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Topic: Migrant labourers

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	ILO - International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour: Field Publications
		If the child labour is defined in terms of economic reasons for migration of children, so to say migrant child labourer type 1, it is estimated to be 1.06 per cent (80 thousands) of the total children aged 5-17 years for the country.
		Migrant child labourer as of those who moved due to economic reasons and those who moved due to non-economic reasons but were working in economic activities before and after migration.
		Examining the migration stream of child labourers, the flow from rural to rural is 49.2 per cent and that from urban to urban is 54.3 per cent.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/standards/ipec/simpoc/nepal/report/s_es.htm (1412 words)

	PIB Press Releases
		Labour migration is a complex phenomenon and encompasses different streams which vary in duration, nature of origin and destination areas and characteristics of migration process.
		Reduced demand for permanent labour due to mechanized farming and marginalisation of farmers and artisans in rural areas due to resource constraint and compulsion to augment their earnings by seasonal labour also affect the migration.
		Migrant labourers need appropriate interventions programmes by the Central and State governments and various social partners and NGOs to ameliorate their lot.
	pib.nic.in /feature/feyr2002/faug2002/f270820021.html (1254 words)

	[No title]
		The numbers of migrant hop-pickers or "foreigners" as they were known, has been estimated to have been as high as 100,000 in peak years.
		The popularity of hopping as a summer job among the casual dock labourers is borne out both by the research of historians and the recollections of Kentish folk recorded by the Michael Winstanley oral history project.(6) In Booth's "Life and Labour", he discussed the severe problem of under-employment exacerbated by the system of casualism.
		However, one can conclude that by the beginning of the twentieth century there was a positive trend towards women and children working in the hop-fields and that dockers and their families were proportionately high among the migrant labourers, due to the continuing nature of casualism in the docks.
	members.lycos.co.uk /DerekBright/page3.htm (641 words)

	30 migrant labourers beaten up
		More than 100 migrant labourers were allegedly forced to leave the town and were sent back to their native places by the police party headed by a senior police official of the area.
		Dr Shamsher Singh, Senior Medical Officer (SMO), Civil Hospital, told TNS that 30 migrant labourers (all adults) reported at the hospital with simple injuries.
		He added that migrant labourers and other traders, who assembled on the premises of the hospital, organised the gherao for about three hours.
	www.punjabilok.com /news_files/oct/migr_labour.htm (339 words)

	[No title]
		Migrant workers are often asked to perform the most dangerous and backbreaking jobs that non-migrant labourers refuse to perform.
		Migrant workers are forced to handle chemicals or pesticides without training, protective equipment and explanations of the substances employed Housing is often crammed and substandard.
		Migrant workers do not have the right to claim residency and their children are not offered educational support despite years of labour and tax contributions in Canada.
	www.tvo.org /tvoforteachers/jan05/resource_tvo/EL_CONTRATO_NFB.doc (1224 words)

	At least 165,000 child migrant labourers - study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Most of the young migrant labourers were boys, according to the study by the NGO Terre des Hommes and the World Bank.
		At least 60,000 of the child migrant labourers worked in Cote d'Ivoire alone.
		Child labour migration, Terres des Hommes said, could be reduced through a massive information campaign, an improvement in rural living standards and legal reforms including reviewing outstanding protocols with neighbouring countries.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=30725 (434 words)

	Comment: Better institutions needed to protect labourers
		Migrant workers are always hired by "Bao gong tou" or individual contractors, to work on construction projects.
		Labour departments have been entitled to issue notices of punishment to enterprises that fail to pay labourers, but in most case they can do nothing if enterprises fail to respond.
		Therefore it would be better for labourers and labour departments to turn to the courts if enterprises refuse to follow up on the punishment notices.
	www2.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-12/04/content_397191.htm (801 words)

