)

	Mallorcan Midwife Toads
		The continuous presence of the viperine snakes in the present geographic range of the toad raises the question whether the Mallorcan midwife toad has evolved defence strategies to minimise the risk of predation by snakes during the 2000 years or so since the snakes were introduced to the island.
		I compared the activity levels of Mallorcan midwife toad tadpoles in two natural torrent pools which differed in their use by predatory viperine snakes: one pool was regularly used by these predators, whereas in the other no snake had been observed previously.
		From a conservation point of view, it is reassuring that, through many generations of captive breeding, Mallorcan midwife toads have retained the natural anti-predator behaviour exhibited by the wild tadpoles in their natural torrent pools.
	webplaza.pt.lu /lschley/mmt.html (671 words)

	TOAD species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It is nocturnal and burrows in the loose soil.
		Length: The length of this TOAD is equivalent to that of the Eastern Narrowmouth TOAD, i.e.
		Again, this is a stout TOAD with a prominent boss between eyes, and the hind limbs have a single, wedge-shaped tubercle, or a spade on inner surface.
	www-astro.physics.ox.ac.uk /~erik/toad/toad_world.html#pl (5933 words)

	Toads
		The Common toad is a 5 till 8 cm.
		The Common spadefoot toad is a ± 5 cm.
		The fingertips are also yellow.The Yellow-bellied toad lives in hilly or mountainlike area and its reproduction habitat contains of shallow water with less or none vegetation and a high water temperature.
	home.wanadoo.nl /nicopeters/toads.htm (228 words)

	Toad Movies
		This is because the characteristics that are popularly used to distinguish frogs from toads are not quite the same as those used for scientific classification.
		The type species of the family Bufonidae is the Common Toad, Bufo bufo, and around it cluster a large number of species of the same genus, and some smaller genera.
		It differs from the Common Toad in having shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short that the toad never hops but proceeds with a running gait) and in usually possessing orange/red warts, green eyes, and a pale yellow line along the middle of the back.
	www.junglewalk.com /video/toad-movie.htm (492 words)

	Mallorcan midwife toad - Alytes muletensis: More Information - ARKive
		This unusual toad gains its name from the fact that males care for the developing eggs (2).
		This toad inhabits inaccessible brooks in limestone gorges and hides under stones and in crevices (2).
		The decline in the Mallorcan midwife toad was the result of the introduction to the island of competitors and predators such as the viperine snake (Natrix maura), which predates on both adult toads and tadpoles, and the green frog (Rana perezi) (4) that competes for food (2).
	www.arkive.org /species/GES/amphibians/Alytes_muletensis/more_info.html (810 words)

	FROGS.ORG: News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The results of the midwife toad experiments were subsequently shown to have been faked and Paul Kammerer took his own life in 1926.
		Toads that mate in water develop dark "nuptial pads" on their feet, thickened horny swellings that are necessary to get a firm grip on the slippery female's body.
		Kammerer's results with the midwife toad were enthusiastically received in the Soviet Union where Lamarckism completely dominated biology under the influence of the geneticist Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (1898-1976).
	www.frogs.org /news/article.asp?CategoryID=65&InfoResourceID=1503 (831 words)

	Majorcan Midwife Toads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The name Midwife toad is derived from the fact that parental care is performed by the male, who entwines the string of eggs around his hind legs and carries the eggs until they are ready to hatch.
		Small remnant populations of the toad were discovered in remote gorges in a mountainous region of the island in 1980.
		All of the extra toads bred as part of behavioural research in the laboratory are returned to Majorca and released as part of the reintroduction project.
	www.open.ac.uk /science/biosci/research/ecology/MW_toad/SBtxt.htm (686 words)

	Paul Kammerer
		It is called the midwife toad because when mating occurs, the male carries the fertilized eggs around his hind legs until they hatch.
		He brought with him his last remaining specimen of the midwife toad (the rest were lost during the war) - a fifth generation male.
		Of course, photographs of the suspected midwife toad still exist and the spines on the supposed nuptial pads are clearly visible.
	home.nycap.rr.com /useless/kammerer (2054 words)

	ANIMAL Teachers: Cold-blooded Ones: Cane Toad
		Since, the Toad’s introduction in 1935 to suppress Cane Beetle population, He has overrun parts of Australia.
		The only limit that the Toad has on what He eats is the size of His mouth.
		The Toad is an example of unintended consequences.
	www.funkman.org /animal/reptile/canetoad.html (191 words)

