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Topic: Military Frontier

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	Military history of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Throughout most of the first two periods, the Chinese military was shaped by the military threat from the nomadic societies of Mongolia, Manchuria and central Asia, as well as legalism and later, the persistence of Confucian values.
		The third period relates to the efforts of the Chinese military to respond technologically and structurally to the West.
		All of these non-Chinese peoples were formidable because their male populations of military age were all warriors bred to the saddle and trained in the mounted archer mode of fighting that dominated Central Asia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_history_of_China (2447 words)

	Military Frontier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Military Frontier (Military Border, Military Krajina, Vojna Krajina, Војна Крајина, Militärgrenze, Confiniaria militaria) was a borderland of Habsburg Austria which acted as the cordon sanitaire against the Turks from the Middle Ages (Croatian Krajina) or from the late 17th and 18th centuries (Slavonian and Banat Krajina) until the 19th century.
		During the 16th and 17th century, the military administration of the Frontier was moved away from the Croatian ban and the Sabor (Parliament) and instead instated in the high command of Archduke Charles and the War Council in Graz.
		This part of the Military Frontier included the geographic regions of Lika, Kordun, Banija and bordered the Adriatic Sea to the west, Venetian Republic to the south, Habsburg Croatia to the west, and the Ottoman Empire to the east.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_Frontier (1568 words)

	Chapter 8, Military Justice, Society Organized for War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The laws of military justice embrace every aspect of militia activity: the citizen's obligation to serve when summoned; to conform to certain norms in the conduct of a campaign; to observe properly the practices vital to the security of the town; and to distribute equitably any booty taken as the result of battle.
		Francis Jennings has argued that this frontier savagery is largely contained in the eye of the beholder, and may have involved fierce (and primitive as well, for that matter) conduct at least as frequently on the European side as the Indian.
		While the charters are generally obscure on the subject of military justice until the late twelfth century, indications lead one to the conclusion that the more active the municipal militias became in combat and the more sophistication their military organization, the harsher was their application of military law.
	libro.uca.edu /socwar/sw8.htm (7168 words)

	JUBA_ANTHRO146_Military
		Military recruitment was essential for the vitality of the mission system and numbers had to be substantial.
		Military organization on the northern frontier was much simpler than that of Spanish or Mexican armies (Williams 2001: [3], 1).
		Frontier children were exposed to horses all their lives, and they were infatuated with the vaqueros’ riding abilities (Williams 2001: [3], 2).
	www.nps.gov /juba/JUBA_ANTHRO146_Military.html (3731 words)

	Supplying the Frontier Military Posts by Raymond L. Welty, May 1938
		The frontier military post, usually at some distance from the settled areas, was almost solely dependent upon supplies brought from a great distance.
		The principal posts maintained military trains to meet emergencies such as the failure of the contractor to fulfill his contract, and to accompany marching bodies of troops.
		An illustration of the military posts supporting the surrounding settlements was the case of Fort Stanton in the territory of New Mexico.
	www.kshs.org /publicat/khq/1938/38_2_welty.htm (6373 words)

	Space Policy Digest Article - Forging Plowshares into Spears
		The image evoked is that of a military frontier technology crossing over into civilian life and sparking an economic frontier.
		Military ICBMs were pressed into service and rapidly evolved as humans entered orbit and landed on the Moon only eight years after President Kennedy set the goal.
		Soviet military technology in the form of the NK-33 and NK-43 rocket engines will power their entry, then be returned to earth using parachutes and airbags to cushion the landing.
	www.frontierstatus.com /spacepolicyarticles/200003_Plowshares.html (3328 words)

	DAWN - Editorial; October 4, 2003
		This is particularly glaring in cases where military men have been asked to head seats of higher learning or research bodies.
		The increasingly intrusive presence of the military in civilian affairs and its exposure to various administrative, political and (in the case of the spreading acquisition of real estate) commercial influences can only harm the military as an institution.
		It also unnecessarily opens the possibility of a tussle between civilian and military officials in government departments and organizations, and can be interpreted by the former as a lack of confidence in their ability.
	www.dawn.com /2003/10/04/ed.htm (1209 words)