	Child Labour in Hybrid Cottonseed Production in Gujarat and Karnataka
		Labour contractors are responsible for recruiting mostly migrant workers, which accounts for nearly 70% of the total labour force.
		It is the responsibility of the labour contractor to identify the required number of labourers and see to it that they continuously work for the farmer for the entire agreement period.
		Since labourers live on the owners' farms, they are at the discretion of the farmers whenever their labour was needed.
	www.indianet.nl /gujksec1.html (3898 words)

	Chapter 6/2 - 6.3-6.5 Illegal Migrant Children
		Migrant child labourers in small factories are also found working from morning to 8 pm at a salary of 15 USD per month.
		Migrant children in child labour force face difficulty as illegal immigrants on top of the difficulty with work situations in general.
		Migrant children in other types of work who are also at risk are girls in domestic work, restaurants, and in small factories, and drug-addicted girls and boys in begging and soliciting business.
	www.seameo.org /vl/combat/6chap2.htm (3602 words)

	migrant labour
		Originally the labour pool was male gender based, and only later women joined the labour pool in order to work in the domestic arena.
		So the migrant workers unions were the last unions to get off the ground in the sense that the migrant workers, especially in the domestic arena, were extremely conservative.
		Migrant workers often undercut the salaries of urban workers because they were prepared to work for less.
	www.johnnyclegg.com /miglab.htm (3757 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Adivasi migrant labour is employed in a whole host of industries where a combination of low to no wages, deplorable working conditions and complete failure of the law creates conditions of exploitation hitherto unknown in independent India.
		The most effective deterrent for adivasi migrant labour in using the labour court system is the requirement that all cases must be filed at the place of work rather than the place of home.
		There ought to be regulation of the unfair labour practices through the presence of a labour inspector at all 'nakas' from where casual labour is recruited with a display board of Minimum Wages for different employments and provision should be made for registration of migrant labour with the Gram Panchayats.
	foodrelief.org /news/articles/38/1/.../print/38 (3781 words)

	Chapter 6/1 - Exploitative Working Conditions
		Age and sex of children migrant labourers in the subregion differ by the types of work they are trafficked into.
		Migrant children who live with their parents usually start supporting their family as young as they are able to work depending on the types of work undertaken.
		According to several studies on child labour in the countries of this subregion, children at work in every country are subject to being taken advantage of by employers in general.
	www.seameo.org /vl/combat/6chap1.htm (3426 words)

	INDIASOCIAL.ORG - Education _________________________________________________________ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In Orissa’s Bolangir district, a state government education initiative for children of the state’s migrant labourers has been successful in preventing their migration and providing them with a home while their parents are away.
		The first of these schools for migrant labourers’ children, officially known as Residential Care Centres (RCCs), was set up in Dhanmandal village in 2002.
		The RCCs, which are actually upper primary schools doubling up as residential study centres for labourers\' children, have succeeded not only in bringing poverty-stricken children into the mainstream of education but also improved the quality of their lives by guaranteeing them food and shelter, in the absence of their parents.
	www.indiasocial.org /cgi/news.asp?id=2914&sel=3 (388 words)

	Thai Labour Campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thailand and Malaysia have become the region's prime destinations for migrant labourers from neighbouring countries, and with their numbers expected to increase, they deserve acceptance, according to an advocate.
		Abella, who was in Bangkok for a three-day ILO meeting on migrant labour, urged greater tolerance of migrant workers in Thailand, where an estimated two million live.
		Abella acknowledged the stigmatisation of migrant labourers, but urged locals to consider them "irregular", rather than illegal workers, because they were not criminals.
	www.thailabour.org /news/03070701.html (562 words)

	Features and Documents - On the Philippine Migration Trail: Migration and Reproductive Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Whether legal or illegal, migrant labourers are taken into the social structure of receiving countries, and help support the economy of the countries as cheap labour.
		While many countries are tightening controls against migrant workers, Japan is still a ''diamond on a dunghill'' because even at the height of recession, labourers can earn much more than in their own countries.
		Many migrant labourers who came to Japan at the end of 1980s stayed for two or three years until they were able to earn enough money.
	www.ips.org /migration/1501_1.html (1755 words)

