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Topic: Miedzymorze federation

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	Federation Information
		In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states are typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government.
		In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national...." This paradox stems from the fact that states in a federation maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent.
		A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.
	www.bookrags.com /Federation (3160 words)

	Międzymorze - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The proposed federation was meant to emulate the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, that, from the late 14th to the late 18th century century, had united Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the latter also incorporating modern Belarus and Ukraine).
		The Lithuanians, Ukrainians and other peoples that were invited to join a federation dreaded any compromise to their own cherished independence; in many cases, they had recently experienced wars and border conflicts with Poland (the Polish-Lithuanian War, Polish-Ukrainian War, and border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia).
		One version of the idea envisions such a federation as a constituent of the European Union; "Intermarum" could, it is argued, give protection to its member states against domination by the European Union's wealthier, more powerful western members.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Miedzymorze_federation (754 words)

	Peru encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Peru politics and officials, Peru History. Travel to Peru
		It has inherited its structure from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union and itself was considered a federation.
		One method, known as \'intrastate federalism\', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions.
		In case of Malaysia, Singapore was expelled from the federation because of rising racial tension.
	www.peruiworld.com /wiki-Federation (3678 words)

	info: FEDERATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states is constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government.
		While it is common for a federation to be brought into being by agreement between a number of formally independent states, in a unitary state self-governing regions are often created through a process of devolution, where a formerly centralised state agrees to grant autonomy to a region that was previously entirely subordinate.
		A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.
	www.info-monaco.com /Federation (3164 words)

	Miedzymorze \| Topic Definition \| Find the Meaning and Define the Answer of Miedzymorze
		The name may be rendered in English as "Tween-Seas": the federation was meant to emulate the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, that — from the late 14th to the late 18th century — had united Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the latter also incorporating Belarus and Ukraine).
		It had been further extended by the 1569 Union of Lublin, when the two states merged into a federation, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which would remain until the late 17th century the largest state in Europe.
		Its combined resources enabled it to withstand the aggressions of the Teutonic Order, the Mongols, the Russians, the Turks and the Swedes, for four centuries, until the partitions of the weakened Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by its neighbors in the late 18th century.
	www.thefreeencyclopedia.com /definition/word.aspx?w=Miedzymorze (404 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Józef Piłsudski's strategic goal was to resurrect a modern form of the old Commonwealth, while working for the disintegration of the Russian Empire, and later the Soviet Union, into its ethnic constituents (the latter was his Prometheist project).
		The Lithuanians, Ukrainians and other peoples that were invited to join a federation, dreaded any compromise to their own cherished independence and were discouraged by a series of wars and border conflicts fought in the wake of World War I over disputed territories (the Polish-Lithuanian War, Polish-Ukrainian War, and border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia).
		One version of the idea envisions such a federation as a constituent of the European Union; "Intermarum" could, it is argued, give protection to its member states against domination by the European Union's wealthier, more powerful western members.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Miedzymorze (1170 words)

	Top Literature - Kiev Offensive (1920)
		Neither the Poles nor the Russians forced their opponent to fight a major battle or outflanked his forces and destroyed them, which was the main military goal of operations for both sides.
		It was the reincarnation of the Rzeczpospolita on "federative" principles.
		The major problem which prevented Pilsudski from securing Kiev and creating his federation was the unwillingness of the inhabitants of Ukraine, to rush to the aid of Petlura and his Ukrainian nationalist forces.
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com /?title=Kiev_Offensive_%281920%29 (3165 words)

	Federation: Encyclopedia II - Federation - Federations and other forms of state
		For the Spanish parliament to revoke the autonomy of regions such as Catalonia or the Basque Country, or for the United Kingdom government to unilaterally abolish the legislatures of Wales or Scotland, would be a near political impossibility.
		Some argue that the Russian Federation is not a federation in the strictest sense.
		Nonetheless, with the introduction of free elections in the final days of the USSR, the Union's theoretically federal structure became a reality in practice; this occurred only for a brief interim period, as the elected governments of many republics demanded their right to secede and became independent states.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/Federation_-_Federations_and_other_forms_of_state/id/5043277 (1419 words)

	Miedzymorze (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The western Allies feared that a weakened Germany and Russia might be unable to pay their First World War reparations and obligations, and that the European balance of power might be excessively altered by coordinated action among the newly independent countries.
		The Lithuanians, Ukrainians and other peoples that were invited to join a federation dreaded any compromise to their own cherished independence; in many cases they had reason to be wary, after recent wars and border conflicts with Poland (the Polish-Lithuanian War, Polish-Ukrainian War, and border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia).
		Less than two decades after he had broached the idea, and only four years after his death, all the countries that had so jealously been guarding their independence would once more be engulfed by their neigbors, Germany and the Soviet Union.
	www.kiwipedia.com /miedzymorze-federation.html (575 words)

