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Topic: Mikasuki language

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	AllAboutOmaha.com - Copyright © 1996-2006 RSS. - Natives - Nations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Assiniboin language is a dialect of the Dakota language.
		The Kansa language is a dialect of the Dhegiha Siouan language.
		The Wampanoag language was a dialect of the Massachusett language.
	www.allaboutomaha.net /Omaha/Natives/NativeNations.php (5339 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Languages of Georgia Indians
		A language family is a group of languages that are clearly related and have a common ancestor, or mother tongue.
		The accepted classification of the languages in the Muskogean family was presented in 1941 by linguist Mary Haas.
		The Timucua language was spoken in extreme south central Georgia (roughly from Valdosta into the Okefenokee Swamp area a bit to the north), but it is primarily associated with people in north central and northeastern Florida.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2752 (1001 words)

	Ethnologue: USA
		Language is dying out in many areas, but is still spoken on Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron by most adults and some younger ones.
		Language use is vigorous in the west and south.
		Language use is vigorous in some locations, in others only the older ones speak the language.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/USA.html (8257 words)

	The News-Press: Bonita - Q&A: ABOUT THE MIKASUKI LANGUAGE
		While Mikasuki is the way anthropologists prefer to spell the name of the language, the Miccosukee tribe chose a different spelling for its official name when it was federally recognized in 1962.
		The Mikasuki language also has a sound that can best be described as “thla,” like the sound in the middle of athlete.
		Mikasuki speakers say it can also be written as (th) to approximate the sound when typing on a computer.
	www.news-press.com /legacy/multimedia/seminole/seminole-qa.html (720 words)

	The News-Press: Bonita - Tribes hold hope for language’s future
		Mikasuki is spoken by two South Florida tribes — the Seminoles and the Miccosukees.
		While anthropologists spell the name of the language one way, the tribe chose to spell its name differently when it was federally recognized in 1962.
		Language specialist Paul Buster, 54, of the Otter Clan, was born and raised on the Big Cypress Seminole Reservation and spoke Mikasuki with friends while playing basketball with non-Indian children.
	www.news-press.com /legacy/multimedia/seminole/seminole-mainbar.html (1600 words)

	yourDictionary.com • How Many Indigenous American Languages are Spoken by How Many Speakers in the United States?
		Language scholars believe that prior to the arrival of Columbus, approximately 300 languages were spoken in North America; since then, the number of indigenous languages has dropped considerably.
		Figures on current language use vary (Crystal, 1987; Krauss, 1998; Grimes, 1997) but indicate that roughly half of these languages are now extinct.
		NCBE is funded by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs (OBEMLA) and is operated by the George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Center for the Study of Language and Education.
	www.yourdictionary.com /elr/natlang.html (442 words)

	"Myths and Dreams: Exploring the Cultural Legacies of Florida and the Caribbean"
		These groups spoke several languages, the most prominent of which was Muskogee, used for communication among all of the groups.
		Though their culture was greatly impacted by the arrival of Europeans and introduction of trade goods, these resilient people have responded and survived through their talent for change, adaptation, and innovation.
		Language, clans, an oral storytelling tradition, religion, and art are the ties that continue to bind the people together.
	www.kislakfoundation.org /millennium-exhibit/downs1.htm (4939 words)

	American Indian Language Resources
		Alaska Native Language Center Established in 1972 by state legislation as a center for documentation and cultivation of the state's 20 Native languages.
		Learning an Endangered Language A partial list of endangered languages and information on how and where they may be studied, where recordings may be obtained, etc. (more information on some of these and other languages can be found at the University of Minnesota Less Commonly Taught Languages page).
		Institute for the Preservation of the Original Languages of the Americas The Institute for the Preservation of the Original Languages of the Americas collaborates with indigenous communities to revitalize and perpetuate the languages and culture of the original inhabitants of the Americas.
	www2005.lang.osaka-u.ac.jp /~krkvls/lang.html (1693 words)

	languagehat.com: Comment on MUSKOGEAN AND LAMB'S-QUARTERS.
		I think it's interesting how the four or seven languages of Muskogean are classified in more ways ways by different linguists than you might think possible for such a relatively small and transparently related family.
		Many of the languages are spoken in contiguous areas, [...] The prolonged contact among speakers of many of the languages makes it difficult to distinguish true cognates from early loans.
		At 500 AD the Muskogean languages probably weren't that different yet, and they were probably still geographically pretty close together, so it seems entirely possible that some Muskogean dialect borrowed the word and passed it to all the others.
	www.languagehat.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=2102 (2586 words)

