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Topic: Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918

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	Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (aka MBTA) was first enacted to implement the 1916 convention between the United States and Great Britain for the protection of birds migrating between the U.S. and Canada.
		Migratory birds may seek respite within trees or on buildings considered private property.
		Pursuant to the spirit of the treaty, it is not trivial to obtain a permit; the applicant must meet a certain criteria as outlined in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations, 21.27, Special Purpose Permits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918 (654 words)

	Missouri v. Holland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The case technically revolved around the constitutionality of the implementing legislation, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.
		Previously, Congress had passed laws regulating the hunting of migratory waterfowl on the basis that such birds naturally migrated across state and international borders freely and hence the regulation of the harvest of such birds could not realistically be considered to be province solely of individual states or groups of states.
		The treaty, was subsequently ratified and came into force, and required the Federal Government to enact laws regulating the capturing, killing, or selling of the protected migratory birds,[1] an obligation that it fulfilled in the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Missouri_v._Holland (329 words)

	Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Migratory bird import and export restrictions between Mexico and the U.S. were also authorized, and in issuing any regulations to implement this section, the Secretary of Agriculture was required to consider U.S. laws forbidding importation of certain mammals injurious to agricultural and horticultural interests.
		Section 3(h) of the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-616) amended the MBTA to authorize forfeiture to the U.S. of birds and their parts illegally taken, for disposal by the Secretary of the Interior as he deems appropriate.
		The Secretary was required to consider the related migratory bird conventions with Great Britain, Mexico, Japan, and the Soviet Union in establishing these regulations and to establish seasons to provide for the preservation and maintenance of migratory bird stocks.
	www.fws.gov /laws/lawsdigest/migtrea.html (1033 words)

	MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT: Summary from Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook
		All birds, parts, nests or eggs that are captured, killed, taken, offered or sold, bartered, purchased, shipped, transported, carried, imported, exported or possessed contrary to the Act will be seized and, upon conviction of the offender or upon court judgment, be forfeited to the U.S. and disposed of by the Secretary.
		The Act should not be construed to prevent states and territories from making or enforcing laws or regulations not inconsistent with the Act or which give further protection to migratory birds, nests and eggs, if such laws and regulations do not extend open seasons.
		In accordance with the various migratory bird treaties and conventions, the Secretary is authorized to issue regulations to assure that the taking of migratory birds and their eggs by the indigenous inhabitants of Alaska is permitted for their nutritional and other essential needs during established seasons.
	ipl.unm.edu /cwl/fedbook/mbta.html (502 words)

	Migratory Bird Treaty Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) of 1918 implemented the 1916 convention between the United States and Great Britain for the protection of birds migrating between the U.S. and Canada.
		Each new treaty has been incorporated into the MBTA as an amendment and the provisions of the new treaty are implemented domestically.
		A migratory bird is any species or family of birds that live, reproduce or migrate within or across international borders at some point during their annual life cycle.
	www.fws.gov /pacific/migratorybirds/mbta.htm (314 words)

	Migratory Bird Treaty Act
		This Act, officially passed in 1918, is the nation's oldest conservation law and provides federal protection for migratory birds.
		Migratory bird hunting regulations, established by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, allow the taking, during designated seasons, of ducks, geese, doves, rail, woodcock, and some other species.
		States and Territories, by suitable legislation, are not prevented from making or enforcing laws or regulations which give further protection to migratory birds, their nests, and eggs within their respective borders.
	www.savethedoves.org /mbta.html (303 words)

	MBTA Press Release
		Bird conservation groups, such as American Bird Conservancy, are applauding the new legislation, and have praised Congress for its actions.
		The Reform Act now clearly distinguishes between the native species that the original Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 was implemented to protect, and introduced species such as the Rock Pigeon and European Starling.
		American Bird Conservancy (ABC) is a U.S.-based 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization dedicated to conserving wild birds and their habitats throughout the Americas.
	www.abcbirds.org /media/releases/MBTA_release.htm (590 words)

	Committee on Resources-Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Unless the Congress acts to restore the pre-Hill case exclusion of introduced non-native birds, our native birds, other wildlife, ecosystems, and human health and property may be impacted by providing MBTA protection to 86 species of non native birds.
		The 86 species of introduced non-native birds that could be protected by the MBTA under Hill does not include MBTA-protected species that have been introduced and have become established in localities outside their native ranges in North America e.g., resident Canada Goose, Gadwall in Florida, and Northern Cardinal in California and Hawaii.
		Bird species in the United States protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 are listed in 50 CFR 10.13.
	resourcescommittee.house.gov /archives/108/testimony/geraldwinegrad.htm (3980 words)

	CT DEP: Peregrine Falcon Story
		Prior to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and the strengthening of collection regulations, hundreds of peregrine eggs and many adult specimens were collected in Connecticut and Massachusetts.
		Because these introduced birds are the offspring of multiple subspecies, their protection as "mixed heritage" birds was the subject of conflicting legal opinions in 1978, 1983 and 1990.
		The bird, which was easily identified by her leg band, turned out to be in good health and flew off on her own by the next day.
	dep.state.ct.us /burnatr/wildlife/special/peregrine/pfstory.htm (1513 words)