	Roman Dmowski - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		A political opponent of Józef Piłsudski, Dmowski favored a national state, most of whose citizens would speak Polish and be of the Catholic faith.
		He was accused of antisemitism, though he is quoted as saying that "A Poland without Jews would be like a soup without pepper: tasteless." If Piłsudski's vision of Poland was the Jagiellon one of a multinational federation (Międzymorze federation), Dmowski's vision was the earlier Piast one of an ethnically homogeneous and nationalist state.
		Piłsudski believed in a wide definition of Polish citizenship in which peoples of different languages, cultures and faiths were to be united by a common loyalty to the reborn Polish state.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/r/o/m/Roman_Dmowski_af6f.html (852 words)

	THE CONFEDERACY OF INTERMARIUM
		But I think that idea of "Miedzymorze" should be just "adapted" to present day reality.
		It would be good to enter EU as an organized block (Wysehrad Group is a beginning of it) and negotiate conditions of the accession as a block of countries.
		So, although it is impossible just to "copy" the idea of "Miedzymorze", it could be partially adapted in present international politics.
	intermarium.webpark.pl /doctrine.htm (494 words)

	Articles - Central Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Poland added a condition that the new state must be also federated with Poland, pursuing the JÃ³zef PiÅ‚sudski's goal of creating the Miedzymorze federation.
		With nationalism sentiments rising all over Europe, many Lithuanians were afraid that such a federation, resembling the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from centuries ago, would be a threat to Lithuanian culture, as during the Commonwealth times the majority of Lithuanian higher society (nobility - the szlachta) was voluntarily polonized.
		Central Lithuania is incorporated into the Federation of Lithuania, composed of two cantons - the Lithuanian-inhabitated Samogitia and multiethnic (Belarusian, Polish, Jewish and Lithuanian) Wilno area.
	www.run-shoes.com /articles/Central_Lithuania (1674 words)

	America Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Poland's Józef Pilsudski envisioned a new federation (Miedzymorze), forming a Polish-led East European bloc to form a bulwark against Russia and Germany, while the RSFSR attempted to carry the revolution westward.
		The "Peace of Riga" signed in early 1921 that split the territory of Belarus and Ukraine between Poland and Soviet Russia.
		On December 29 1922 the RSFSR, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, and the Byelorussian and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics signed a Treaty of Creation of the USSR forming the Soviet Union by a conference of the representatives, which was confirmed on December 30, 1922 by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR.
	americaencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=History_of_the_Soviet_Union (2169 words)

	Soviet Union - New World Encyclopedia Preview
		Poland's Józef Pilsudski envisioned a new federation (Miedzymorze), forming a Polish-led East European bloc to form a bulwark against Russia and Germany, while the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) attempted to carry the revolution westward.
		The "Peace of Riga" signed in early 1921 split the territory of Belarus and Ukraine between Poland and Soviet Russia.
		On December 29, 1922, the RSFSR, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, and the Byelorussian and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics signed a Treaty of Creation of the USSR, forming the Soviet Union by a conference of the representatives, which was confirmed on December 30, 1922 by the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /preview/Soviet_Union (3277 words)

	Top Literature - Polish-Soviet War
		Poland's Chief of State, Józef Piłsudski, felt the time expedient to expand Polish borders as far east as feasible, to be followed by the creation of a Polish-led federation (Międzymorze) of several states in the rest of East-Central Europe as a bulwark against the potential re-emergence of both German and Russian imperialism.
		For Piłsudski, this alliance gave his campaign for the Międzymorze federation the legitimacy of joint international effort, secured part of the Polish eastward border, and laid a foundation for a Polish dominated Ukrainian state between Russia and Poland.
		For Petlura, this was another chance to preserve the statehood and, at least, the theoretical independence of the Ukrainian heartlands, even while accepting the loss of Western Ukrainian lands to Poland.
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com /?title=Polish-Soviet_War (7707 words)