	Mikasuki
		LANGUAGE Mikasuki language: the language of the Mikasuki people.
		It belongs to the Muskogean branch of Hokan-Siouan languages.
		Native American tribe of the Muskogean language family and of the Southeast culture area.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/mikasuki.htm (190 words)

	Lesson Two (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		All languages in a language family are related in some measurable way.
		The Mikasuki language is still spoken regularly by a large group of people--it is the primary language of both the Mikasuki and Seminole tribes of Florida.
		The language of the Oklahoma Creeks, the language of the Oklahoma Seminoles, and the language called Apalachicola are all commonly called "Muskogee," "Creek," or "Muskogee Creek," since they are all really just dialects of the same language.
	www.tfn.net /Museum/language/lesson2.html (767 words)

	About Us Mekusukey Band of Oklahoma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		In the vein, the Mikasuki are continuing this adaptation process by seeking to maintain their own identity.
		Chief Billy Bowlegs, Mikasuki from the Potato Clan was the last war leader exiled from Florida in 1858 along with his band of followers.
		The Mikasukis of Oklahoma, Inc. promote the preservation of tribal culture and traditions through the practice and participation of its customs while being inclusive of today’s youth in song and dance.
	www.mekusukey.com /about.html (1028 words)

	28 C.F.R. PART 55 -- Language Minority Guidelines
		Language minorities or language minority group is used, as defined in the Act, to refer to persons who are American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives, or of Spanish heritage.
		Where a jurisdiction is obligated to provide oral assistance in such a language, the jurisdiction's obligation is to ascertain the dialects that are commonly used by members of the applicable language minority group in the jurisdiction and to provide oral assistance in such dialects.
		Where a jurisdiction is obligated to provide oral assistance in the language of such a group, the jurisdiction's obligation is to ascertain the languages that are commonly used by members of that group in the jurisdiction and to provide oral assistance in such languages.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/28cfr/55/28cfr55.htm (3933 words)

	Language Reference Page
		The current languages are mostly those used for my doctoral work, but I intend to continue adding languages as I have time and as I find good sources of text in electronic form.
		Klingon is a language that was developed for the Star Trek series of movies, and is now used by a small but enthusiastic group of fans.
		Manx is officially classified as an extinct language, though efforts are underway to revive it on the Isle of Man, and there are reportedly around 200 adult speakers.
	complingone.georgetown.edu /~langid/ref_langs.html (2141 words)

	languagehat.com: MUSKOGEAN AND LAMB'S-QUARTERS.
		However, it seems unlikely that speakers of all the different languages in the family would have coincidentally decided to call the new grain the same thing.
		Once a language has split into two mutually unintelligable daughter languages, the speakers do not consult with each other about naming new phenomena.
		Mikasuki is often described as a language descended from Hitchiti.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/002102.php (2909 words)

	Mikasuki Language (Miccosukee Seminole, Hitchiti)
		Miccosukee is a Muskogean language of the American Southeast.
		It is still spoken today by about 500 Seminole people in Florida, one of two languages spoken by the Seminoles (the other is Creek).
		Article on language preservation efforts among the Miccosukee Indians.
	www.native-languages.org /mikasuki.htm (175 words)

	LINGUIST List 3.1009: Seminole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Seminoles displaced the original languages of Florida, Timucua in the north and Calusa in the south [2, 4, 5, 6].
		Mikasuki is doing well as a language, but Seminole Creek is failing, with no young speakers [5].
		Under Eastern he lists five languages: Mikasuki, Muskogee = Creek, Apalachee (extinct), Alabama, and Koasati; the last two form a genetic group of their own, called Alabama-Koasati.
	linguistlist.org /issues/3/3-1009.html (373 words)

	What is Chickasaw?
		Chickasaw, like many Indian languages, is agglutinative, meaning that elements such as tense, case, and pronominal subject and object are expressed by morphemes added to the main verb of a sentence, rather than by separate words, as in English.
		Chickasaw was strictly an oral language before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, like nearly all Native American languages, and there is consequently no native writing system.
		Chickasaw language revitalization efforts have been underway since the 1970s, but the younger generations have mostly switched to English, and Chickasaw has not been taught as a native language for many decades.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-chickasaw.htm (470 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Muskogean
		You have reached the page on Muskogean languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		The following are Muskogean languages: Alabama, Biloxi, Chicasaw, Choctaw, Creek (not to be confused with Cree, an Algonkian-Mosan language), Koasati, Mikasuki, Natchez, Ofo, and Seminole.
		Koasati is a closely-related language and they have sometimes been treated as two dialects of a language called Alabama-Koasati.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/muskogh.htm (988 words)