	[No title]
		All construction personnel shall be advised that migratory birds are protected by the Florida Endangered and Threatened Species Act of 1977, Title XXVIII, Chapter 372.072, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service pursuant to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and the Endangered and Threatened Species Act of 1982, as amended.
		The Contractor's Environmental Protection Plan shall contain the qualifications of the bird monitor and the steps to be taken to construct the project in such a manner as not to impact migratory birds or induce their nesting.
		The qualifications of the bird monitor are a demonstrated ability to identify bird species, general and nesting behavior characteristics, nests and eggs, and a knowledge of habitat requirements.
	www.saj.usace.army.mil /pd/birdspec.htm (780 words)

	NCA - Raptor possession requirements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		All birds native to North America, (which excludes pigeons, European starlings, and English house sparrows), are protected by at least one, and sometimes many more, federal laws.
		Migratory Bird Treaty Act - 1918 - This was one of the earliest laws passed to protect wildlife in the United States.
		Bald Eagle Act - 1940 - Congress passed this act in response to the slaughter of eagles during the first half of the twentieth century, and because of the special status bald eagles hold as our national symbol.
	www.birdsofprey.blm.gov /nat-res/bop-legal.htm (681 words)

	How to Watch Birds—The Bird Conservation Scene
		The rise of the bird-preservation movement at the end of the 19th century was in response to the slaughter of birds to adorn women's hats and clothing.
		Although there were efforts to save wild birds and wild places through parts of the 19th century, the history of serious bird conservation in this country began a little over a hundred years ago.
		The fourth period of bird conservation starts with the realization that multiple suites of species - be they songbirds, shorebirds, waterfowl, or other waterbirds - are in trouble because the "big picture" is being ignored.
	www.refugenet.org /birding/conservation1.html (775 words)

	Statement of Laura Hood, H.R. 2863, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, Sept. 29, 1998
		Birds can be so attracted to bait and focused on the abundant food resources that they do not perceive danger from nearby hunters.
		For eight days, dead and injured migratory birds washed up on shore and were retrieved -- the final count of dead birds that could be recovered was 300.
		Any change to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act should be carefully examined and judged as to whether migratory birds will continue to be protected and managed sustainably.
	www.senate.gov /comm/environment_and_public_works/general/105th/hoo_9-29.htm (1538 words)

	Congressman Wayne Gilchrest - Serving Maryland's First District
		"The Migratory Bird Treaty Act is one of the cornerstones of wildlife conservation in the United States," Gilchrest said.
		The Act was created to protect species of birds from over-harvest by prohibiting the taking of adults, eggs, nests, and young except under certain permits, issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
		In response to the growth in the number and populations of exotic bird species in the U.S. and the conflict between some exotic birds species and native birds, Gilchrest’s Subcommittee began its review of federal bird conservation statutes and their application to exotic bird species.
	gilchrest.house.gov /news.asp?FormMode=Detail&ID=156 (434 words)

	Wood Duck
		In response to the Migratory Bird Treaty established in 1916 and enactment of the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1918, wood duck populations began to slowly recover.
		Birds nesting in New England winter in the Atlantic states from the Carolinas southward.
		The visiting bird is stimulated to lay eggs in the nest of the other hen.
	www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com /woodduck_info3.htm (2271 words)

	Migratory Bird Treaty Act under Attack
		The Migratory Bird Treaty Act is a domestic measure that was passed in 1918 to protect birds during their migration.
		Now, 86 years later, some Members of Congress have decided that some species of migratory birds are pests to be killed en masse, despite the fact that the MBTA already includes a mechanism for addressing specific problems that may arise in particular locations.
		Notwithstanding the appalling notion of killing certain species of migratory birds, this legislation is being rushed forward without any scientific study being conducted to assess the validity of claims that some of these 94 species of birds may be harming their environment.
	www.saplonline.org /Legislation/108/hr4114.htm (369 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Migratory Bird Hunting; Approval of Three Shot Types--Tungsten- Bronze, Tungsten-Iron, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Act authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to regulate take of migratory birds in the United States.
		This rule is to add the three additional types of nontoxic shot that may be sold and used to hunt migratory birds to the list of those that are already approved.
		Paperwork Reduction Act An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2004/August/Day-09/i18073.htm (2353 words)

	hunting seasons - migratory bird
		This was followed by the Migratory Bird Treaty with Canada which was signed in 1916 and approved by Congress on July 3, 1918.
		The Migratory Birds Convention Act that implemented the Migratory Bird Treaty was adopted in 1917 by the Parliament of Canada.
		The Migratory Bird Treaty was amended in 2000 to bring provisions into line with Canada's Constitutional obligations to aboriginal peoples and to allow greater flexibility for the FWS to provide for the needs of Alaska natives.
	centralflyway.org /Hunt_Seasons.html (1585 words)