	ROMAN DMOWSKI FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A political opponent of JÃ³zef_PiÅsudski, Dmowski favored a national state, most of whose citizens would speak Polish and be of the Catholic faith.
		He was accused of antisemitism, though he is quoted as saying that "A Poland without Jews would be like a soup without pepper: tasteless." If PiÅsudski's vision of Poland was the Jagiellon one of a multinational federation (MiÄdzymorze federation), Dmowski's vision was the earlier Piast one of an ethnically homogeneous and nationalist state.
		PiÅsudski believed in a wide definition of Polish citizenship in which peoples of different languages, cultures and faiths were to be united by a common loyalty to the reborn Polish state.
	www.velocipay.com /Roman_Dmowski (790 words)

	polish-soviet war - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		The Polish-Soviet War was the war (February 1919 – March 1921) that determined the borders between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and Second Polish Republic.
		After 123 years' of Poland's rule by her three imperial neighbors, the Second Polish Republic was proclaimed and the reborn country proceeded to carve out its borders from the territories of her former partitioners, Russia, Germany and Austro-Hungary.
		Polish politics was under the strong influence of the statesman Jzef Piłsudski, who envisioned a federation (the "Federation of Międzymorze"), a Polish-led confederation comprising Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine and other Central and East European countries now emerging out of the crumbling empires after the First World War.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Polish-Soviet-war (5637 words)

	Miedzymorze_federation info here at pinkjustis.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The proposed federation was meant to emulate the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, that, from the late 14th to the late 18th century, had united Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the latter also incorporating modern Belarus and Ukraine).
		PiÅsudski saw the MiÄdzymorze federation as a counterweight to potential imperialist tendencies on the part of Russia and Germany.
		The Lithuanians, Ukrainians and Belarusians who were invited to join a federation, dreaded any compromise to their own cherished independence and were discouraged by a series of wars and border conflicts fought in the wake of World War I over disputed territories (the Polish-Lithuanian War, Polish-Ukrainian War, and border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia).
	pinkjustis.info /Miedzymorze_federation (2569 words)

	nordost.doc
		The inclination of President Yeltsin and the Russian power elite to utilise imperial symbols was interpreted as serving the purpose of legitimating strong central power and future imperial ambitions.
		First and foremost, it means that the imperial identity (imperskoe soznanie) of the power elite, and not a democratic development of the Russian federation, has been symbolically boosted.
		The formation of the Polish historical identity has become to be tied to two royal dynasties, one (Piastian) from the west and one (Jagiellonian) from the east.
	www.psych.ut.ee /esta/online/1999/chronicle/nordost.html (2084 words)

	Ukraine.com Discussion Forum - View Single Post - THE GEOPOLITICS OF CENTRAL EUROPE
		Many people, even those, who like the before-war idea of "Miedzymorze" (a federation or a block of countries between Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Adriatic Sea), thinks that this idea is not suitable for today.
		Something like "Miedzymorze" existed in different periods in different forms and not only as an idea but as a historical fact, too.
		In this case the idea of "Miedzymorze" might be useful too.
	www.ukraine.com /forums/45566-post1.html (669 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Aftermath of the Polish-Soviet War
		This would worsen Polish-Lithuanian foreign relations for many decades to come and was one of the reasons Piłsudskiʼs Międzymorze federation was never formed.
		The Treaty of Riga avoided ceding historically Polish territory back to Russia, and ethnic Poles initially had two Polish Autonomous Districts within the Soviet Union, with an eventually tragic outcome for the Poles.
		The Ukrainian minority in Poland received some internal autonomy within the southeastern voivodeships of Poland, but plans for a broader autonomy or for introduction of a federation finally came to nothing.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Polish-Soviet_War (1731 words)

	Miedzymorze - Qwika (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Międzymorze Międzymorze was the name for Józef Piłsudski's proposed federation of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.
		The Polish name may be translated into English as "Tween-Seas" and has been rendered, from the Latin, as "Intermarum" or "Intermarium." The proposed federation was meant to emulate the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching...
		Miedzymorze is the Polish topic and "same reasons...
	www.qwika.com /find/Miedzymorze (592 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Roman Dmowski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A political opponent of Józef Piłsudski, Dmowski favored what he called a "national state," a state in which the citizens would speak Polish and be of the Roman Catholic faith.
		If Piłsudski's vision of Poland was Jagiellon, a multinational federation (Międzymorze federation), Dmowski's vision was the earlier Piast, ethnically and religiously homogeneous.
		In the first centuries of its existence, the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christendom, created a strong Central European state, and integrated Poland into European culture.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Roman-Dmowski (6867 words)

	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - meaning of word
		The Commonwealth was notable for its political system, which was a precursor to modern democracy and federation; for its remarkable religious tolerance; and for the second-oldest written national constitution in the world.
		While the Commonwealth's first century was a golden age for both Poland and Lithuania, the second century was marked by military defeats, a return to serfdom for the peasants, and growing anarchy in political life.
		This circumstance resulted from Poland's possession of Ukraine and federation with Lithuania, in both of which countries ethnic Poles were a distinct minority.
	wordsonline.org /Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth (11005 words)

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