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Topic: Mihirakula

	Hunas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Alchon ruler Toramana established his rule over Pakistan and northern India, and was succeeded by his son Mihirakula in 520 whose capital was Sakala or modern day Sialkot in the Pakistani Punjab.
		The Hunas suffered a defeat by Yasodharman of Malwa in 528, and by 542 Mihirakula had been driven off the plains of northern India, taking refuge in Kashmir, and he is thought to have died soon after.
		Mihirakula is remembered in contemporary Indian and Chinese histories for his cruelty and his destruction of temples and monasteries, with particular hostility towards Buddhism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-Hephthalites (429 words)

	Ephthalites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The ephthalite Mihirakula is defeated by the Guptas in 538 CE.
		Mihirakula, son of Toramana, was driven back to the Punjab and Kashmir, where his cruelty was notorious.
		During the 6th century, the Huna kingdom disintegrated and its lords were absorbed by Hindu culture forming the warrior caste known as Rajputs.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /e/ephthalites.html (198 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mihirakula the leader of the Hunas, whose head had till then never bowed in defeat, was challenged by Yashovarman and was decisively defeated.
		Mihirakula was also captured alive by Yashovarman and presented as a prisoner before the Gupta Emperor Baladitya.
		Mihirakula was shrewd to accept this condition, and he did leave, but only to return as an aggressor once again.
	www.aryawat.com /heritage/maura1.htm (1562 words)

	Articles - Indo-Hephthalites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Gupta Indian emperor Skandagupta repelled a Huna invasion in 455, but the Hephthalites continued to pressure India's northwest frontier (present day Pakistan), and broke through into northern India by the end of the fifth century, hastening the disintegration of the Gupta empire.
		The Hephthalite ruler Toramana established his rule over Pakistan and northern India, and was succeeded by his son Mihirakula in 520 whose capital was Sakala or modern day Sialkot in the Pakistani Punjab.
		The Guptas continued to resist the Hunas, and allied with the rulers of the neighboring Indian states.
	www.outship.com /articles/Indo-Hephthalites (361 words)

	SikhSpectrum.com Monthly. Huns and Guns: Small Arms in South Asia One Year After the UN Conference
		The raiders were led this time by a man called Mihirakula who had a particular loathing for Buddhism, which most of the kingdoms of the area had embraced at the time.
		Mihirakula became so obsessed with trying to kill Baladitya that he personally pursued him into the jungles of Bengal, after entrusting the administration of his newly acquired empire to his brother.
		Unfortunately for Mihirakula, however, not only was he defeated by Baladitya, but when he came back to his own capital, he was shocked to find that his sibling had usurped his crown.
	www.sikhspectrum.com /082003/guns_and_huns.htm (3024 words)

	Gupta Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 480's the Hephthalite king Toramana broke through the Gupta defenses in the northeast, and much of the empire was overrun by the Hunas by 500.
		The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor, Mihirakula; the Hunas conquered the northeast, and several provinces of the empire, including Malwa, Gujarat, and Thanesar, broke away under the rule of local dynasties.
		It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas, although their power was much diminished, continued to resist the Hunas, and allied with the independent kingdoms to drive the Hunas from most of northern India by the 530's.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gupta_Empire (1871 words)

	The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire - Chapter 2
		Mihirakula did not implement his policy in the more remote areas of his empire, such as Swat.
		The Kabul region and the Punjabi plains of Oddiyana would have received the brunt of the damage from Mihirakula’s forces.
		With no great centers of learning, it is no wonder that although the monasteries stayed open, they were focused on the devotional needs of pilgrims and not on the study of Buddhism.
	www.berzinarchives.com /e-books/historic_interaction_buddhist_islamic/history_cultures_02.html (1211 words)

	Downfall
		The first was by the Ephthalites or White Huns, who invaded India in 500-520 AD and conquered the border provinces of Gandhara and Kashmir.
		The Hun king, Mihirakula was a barbarian and a sworn enemy of Buddhism, bent on destroying the Buddhist establishment.
		The Gupta kings fought on and off against the Huns but it was not until 533 AD that Mihirakula was subjugated by Yasodharman of Mandasor.
	www.buddhistpilgrimage.info /downfall.htm (1511 words)