	Wyoming's Frontier Military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1866 the U.S. War Department sent a military force, under the command of Colonel Henry B. Carrington, to build forts in Wyoming and Montana along the newly used Bozeman Trail.
		The Fort served as an important military outpost guarding communication lines through the area as well as protecting the local settlers and ranchers from roving bands of off-reservation Indians.
		Troops from the Fort were involved in the 1887 Crow "Sword Bearer" incident, the 1890 Ghost Dance affair and the Battle of Wounded Knee and the arrest of cattlemen at the TA ranch some 13 miles south of Buffalo during the 1892 Johnson County Invasion.
	www.travel-to-wyoming.com /buffalo/buffalo_gatchell_tour_frontier_military.htm (779 words)

	Texas Adjutant General's Department: An Inventory of Ranger Military Rolls at the Texas State Archives, 1846-1861, ...
		During the Congressional phase of Reconstruction, the military affairs of the State of Texas, and many aspects of civil government, were controlled by the commander of the District of Texas (1866-1868), or of the 5th Military District (1868-1870).
		The place of the Frontier Forces was taken in 1873 and 1874 by the Rangers and the Frontier Men, and finally by the Frontier Battalion, organized by an act passed April 10, 1874.
		The Frontier Battalion was reorganized as the Ranger Force by an act of the 27th Texas Legislature on March 29, 1901.
	www.lib.utexas.edu /taro/tslac/30075/tsl-30075.html (2724 words)

	The Frontier In American History: Chapter II
		On the New England frontier, because it was adjacent to the coast towns, this was not the case, and here, as in seventeenth century Virginia, great activity in protecting the frontier was evinced by the colonial authorities, and the frontier towns themselves called loudly for assistance.
		This phase of frontier defense needs a special study, but at present it is sufficient to recall that the colony sent garrisons to the frontier besides using the militia of the frontier towns; and that it employed rangers to patrol from garrison to garrison.
		The final aspect of this frontier to be examined, is the attitude of the conservatives of the older sections towards this movement of westward advance.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~HYPER/TURNER/chapter2.html (6009 words)

	The Overland Trail Links--Military Roads-Last updated 06/17/01
		Texas: The Military Road Expedition of 1840-41 In December 1839 the Congress of the Republic of Texas passed a law directing military personnel to cut a road between Austin and Fort Inglish (now Bonham).
		Trans-Alaska Military Trail and Wagon Road Sections of the trail remain much the same today as when first built by soldiers and destitute prospectors hired by the Army in the summer of 1899.
		The Willamette Valley and Cascade Mountain Military Road On September 5th of 1859 a party hardy explorers, consisting of Andrew Wiley, Harvey Wiley, John Brandenberg, and John Gray followed the course of the South Santiam River in an effort to locate a route over the Cascade Mountains to central Oregon.
	www.over-land.com /militaryroad.html (873 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: MILITARY HISTORY
		By sponsoring exploration and building frontier forts, the army encouraged westward migration of non-Indians and ensured the ouster of virtually all of the tribes.
		To protect the frontiers and to provide bases for offensive action, in 1838 Congress provided for a line of military posts along the republic's northern and western frontiers, to be manned by a regiment of 840 men and supported by a military road stretching from the Red River to the Nueces.
		The actions of Texas, United States, and Mexican military forces, the slaughter of the buffalo, the expansion of the railroads, and the westward migration of non-Indian settlers combined to destroy the military power of the Plains Indians in Texas.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/MM/qzmtg.html (5403 words)

	Session 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		All of the papers are concerned with the triangular pattern of interaction between civil elites, military elites, and the ruler.
		Starting from the seldom discussed but not unknown fact that a majority of empresses were chosen from families with military backgrounds, I will demonstrate that a select group of families defined by their military contributions to the dynasty maintained a highly privileged position of power and prestige during the Northern Song.
		The selection and appointment of military officials did not follow the regular appointment procedure, and military officials were allowed or even encouraged to seek extra incomes other than their regular salaries through involvement in commerce and other unconventional activities.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1999abst/china/c-5.htm (1234 words)

