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	Milgram Basics - Dr. Thomas Blass Presents: Stanley Milgram .com
		Controversy surrounded Stanley Milgram for much of his professional life as a result of a series of experiments on obedience to authority which he conducted at Yale University in 1961-1962.
		But, during the experiment itself, the experience was a powerfully real and gripping one for most participants.
		Milgram's career also produced other creative, though less controversial, research; such as, the small-world method (the source of "Six Degrees of Separation"), the lost-letter technique, mental maps of cities, cyranoids, the familiar stranger, and an experiment testing the effects of televised antisocial behavior which, though conducted 30 years ago, remains unique to the present day.
	www.stanleymilgram.com /milgram.php (220 words)

	Milgram Obedience experiment authority study 1974
		The co-subject was actually an actor who, in posing as a subject to the experiment, subsequently claimed that his slip said "learner" such that the unknowing subject was inevitably led to believe that his role as "teacher" had been chosen randomly.
		The experiment was conducted in a scenario where the "learner" was in another room but the "teacher" was made aware of the "actor-learner's" discomfort by poundings on the wall.
		Where the experiment was conducted in a nondescript office building rather than within the walls of a prestigiously ornate hall on Yale's old campus the percentage of subjects who were prepared to administer the maximum voltage dropped to 47.5%.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /psychology/milgram_obedience_experiment.html (1010 words)

	ScienceDaily: Milgram experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Milgram experiment (Obedience to Authority Study) was a famous scientific experiment of social psychology.
		Milgram experiment -- The Milgram experiment (Obedience to Authority Study) was a famous scientific experiment of social...
		Experiment -- In the scientific method, an experiment is a set of actions and observations, performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question, to support or falsify a hypothesis or research...
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Milgram_experiment (1307 words)

	Milgram experiment : QuicklyFind Info
		The Milgram experiment was a scientific experiment of social psychology described by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram in his 1974 book Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View.
		The experiment raised questions about the ethics of scientific experimentation itself because of the extreme emotional stress suffered by the subjects (even though it could be said that this stress was brought on by their own free actions).
		In Milgram's defense, given the choice between "positive", "neutral" and "negative", 84% of former subjects contacted later rated their role in the experiments as a positive experience and 15% chose neutral.
	www.quicklyfind.com /info/Milgram_experiment.htm (1049 words)

	Milgram experiment Summary
		The Milgram experiment(Obedience to Authority Study) was a famous scientific experiment of social psychology.
		The experiment was first described by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, in an article titled Behavioral Study of Obedience.
		Milgram experiment: The experimenter (E) orders the participant (S) to give what the participant believes are painful electric shocks to another participant (A), who is actually an actor.
	www.bookrags.com /Milgram_experiment (200 words)

	The Milgram Experiment
		The point of the experiment is to see how far a person will proceed in a concrete and measurable situation in which he is ordered to inflict increasing pain on a protesting victim.
		He feels the experiment may have been designed also to "test the effects on the teacher of being in an essentially sadistic role, as well as the reactions of a student to a learning situation that was authoritative and punitive."
		The impulse to shock the victim is seen to flow from the potent aggressive tendencies, which are part of the motivational life of the individual, and the experiment, because it provides social legitimacy, simply opens the door to their expression.
	billjohnson.org /Extras/milgram.html (4948 words)

	Milgram, Behavioural Study of Obedience
		Milgram's experimenter (Milgram had no direct contact with the subjects) made it quite clear that they were paid the money just for appearing at the laboratory, and they were free to leave at anytime without forfeiting the money.
		Milgram was aware of this possibility, and in a subsequent variation of his experiment, located in a shabby downtown office, found that the level of obedience was slightly less than the level reported in this original experiment.
		Milgram deceives his subjects, by misinforming them about the true purpose of the experiment and by making them believe they are administering real electric shocks to a real subject.
	www.garysturt.free-online.co.uk /milgram.htm (2951 words)

	Milgram
		Milgram wanted to know how social influence could be so powerful as to create the kind of behavior one saw among concentration camp guards.
		His approach was to set up an experiment that used social pressure to influence people to behave in a way that they clearly thought caused harm to others (though no harm was, in fact, done).
		In chapter 1, Milgram introduces the reader to why the issue of obedience is important to study, gives a short description of his study, and compares his conclusions to those Hannah Arendt made about the Nazi Adolf Eichmann.
	www.stolaf.edu /people/huff/classes/handbook/Milgram.html (707 words)