	Punjabi farm labour in the wilderness
		The use of combine harvesters for harvesting the wheat and paddy crop, an increasing flow of migrant labour and dependence of farmers on pesticides have gradually driven Punjabi labourers out of business and their wards out of schools and colleges in the state in general and the Doaba region in particular.
		Hard-pressed between rising unemployment and shooting cost of living, hardly any Punjabi labourer prefers to send his children to school, rather he uses them to supplement his income by doing some manual labour like sowing and harvesting of potato crop, for the production of which the Doaba region is known all over the country.
		Karam Singh of Jamsher village was more vocal and saw harvesting combines, migrant labour and pesticides as the biggest enemies of his tribe, even as he realised that these were cheaper alternatives for farmers.
	www.punjabilok.com /news_files/oct/oct2_punfarm.htm (611 words)

	Education Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Green cards are being issued by the West Bengal government to the children of migrant labourers to facilitate their admission into schools.
		This issue of admissions of migrant labourers is prevalent across many states in India, particularly in Maharashtra, Bihar, Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh.
		More significantly, for a migrant labourer to secure admission in a government school in the middle of an academic year is next to impossible.
	www.educationtimes.com /localvocal/march10gcard.html (306 words)

	THE SECRET LIFE OF THE APPLE - NI 212 - Hand to mouth
		Tonight the labourers have gathered at a friend’s house to discuss whether the new government will resolve their biggest problems like the lack of decent housing, running water and electricity.
		Some labourers had jobs for about a month beforehand when the trees were thinned and again in May when pruning started.
		Local and migrant labourers, supported by sociologists and the Catholic Church, run a social centre which houses 50 migrant labourers and offers communal lunches, child care for under-l0-year-olds, recreational activities, vocational training and preventative health care.
	www.newint.org /issue212/hand.htm (695 words)

	KASHMIR SENTINEL August 16-September 15, 2000----MIGRANT LABOUR : MASSACRES AT IMOO AND KATREN
		Last year, when fifteen brick-kiln Bihari labourers were massacred in Anantnag on June 20, 1999 by local militants, the migrant labourer community woke up in disbelief.
		The labourers, whose identity was well-known to the terrorists, were working at the kiln of Haji Hamza Dar of Brakpora.
		This time, the migrant labour community looked so harassed and terrified that they did not even wait for the cremation of dead bodies at Imoo and Katren.
	www.kashmirsentinel.com /augsept2000/2000.9.5.html (912 words)

	Asian Labour News: China: 83 migrant labourers sue trade union for not acting responsibly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On 4 January, 83 migrant workers in Chongqing briefed a lawyer to sue the Chongqing Federation of Trade Unions in the Chongqing Middle People’s Court.
		On 22 December 2004, the workers appealed the company’s action through the Chongqing Arbitration Committee of Labour Disputes, which accepted the case.
		It is understood that the legal department of the Federation explained to the accusers about the details of the case.
	www.asianlabour.org /archives/003354.php (367 words)

	MS3 Site Visit reports, December 2001
		Background: Since the children of migrant labourers moved with their parents in their search for a livelihood, they had little scope to get even basic education.
		Training children of migrant / prospective migrant labourers with vocational skills so that they may not have to migrate from their villages.
		The course is originally envisioned for children from migrant labourer families, both in Kanpur and in Chattisgarh.
	www.ashanet.org /nycnj/projects/ms3/ms3_visit_2001_12.html (1819 words)

	Drought leads to largescale migrations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Srikakulam, Sept. 16: Hit hard by the fourth consecutive drought, small and marginal farmers and farm labourers are migrating from the district.
		According to unofficial estimates, over 1.5 lakh farmers and farm labourers have become migrant labourers and are working in various districts of the State and neighbouring States like Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
		Nearly half of the migrants are medium level farmers,'' said AP Rythu Coolie Sangham district president Tandra Prakash.
	www.ambedkar.org /News/Droughtins.htm (302 words)