	Indiaoz Hinduism - Amazing Science Part 4
		The latter's king Mihirakula, whose capital seems to have been somewhere in Malwa, issued a decree during Narasimha Gupta's reign, by which he declared his purpose "to destroy all the (Buddhist) priests through the five Indies, to overthrow the law of Buddha, and leave nothing remaining."
		Mihirakula, beyond doubt, in his hatred of Buddhism destroyed all its buildings that he found in his way, and killed all its priests-- cruelties which he was shortly afterwards to repeat from his exile into Kashmir.
		But Mihirakula was finally defeated by the Gupta army and exiled to Kashmir by the victor.After this Narasimha Gupta, the great patron of Buddhism, could not permit that such an important institution of learning should perish.
	www.indiaoz.com.au /hinduism/articles/amazing_science_4.shtml (5900 words)

	Fortune's Stroke: Chapter Seven
		It was General Mihirakula, the commander of Damodara's Ye-tai troops.
		Mihirakula did not wait for an answer before gesturing angrily at the mountains visible through the open flap of the pavilion.
		The Ye-tai general was a big man, heavy in the shoulders and thick in the chest, but Sanga was as much taller than he as Mihirakula was than Damodara.
	jiltanith.thefifthimperium.com /Collections/FortunesStrokeChapters/FortunesStroke_07.htm (3928 words)

	The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire - Chapter 1
		However, in 515, the White Hun king, Mihirakula, had instigated a persecution of Buddhism, purportedly under the influence of jealous Manichaean and Nestorian Christian factions in his court.
		Mihirakula’s destruction of monasteries extended as far as Kaushambi, a short distance to the west of modern-day Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.
		Xuanzang reported that Buddhism in Kashmir had mostly recovered from Mihirakula’s persecution, especially with support from the founder of the currently new Karkota Dynasty (630 - 856).
	www.berzinarchives.com /e-books/historic_interaction_buddhist_islamic/history_cultures_01.html (3380 words)

	Knowledge :: States of India :: Punjab
		The Indo-Greeks who settled in the Punjab in the 1st century BC were followed by the Kushans, Sakas and the Parthians.
		The fearsome Hun rulers, Toramana and Mihirakula also ruled over some parts of Punjab in the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
		Mahmud of Ghazni, a ruler of Central Asia invaded Punjab in the 11th century.
	www.dimdima.com /knowledge/state.asp?tit=Punjab&q_part2=show (886 words)

	EPHTHALITES - LoveToKnow Article on EPHTHALITES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Greek monk Cosmas Indic~pleustes, who visited India about 530, describes the ruler of the country, whom he calls Gollas, as a White Hun king, who exacted an oppressive tribute with the help of a large army of cavalry and war elephants.
		Gollas no doubt represents the last part of the name Mihiragula or Mihirakula.
		The accounts of the Ephthalites, especially those of the Indian Himnas, dwell on their ferocity and cruelty.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EP/EPHTHALITES.htm (1168 words)

	::: Apna Sialkot ::: History of Sialkot
		After the invasion of the Húnas (Huns) in the last quarte of the fifth century A.D. it became the capital of Toramána and his son Mihirakula.
		The antiquities of Sialkot are discussed by Sir Alexander Cunnigham in his Archaeological Survey Reports, II, 21, 22, and XIV, 44 to 47.
		Sákala was the capital,or one of the capitals, of the Greek kings of the House of Euthydemus, and the residence of Menander (Milinda).
	www.apnasialkot.net /about_sialkot/history.asp (1178 words)

	IMC India - NEGATIONISM IN INDIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mihirakula, "wishing to apply his leisure to the study of Buddhism", asked the Buddhist sangha to appoint a teacher for him.
		For the same reason, Mihirakula's rage against the impolite monks cannot be equated with the religiously motivated persecutions by the Muslim rulers.
		The only exceptions to this rule were the apostate emperor Akbar, who was vehemently criticized for it by the Muslim clergy, and Dara Shikoh, who was executed for apostasy by his brother Aurangzeb.
	india.indymedia.org /en/2003/04/4318.shtml (19892 words)