	The Milgram Experiment: A Lesson in Depravity
		Milgram's work began at Harvard where he was working towards his Ph.D. The experiments on which his initial research was based were done at Yale from 1961-1962.
		Further experiments showed that teachers were less obedient when the experimenter communicated with them via the telephone versus in person, and males were just as likely to be obedient as females, although females tended to be more nervous.
		The experiments spanned a 25-year period from 1961 to 1985 and have been repeated in Australia, South Africa and in several European countries.
	www.new-life.net /milgram.htm (728 words)

	collision detection: Scientists remount Milgram "shock" experiment using 3D avatars
		As you may know, the Milgram experiment was a landmark exploration of human obedience to authority.
		Because the experiment was based on such a disturbing deception, universities quickly disallowed this sort of protocol, and nobody has mounted the Milgram experiment in recent decades.
		I still find the Milgram experiments tragically ironic: the reason we have ethics boards preventing us from doing the kinds of experiments he did is not only because of these types of experiments, but moreso because of the findings of his experiment (that people will obey authority figures almost unconditionally).
	www.collisiondetection.net /mt/archives/2007/01/in_the_vc_condi.html (1694 words)

	Milgram Experiment
		Milgrams Experiment wurde vielfach wiederholt und in allen Fällen ließ sich ein signifikantes Maß an Gehorsam feststellen.
		Milgram stellte dem entgegen, daß in Nachbefragungen 83,5 Prozent der gehorsamen Versuchspersonen und 83,3 Prozent der Ungehorsamen angaben, sie seien froh, an dem Experiment teilgenommen zu haben.
		Milgram selbst belegte diese Annahmen durch eine weitere Modifikation der Baseline seines Experiments.
	www.stangl-taller.at /TESTEXPERIMENT/experimentbspmilgram.html (2228 words)

	Case study - Milgram
		At the end of the experiment, the teacher/participants were told the real purpose behind the experiment, that the voltage switches were not connected, and that the "pupil" was unharmed, never having received any shocks.
		Throughout the experiments, many subjects became highly agitated, exhibiting uncontrollable nervous reactions, such as giggling, shaking, sweating, and expressing concern about the health of the "pupil." The experiment demonstrated the extent to which ordinary people are capable of cruel or brutal behavior under the direction of an authority figure.
		Milgram defended his work, arguing that adequate measures were indeed taken to protect participants; participants could withdraw from the study at any time; and that the deception was explained at the conclusion of the experiment.
	www.seas.upenn.edu /~kfoster/milgram.htm (1040 words)

	Milgram
		In the experiment, so-called "teachers" (who were actually the unknowing subjects of the experiment) were recruited by Milgram.
		The fictitious story given to these "teachers" was that the experiment was exploring effects of punishment (for incorrect responses) on learning behavior.
		The "teacher" was not aware that the "learner" in the study was actually an actor - - merely indicating discomfort as the "teacher" increased the electric shocks.
	www.cba.uri.edu /Faculty/dellabitta/mr415s98/EthicEtcLinks/Milgram.htm (311 words)

	Gary Dean - Milgram Experiment, some thoughts
		Obedience to authority was the theme of Milgram's experiment, which clearly demonstrated the disturbing tendency of people to obey bureaucratic authority in spite of what would seem to be obvious and serious offronts against common morality.
		As Milgram has correctly pointed out, "conflicting authority paralyses action" and "the rebellious action of others severely undermines authority." To an extent, it seems that the existence of choice puts the individual back in command, and conflicting authority opens the possibility of this choice.
		Milgram also asserted that "the experimenters physical presence has a marked impact on his authority." This brings to mind the apocryphal stories about two soldiers from opposing camps who stumble upon each other on the battlefield.
	www.okusi.net /garydean/works/milgram.html (1029 words)

	The Milgram Experiment - Literature Network Forums
		Actually they werent aware they were involved in an obediance experiment and follow ups (opening skinners box cant rember who by) showed that almost all of the participants were glad in later years that they had particpated as it changed there view of the world and authority.
		The people on whom the experiment was carried out were told that they would be part of an experiment but that the experiment was about the role of punishment in learning.
		Can we set up an experiment that would be the opposite of the Milgram experiment, where we bring forth a person suffering, howling in agony at the top of his lungs, and another person who has the means of easying the suffering (through an application of drugs).
	www.online-literature.com /forums/showthread.php?t=15073 (4301 words)

	Jewish Currents: Resisting Authority: A Personal Account of the Milgram Obedience Experiments
		Milgram maintained that a followup questionnaire showed that 84 percent of the subjects were glad to have been involved, 15 percent were neutral and only 1.3 percent were sorry or had negative feelings.
		Their situation cannot be directly compared to that of us who were tested in the Milgram experiment, for they are not being explicitly ordered to injure innocent people (although they know that the "collateral damage" of their military actions includes innocents), nor are the people being killed and injured voluntarily participating in an experiment.
		Milgram was also known for his Six Degrees of Separation experiment, in which, writes Blass, individuals in one U.S. city were given the job of sending a packet to a particular stranger in a different part of the country via the acquaintances they knew on a first-name basis.
	www.jewishcurrents.org /2004-jan-dimow.htm (2557 words)