	Toad tadpoles and the ‘Laurel and Hardy’ effect
		The Mallorcan midwife toad is under threat from snakes originally introduced by the Romans for religious purposes.
		The toad population is currently restricted to a few mountain gorges in the northern part of the island although toads from the DICE breeding colony are now being successfully reintroduced to Mallorca as part of the conservation programme.
		However, work by Dr Femmie Kraaijeveld-Smit, using microsatellite DNA analyses to test for any inbreeding effects, established that the captive bred toads seem to have retained nearly as much genetic variability as their wild counterparts and so are able to respond to snakes in exactly the same way.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/environment_sciences/report-22598.html (324 words)

	People & the Planet > biodiversity > features > 4. the midwife toad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Mallorcan Midwife Toad or Ferreret (Alytes muletensis) is one of the world's rarest amphibians.
		Confined to a few remote ravines in the mountains of Mallorca, it is found only at high altitudes where snakes that prey on it in the rest of the island cannot live.
		As in other midwife toads, the male cares for the eggs until they hatch, carrying them in strings entwined around his hind legs.
	www.peopleandplanet.net /pdoc.php?id=928 (178 words)

	Search Results for midwife - Encyclopædia Britannica
		In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, she is referred to as the fairies' midwife, who...
		British male midwife, prominent member of a family of medical men remembered for the parts they played in the introduction of the obstetrical forceps.
		The profession of midwife must be one of the oldest, being clearly recognized in the earliest books of the Old Testament and an accepted...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=midwife&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (374 words)

	ANIMAL Teachers: Cold-blooded Ones: Toad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Toads do not bother anyone, since They live in dark dens in the woods and bury themselves in a hole for the winter.
		Toad’s venom is enough to kill a Dog, but the smell is so sour that it repels most predators.
		Other ways that Toads defend themselves is by puffing up their bodies or by burrowing quickly.
	www.funkman.org /animal/reptile/toad.html (286 words)

	ALYTES - Online Information article about ALYTES
		midwif, mydwyf or medewife, from preposition mid, with, and wife, i.e.
		toad, first discovered by P. Demours in 1741, on the border of a small See also:
		Although toad-like it is not really related to the toads proper, but belongs to the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ALM_ANC/ALYTES.html (674 words)

	The Endangered Mallorcan midwife toads
		Toads generally have squat bodies and short legs.
		A few genera of toad are brightly colored or spotted.
		In 1978, one midwife toad fossil was found in the
	www.geocities.com /daisymoreno/midwtd.html (981 words)

	MSN Encarta - Dictionary - midwife toad definition
		MSN Encarta - Dictionary - midwife toad definition
		toad mating on land: a toad that mates on land.
		The male carries a band of fertilized eggs wrapped around its back legs until they are ready to hatch.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_561505241/midwife_toad.html (85 words)

	THE HERPETOLOGICAL JOURNAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Larval growth plasticity in wild populations of the Betic midwife toad, Alytes dickhilleni (Anura: Discoglossidae)
		For one of the ancient species analysed, the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans), an unusual mismatch was found between the dominant frequency in the advertisement call and the tuning of the inner-ear organ that responds to the high frequencies characterizing the call (the basilar papilla).
		In this paper, the auditory tuning of a closely related species, the Iberian midwife toad (Alytes cisternasii), is analysed and the results are discussed in relation to behavioural experiments performed on this species.
	biology.bangor.ac.uk /~bss166/HJ/v13no2.html (1158 words)

	DICE webpages - Research publications
		Susceptibility of frog (Rana temporaria) and toad (Bufo bufo) eggs to invasion by Saprolegnia.
		Midwife toads (Alytes muletensis) avoid chemical cues from snakes (Natrix maura).
		Behavioural responses of Mallorcan midwife toad tadpoles to natural and unnatural snake predators.
	www.kent.ac.uk /anthropology/dice/research/publications.html (3720 words)

	Midwife toad -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		More results on "Midwife toad" when you join.
		The midwife toad is about five centimetres (two inches) long and plump, with warty, dull-gray skin.
		It mates on land and breeds throughout the spring and summer.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9330044 (709 words)

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