	Everglades National Park's 50th Anniversary
		Tribalism, language and demographics could be discussed, as well as economics, independence, modern-day governmental organization, and sovereignty issues.
		They speak the Muscogean language of both groups, but today, the common language is English.
		Mikasuki (also spelled Miccosukee) was the large pre-First Seminole War town in north Florida where these people lived before it was destroyed by the Americans.
	www.evergladesonline.com /50years/native.htm (2304 words)

	Pvlvcekolv (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		This tongue was once the language of several Tribal Towns and satellite communities located along the Apalachicola, Wakulla, Chattahoochee, Flint, Coosa, Savannah, Suwannee and St. Mary's rivers at various times.
		Muskogee Creek was the language of all inter-town affairs.
		All major announcements, Long Talks and other proceedings are often rendered in both languages by the "Tongues" or "Apotka," those men or women chosen to serve as the chief's second or speaker.
	www.freenet.tlh.fl.us /Museum/culture/PATT2.htm (4978 words)

	Chronicles of Oklahoma
		The difference in language resulted in a certain social barrier between Hitchiti and Mikasuki on one hand and the other towns on the other, for Muskogee and Hitchiti are mutually unintelligible.
		Hitchiti town and Mikasuki are said to have visited each other more than the remaining towns, and though Hitchiti was on very friendly terms with Chiaha, its neighbor to the north, the Mikasukis are reported to have kept mostly within their own linguistic division.
		This variation in size may have affected the degree of compactness of the local settlements, though the pattern of house distribution was apparently much the same.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /Chronicles/v019/v019p377.html (1817 words)

	Mikasuki language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The now-extinct Hitchiti language was mutually intelligible with Mikasuki.
		This Indigenous languages of the Americas-related article is a stub.
		This page was last modified 17:07, 17 July 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mikasuki_language (123 words)

	U.S. ENGLISH, Inc.: Towards a United America - "); document.write(month + '/' + now.getDate() + '/' + ...
		Fact Sheets: Languages Spoken in the United States According to the 2000 U.S. Census
		The language data is obtained from Census 2000 and refers to the population age five and older speaking a given language at home.
		Data is subject to Census confidentiality protections, which suppresses information directly identifiable to a person or small group of people.
	www.usenglish.org /inc/official/fact_sheets/us_languages.asp (100 words)

	Current English Courses - English Program - FGCU College of Arts and Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		This course introduces students to the materials, methods, purposes, and major findings of modern linguistics, which is the scholarly investigation of the core phenomena of language.
		It then uses those core phenomena to illuminate selected broader linguistic concerns, which may include topics such as geographical and social language differences (dialectology and sociolinguistics), language change, minority languages, language acquisition, language and the brain (neurolinguistics), bilingualism, and computer language processing.
		Part of this semester's course includes a unique opportunity to work with Florida's Seminoles on their native languages Creek and Mikasuki, through team teaching with Dr. Susan Stans and coordination with her course, ANT 3640, Language and Culture.
	www.fgcu.edu /cas/english/englishcourses.html (736 words)

	Slavery in America
		At the same time that runaway slaves were seeking freedom in Florida, Native American refugees from Georgia and Alabama began moving into the lands left empty by the extinction of the Florida tribes.
		It is a word that took its meaning, however, among the Native Americans from the Spanish word cimarrones, meaning "wild, runaway" as applied to plants or animals.
		Muskogee was the language of treaties and trade agreements.
	www.slaveryinamerica.org /history/hs_es_seminole.htm (4279 words)

	[No title]
		They were mostly Lower Creeks who spoke the Mikasuki language, but other Indians, including Yuchis, Yamasees and Choctaws who had confronted Ponce de Leon and DeSoto, also joined the tribe in their trek to northern Florida from Georgia during the early 1700s.
		In 1767, Upper Creeks from Alabama, who spoke the Muskogee language, settled in the Tampa area.
		Today, the Seminole Tribe is engaged in creating economic opportunity for its members, preserving its proud heritage and culture and working to preserve its homeland, the Everglades of Florida.
	www.abfla.com /1tocf/seminole/semhistory.html (1877 words)

	Facts for Kids: Miccosukee Indians (Miccosukees, Mikasuki)
		We encourage students and teachers to visit our main Miccosukee website pages for in-depth information about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with Miccosukee pictures and links we believe are suitable for all ages.
		Today Mikasuki is an endangered language because most children aren't learning it anymore.
		However, some Miccosukee people are working to keep their language alive.
	www.geocities.com /bigorrin/miccosukee_kids.htm (1258 words)

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