	BirdWeb - Bird Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Lesser Yellowlegs were hunted heavily until the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 banned their hunting.
		Breeding Bird Survey data indicate that there have been significant decreases in numbers between 1980 and 1996, although these numbers come from a small sample size and may not represent the entire population.
		Christmas Bird Counts indicate that the wintering population in the United States is on the increase.
	www.birdweb.org /birdweb/bird_details.aspx?id=150 (809 words)

	KidWings - Feathers and the Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the early 20th century, birds were being hunted for their feathers.
		The Migratory Bird Treaty Act is a commitment by four countries to protect birds that are regularly found in each country.
		Birds that are found in the United States that are not protected by any laws include the House Sparrow, Rock Pigeon, and European Starling.
	www.kidwings.com /bodyparts/feathers/law/index.htm (207 words)

	Congress Amends Migratory Bird Treaty Act
		Spurred by a controversy in Maryland to cull mute swans in the Chesapeake Bay, the amendment limits the application of the MBTA to “migratory bird species that are native to the United States or its territories.” Last year, a federal judge enjoined a Maryland state plan to reduce the swan population in the Chesapeake Bay.
		Officials and environmental groups such as the National Audubon Society and the Nature Conservancy claim the swan population must be reduced because the swans, which were imported by a private citizen in the 1950s to decorate his estate, are contributing to the decline of the Bay by overharvesting critical vegetation.
		Under the new law, migratory bird species occurring in the U.S. because of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction can be considered native for the purposes of the act if (1) it was native in the U.S. in 1918 or (2) it was extirpated after 1918 and reintroduced through a federal program.
	www.olemiss.edu /orgs/SGLC/National/SandBar/3.4migratory.htm (306 words)

	Crow Busters - Beginner Article - Regulations for Crows
		Birds and their parts, especially feathers, were being shipped illegally among countries and states.
		Crows are not considered a game bird and Corvidae is not included in the list of families under the definition of game bird.
		As an example, while decoys, calls, other devices to entice birds within gun range, and rifles may be allowed during a sport season, they are specifically prohibited under the depredation order by Section 21.41 (c).
	www.crowbusters.com /begart5.htm (617 words)

	Latest News - MSPCA Angell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		H.R. 4114 violates the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. While the MBTA was established to protect migratory birds, this bill would remove any protection formerly provided to non-native species that happen to fly into U.S. territories.
		H.R. 4114 undermines the very purpose of the treaty, which is to protect birds across the full range of their migratory routes.
		The bill would eliminate this proven method of clearly defining which migratory species will be protected, and will instead implement an ambiguous, ill-defined standard of protecting only "native" species; only those species of birds, which are deemed to be native as of 1918 will be protected.
	www.mspca.org /site/pp.asp?c=gtIUK4OSG&b=126861 (516 words)

	Statement of Tanya Metaksa, H.R. 2863, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, Sept. 29, 1998
		That was the backdrop for the 1918 Act.
		Because of their migratory nature, waterfowl could not be effectively conserved by one action in one state and a similar action in another.
		Strict liability does not allow the hunter to present convincing evidence that he or she did not know or reasonably could not have known that bait was present.
	epw.senate.gov /105th/met_9-29.htm (1886 words)

	BirdWeb - Bird Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		An important field mark of the bird in flight is its white tail, which is barred at the end.
		Greater Yellowlegs are known for their piercing alarm calls that alert all the birds in the area.
		Some birds remain in Washington through winter, along the coast or in the Puget Trough, and occasionally east of the Cascades along the Columbia River.
	www.birdweb.org /birdweb/bird_details.aspx?id=149 (745 words)

	Bird Pest Control Service in Orange County \| Fred Murrieta Building Maintenance
		The use of toxicants, trapping and shooting are against the law; swallows are classified as migratory insectivorous birds under the
		It is also against federal law to disturb nesting migratory birds (most notably the swallows), so your only humane alternative is to discourage birds from building their nests under the eaves of your home to begin with.
		We have developed methods to prevent successive generations of birds from revisiting and roosting in various locations on your property.
	www.netwest2.com /murrieta/4.html (364 words)

	Snowy Egret Egretta thula
		Plume hunting was outlawed in the early part of the 20th century and the Snowy Egret was protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.
		Conservationists, determined to put an end to the commercial trade in birds, rallied and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 was voted into effect.
		It decreed that all migratory birds and their parts, including their eggs, nests and feathers were fully protected.
	www.tigerhomes.org /animal/snowy-egret.cfm (588 words)

	What's Being Done?
		Before this law was passed many eagles were killed by livestock owners, who were convinced the birds were after their livestock.
		This Act brought the plight of the eagles to the attention of the public, and for a while the numbers stablized again.
		Before the Bald Eagle Protection Act there was the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which had similar regulations as its successor, only in this case applying to all migratory birds.
	www.msu.edu /~thelenam/actions.html (647 words)

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