	India Book House Pvt Ltd
		Skanda Gupta, the able ruler of Magadha, successfully prevented them from advancing any further.After his death, the Hunas, under the leadership of Toramana and his son Mihirakula, renewed their attack.
		In the beginning of the 6th Century AD, they established their rule over the territories that are known today as Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Kashmir.Narasimha Gupta Baladitya, the ruler of Magadha, was obliged to pay tribute to the Hunas even as he witnessed their atrocities.
		He decided to stand up to Mihirakula, the ruthless Huna chief.
	www.amarchitrakatha.com /store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=75 (134 words)

	Buddhist Art and Architecture: The Hill of Sanchi
		And then came the shock of the Hana invasions, which resulted in the seizure of a large part of western and central India by that tribe.
		But that occupation was short lived, to be shattered by Yasodharman's victory over their chief Mihirakula in the first half of the sixth century.
		On the ashes of the Gupta empire rose a number of small kingdoms, none of which was powerful enough to bring any large part of India under its aegis, till Harshavardhana (A.D. 606-647) achieved some sort of political unity in northern India.
	www.buddhanet.net /sanchi.htm (1209 words)

	Iranica.com - HEPHTHALITES
		He was succeeded in about 525 by his son, Mihirakula, whose ferocity and cruelty became legendary.
		The name Mihirakula possibly represents a Sanskritization of a Turkish designation mihr-qul "slave of Mithra," a familiar theophoric formation.
		The Bactrian documents also attest several Turkish royal titles, though these could also be explained by later Turkish infiltration south of the Oxus.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v12f2/v12f2036.html (1903 words)

	India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first Huna king in India was Toramana (early 6th century), whose inscriptions have been found as far south as Eran (Madhya Pradesh).
		His son Mihirakula, a patron of Saivism, is recorded in Buddhist tradition as uncouth and extremely cruel.
		The Gupta rulers, together with Yasodharman of Malava, seem to have confronted Mihirakula and forced him back to the north.
	www.omhros.gr /kat/history/Ancient/India4.htm (3927 words)

	Sarnath
		During the Gupta period (4th-6th century AD), the Dhamek Stupa was encased with carved stones, the Mulagandhakuti main shrine was enlarged and the famous Preaching Buddha image, a gift of King Kumaragupta, was added.
		In 520 AD, Sarnath had its share of destruction during the invasion of the Huns under the barbarian Mihirakula.
		But after the Huns were defeated, Sarnath again flourished under the Buddhist king, Harsa Vardharna (606-647 AD) and continued to be a living shrine under the Pala kings (8th-12th century AD).
	www.buddhistpilgrimage.info /sarnath.htm (2489 words)

	Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism: Mihirakula
		Baladitya was about to have him killed, but Baladitya's mother interceded, entreating her son to be merciful, and saved him.
		Mihirakula then fled to Kashmir where he was warmly received, but later he fomented a rebellion and killed the king, assuming power himself.
		Mihirakula died that same year, however, and he was said to have fallen into the hell of incessant suffering.
	www.sgi-usa.org /buddhism/library/sgdb/lexicon.cgi?tid=760 (281 words)

	Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism: Baladitya
		According to The Record of the Western Regions, Mihirakula, the ruler of the neighboring kingdom of Cheka (also known as Takka), opposed Buddhism and attempted to conquer Baladitya.
		Baladitya intended to put Mihirakula to death, but released him instead, moved by his own mother's plea that he act compassionately.
		It was said that upon his death dark clouds gathered, a strong wind blew, and the earth quaked violently, and these were interpreted by Buddhist sages as signs that Mihirakula had fallen into the hell of incessant suffering and would for a long time transmigrate through the evil paths of existence.
	www.sgi-usa.org /buddhism/library/sgdb/lexicon.cgi?tid=907 (182 words)

	Sack of Nalanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Moving Finger wrote finis to its history round the turn of the thirteenth century and, having writ, moved on.
		HISTORY holds record of two devastations on an extensive scale of the viharas of northern India—once by Mihirakula in the western sector in the early part of the sixth century, and again, severs centuries later, by Muslim invaders in the eastern sector round tb turn of the thirteenth.
		He found the country devastated by the Hunas and a puppet of the Huna ruler cruelly exercising power.
	sarvadharma.org /Museum/Articles/nalanda.htm (2951 words)