	Milgram's experiment over waarom mensen mensen martelen
		Het betreffende experiment (in feite een serie experimenten, later ook herhaald door andere psychologen, waaronder P. Zimbardo) is een van de meest bekende experimenten uit de psychologie.
		In the basis experiment, 65 percent of the subjects continued to obey throughout the experiment, continuing to the end of the shock series (...).
		Milgram concludes that obedience to authority is a strong force in our society, since the majority of his subjects obeyed the experimenter even though they thought they were hurting another person.
	www.xs4all.nl /~maartens/meinadam/milgram.htm (503 words)

	Psychology History
		Milgram was born in New York in 1933.
		Milgram through his research and writings laid down the framework for the field that later became known as urban psychology.
		Milgram has this to say about these factors and findings from his study, "The results, as seen and felt in the laboratory, are to this author disturbing.
	members.tripod.com /mikeg531/MikeG531.htm (1733 words)

	Virtual Milgram Experiment: Science Fiction in the News
		In Milgram's earlier version, volunteers were told by an authority figure to deliver electric shocks to another person as punishment during a "test." No actual shocks were given; the "punished" person faked increasingly emotional reactions.
		Milgram's classic experiment was about obedience to authority - how volunteers tended to obey an authority figure despite the warnings of conscience.
		According to Slater, it does this without violating the ethics of experimenters; Milgram's experiment resulted in a year-long delay in his application for membership to the American Psychological Association due to ethics questions.
	www.technovelgy.com /ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=876 (751 words)

	The New York Times > New York Region > 'Excuse Me. May I Have Your Seat?'
		More than three decades later, the memories are still surprisingly vivid, testimony perhaps to the trauma of their experience and an unintended postscript to a rare study on the delicate subway order.
		But Dr. Milgram had developed a new interest in the psychology of urban life, especially in invisible social dictates that help maintain order but go largely unnoticed until they are violated.
		Later, he and another student of Dr. Milgram's, Dr. John Sabini, who went on to become the co-author of a paper on the experiment, were teaching a class together and asked their students to try the subway experiment themselves.
	www.nytimes.com /2004/09/14/nyregion/14subway.html?ei=5090&en=cb9818cd9c7e70d2&ex=1252900800&partner=rssuserland&pagewanted=all (1334 words)

	Psychology Today: The Man Who Shocked The World
		Milgram's dissertation was a cross-cultural comparison of conformity performed in Norway and France between 1957 and 1959.
		Milgram's interest in the study of obedience also emerged out of a continuing identification with the suffering of fellow Jews at the hands of the Nazis and an attempt to fathom how the Holocaust could have happened.
		Milgram also conducted a study of the effects of TV on antisocial behavior and helped launch the psychological study of urban life with the publication of his article, "The Experience of Living in Cities," in Science magazine.
	www.psychologytoday.com /articles/index.php?term=pto-20020301-000037 (2713 words)

	People Who Torture
		Milgram observed that although she was muttering to herself, "I'm shaking here," her communication with the learner continued in the officious tone she had taken from the start.
		Milgram designed one variation so that the victim was shocked only when he had his hand on a shock plate.
		Milgram noted that some who expressed disagreement during the course of the experiment nonetheless continued, and it seemed to him that the dissent served different functions in different individuals.
	www.ralphmag.org /milgrimZN.html (1406 words)

	[ wu :: psychology(compliance) ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Milgram explains that the experiment investigates punishment in learning, and that one will be the "teacher", and one will be the "learner." Rigged lots are drawn to determine roles, and it is decided that the true participant will be the "teacher."
		Milgram told participants that the "learning" experiment was being conducted in the pursuit of science, to study how memory and learning processes work in humans.
		Although most of the participants in Milgram's original experiment were very pleased to have participated in such an unforgettable learning experience, one of them was forever traumatized and had great difficulty continuing with his life.
	www.ocf.berkeley.edu /~wwu/psychology/compliance.shtml (1575 words)

	Amazon.com: Obedience to Authority: Books: Stanley Milgram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Milgram's studies were done between 1961 and 1962 while he was at Yale; they were all variations on a theme: a unknowing participant (the subject-teacher) was brought to believe that s/he was participating in a learning study.
		Milgram's goal is to not simply report the collection and analysis of data, but to engage the reader on a fundamentally moral level.
		Milgram writes that most of the experimental teachers understood the actor to be experiencing pain, in some cases they believed his life could be in jeopardy (because of the previous mention of a 'heart condition').
	www.amazon.com /Obedience-Authority-Stanley-Milgram/dp/006131983X (3246 words)

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