	The Hindu : Tamil Nadu News : HIV/AIDS awareness low among migrant labourers
		This is the finding of a study conducted by the Migrant Forum, Chennai, in 2001-2002 (and published in 2004) at and around Kalpakkam, about 60 km from the city, among potential migrants (those who are waiting to go abroad), labourers who have returned (returnees) and their spouses.
		The migrants include men and women in the 20-35 age group, headed mostly for the Middle East and Southeast Asia to work as domestic help, masons, sweepers, tailors and construction workers on a three-year contract.
		While the team suspected that education and awareness among the villagers were considerably low, the study established that traditional myths and misconceptions were still alive.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2004/11/08/stories/2004110806640400.htm (528 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Total of 212 males migrant workers who have visited commercial sex workers were interviewed over a period of one year.Result: 90% respondants were migrant workers and rest 10% included variety of professions including college level students.
		As the number of migrant workers and female sex - workers in Kathmandu is significan, intensive condom promotion and health education to sex-workers and their clients need to be initiated urgently to prevent further spread of HIV.
		As most migrants are illegal aliens, they fear being identified and deported, they lack access to health care which results in self-medication and use of used syringes/needles as they can not get a prescription to buy them.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /Organizations/healthnet/HIV/docs/sea-aids/stmob/stmob12.txt (4731 words)

	Migrant labourers flee Assam - Deccan Herald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		More than a thousand migrant labourers from Orissa’s coastal Kendrapara district who had been working in different industrial units in Assam, particularly in brick kilns and plywood industries, have already returned home after anti-Bihari violence flared up in the troubled state.
		While some of the Oriya migrant labourers have returned home out of fear, following attacks on Hindi speaking people, many have been forced to desert the violence torn state after the factories they were working in, which were owned by people from Bihar, closed their shutters in the wake of the violence.
		However, officials in the district labour office said they were already enlisting the names of the labourers returning from Assam and will be intimating the information about their arrival and plight to the state government very soon.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/nov29/n13.asp (602 words)

	Orissa migrant labourers feared dead in Andaman - Deccan Herald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Many migrant labourers from the coastal districts of Orissa who were working in the Andaman and Nicobar islands are believed to have perished due to last Sunday’s earthquake and killer tsunami.
		Not only Niranjan’s family but the families of many other migrants labourers in neighbouring villages like Krishnapriyapur, Rajarajeswarpur and Bagapatia under Rajnagar block of the district are anxiously awaiting information of their near and dear ones.
		There are also unconfirmed reports of migrant labourers from other coastal districts going missing in the Andaman and Nicobar islands after the tsunami hit the Indian coast.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/dec302004/n15.asp (590 words)

	The Communication Initiative - Indian Migrant Workers: Sweatshop Conditions/Ignorance Lead to AIDS Epidemic - February ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Yet year after year, hundreds of migrant labourers from the eastern state of Orissa come to the city in search of employment and a new life.
		Though seemingly unrelated, scores of families of migrant workers who lost their jobs are waking up to yet another nightmare.
		HIV counsellors in the area say that migrant labourers are especially vulnerable because they fall in the sexually active age-group of 16 to 35.
	www.comminit.com /printversion.cgi?url=http://www.comminit.com/strategicthinking/commentary/sld-2136.html (927 words)

	The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh News : Migrant labourers hold the key in drought-hit constituencies
		The polls in Gadwal and Kollapur Assembly segments have always earned notoriety for heavy rigging due to the departure of migrant labour affected by recurring drought.
		With an estimated 50,000 labourers leaving Gadwal in search of work in the adjoining Raichur taluk in Karnataka, the three major candidates for the local seat are using their might to bring the labourers back from Amareshwar camp and Gangavati in Raichur for voting.
		Labourers from Gattu and Dharur mandals in Gadwal segment, which are the worst affected by drought in the entire district, have left in large numbers from every village to find work during the ongoing harvesting in fields irrigated by the Gangavati canal of Tungabhadra.
	www.hindu.com /2004/04/13/stories/2004041305320500.htm (578 words)

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