	The last lesson at Nalanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		All they found were books, and with none left to explain their meaning, they were burnt and Odantapura turned into a military camp.
		Let me quickly add that Bakhtiyar Khilji’s Turkic forefathers, the White Huns of Mihirakula — behaved no differently towards the Sangha although they were Shiva-bhakts.
		It was with the greatest difficulty that the Guptas and others managed to save their lands from their depredations in the sixth century.
	www.hvk.org /hvk/articles/0903/191.html (431 words)

	Indology » Philosophy » philosophy » Gandhi, Ravanna & Islamic Colonial Aggression on Sulekha Groups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		HISTORY holds record of two devastations on an extensive scale of the viharas of northern India-once by Mihirakula in the western sector in the early part of the sixth century, and again, severs centuries later, by Muslim invaders in the eastern sector round tb turn of the thirteenth.
		He found the country devastated by the Hunas and a puppet of the Huna ruler cruelly exercising power.1 The Hunas gradually penetrated into the interior carved out a kingdom and over it the Huna king Mihirakula held sway in c.
		In Gãndhara alone Mihirakula, says Hsuan-tsang, `overthrew stapas and destroyed sañghtiramas, altogether one thousand and six hundred foundations'.' Perhaps the work of destruction spread as far as Kosmbi, thougt it affected especially Gandhara and Kashmir.
	www.sulekha.com /groups/postdisplay.aspx?cid=72789&forumid=756949 (6279 words)

	Ethics of India 30 BC To 1300 by Sanderson Beck
		His son Mihirakula succeeded as ruler about 515; according to Xuan Zang he ruled over India, and a Kashmir chronicle credited Mihirakula with conquering southern India and Sri Lanka.
		The Chinese ambassador Song-yun in 520 described the Hun king of Gandara as cruel, vindictive, and barbarous, not believing in the law of Buddha, having 700 war-elephants, and living with his troops on the frontier.
		However, Mihirakula was defeated by the Malwa chief Yashodharman.
	www.san.beck.org /AB2-India.html (21954 words)

	Malwa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Driven by Kushana from Gandhara, the Saka settled in Malwa, where they were subjected by the Guptas (4th century).
		Allied to the Guptas, a king of Malwa called Yashodharman contained the Huna king Mihirakula, who ruled the Punjab and Kashmir (6th century).
		Malwa became part of Harsha's Kingdom in Kanauj (7th century).
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /m/malwa.html (152 words)

	On Itai Doshin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Both are painful at the moment but bring happiness later.
		I, Nichiren, am the emissary of the Lotus Sutra, while the Japanese are like King Mihirakula who eliminated Buddhism throughout India.
		The Mongol Empire may be like King Himatala of the Snow Mountains, a messenger from heaven sent to punish those hostile to the votary of the Lotus Sutra.
	www.buddhistinformation.com /on_itai_doshin.htm (518 words)

	The last lesson at Nalanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		All they found were books, and they were burnt and Odantapura turned into a military camp.
		Let me quickly add that Bakhtiyar Khilji's Turkic forefathers, the White Huns of Mihirakula - behaved no differently towards the Sangha although they were Shiva-bhaktas, it was with the greatest difficulty that the Guptas and others could save their lands from their depredations in the sixth century.
		As I browsed, a terribly poignant account of the last lesson at Nalanda emerged.
	www.hvk.org /hvk/articles/0204/128.html (359 words)

	Sialkot
		It was once famous as a centre for the manufacture of damascened ware and paper; its modern industries include flour and cotton mills and the production of sporting goods.
		It is said to have been founded by Raja Sala, uncle of the Pandavas of the epic Mahabharata, and refounded by Raja Salivahan in the time of Vikramaditya; it may be the site of ancient Shakala (Sagul), capital of the Indo-Greek Menander (Milinda) and Mihirakula the Hun (died AD 540).
		Several townships have grown up around the original city, which was incorporated as a municipality in 1867.
	pakiboys.freeservers.com /Sialkot.htm (259 words)

	Jainism in Punjab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Hun invader Toramana had respectfully met Acharya Harigupta in a town in Punjab near Chinab river.
		His son Mihirakula however oppressed Jains and Buddhists.
		Kuvalayamala mentions that as a result many fled to Gujarat.
	www.dd-b.net /~raphael/jain-list/msg01856.html (564 words)

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