	The Fort Leavenworth-Fort Gibson Military Road and the Founding of Fort Scott by Louise Barry, May 1942
		Fort Gibson, always one of the strongest frontier garrisons, was also neglected during this period and for several succeeding years, despite the fact that it was in a dilapidated state.
		An application from citizens of Clay county, Missouri, for the erection of military posts and the opening of military roads around the state's frontier, was communicated to the senate December 24, 1835.
		Although the military highway as shown on these plats may have little relation to the road of the 1840'd, it nevertheless seems likely that some sections of the original were retained in subsequent highway changes.
	www.kancoll.org /khq/1942/42_2_barry.htm (6123 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Tang Frontier Military and the An Lushan Rebellion
		Edwin Pulleyblank has argued that during the mid-Tang there was a sharp division between civilians and a "barbarized" frontier military.
		This paper uses alternative sources, such as reports of tomb excavations and funerary epitaphs, to present a more nuanced view of the frontier military in the first half of the eighth century.
	www.ship.edu /~jkskaf/Scholarship/Tangfrontiermilabst.html (262 words)

	Tubac Through Four Centuries: An Historical Resume and Analysis
		The military situation in the Frontier Provinces, particularly in the northwest, remained as stable and relatively peaceful as it had been at the end of colonial times for approximately a decade after independence was achieved.
		One of the operational indices of the continued excellence of the frontier forces was a large-scale military expedition undertaken by General José Figueroa with over 300 men in the year 1825 (Figueroa October 22, 1825) which at least laid the preliminary groundwork for implementing the Arvizu proposals.
		These frontier land grants would not have been eagerly sought had the frontier military posts not been carrying out their protection and pacification mission very successfully.
	parentseyes.arizona.edu /tubac/cpt9-A1.htm (1639 words)

	MSU News -- Frontier physicians "did their best"
		This year's conference, held Oct. 23 at the Museum of the Rockies at Montana State University-Bozeman, was devoted to frontier military medicine and the settlement of the West.
		Others that were developed during the time of frontier medicine were stethoscopes, surgical instruments, thermometers, anesthesia, the development of hospitals, emergency transportation, and antiseptic conditions.
		Reed was a true frontier surgeon, a brilliant man, who led the team that discovered the relationship between mosquitoes and Yellow Fever.
	www.montana.edu /news/1067546014.html (594 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Reach of Rome: A History of the Roman Imperial Frontier 1St-5Th Centuries Ad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		English historian Williams combines a history of Roman frontier military organization with a gazetteer of surviving Roman military structures.
		Williams believes that the shift to the defensive was more the result of personality and temperament than of external factors and that the shift fatally weakened the spirit of the Roman army.
		Williams has written an innovative and valuable survey of frontier regions, in which he describes them as zones of cultural and political interchange as well as occasionally...
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0312156316 (363 words)

	Africa: The New Oil and Military Frontier
		Most of the countries on Bush's guest list were either steady oil producers or in the heart of West Africa's oil exploration area, which provides the US with 15% of its oil.
		A pertinent example is that of the continuing human rights struggle in Nigeria's oil-rich Niger Delta where local women have been active in demanding basic human necessities while oil companies make millions off of their land.
		Although many view the women's action as a human rights triumph, according to AOPIG, community action is a security concern, and thus defined as "a recurring problem due to lack of Nigerian off-shore security capabilities." Build the military and extract the oil--the benevolent future of Africa in the hands of US policy.
	www.afsc.org /pwork/0210/021010.htm (902 words)

	Cheyenne Frontier Days: Military Committee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The military committee is a multidisciplinary, multiorganizational committee.
		We provide transportation, cowboy medics, meals, entertainment, and military reenactments from cavalry days to today and of course, the world famous Air Force Thunderbird aerial demonstration, this year performing for the 52nd consecutive year.
		Be proud of your military volunteers, as they are proud to serve Cheyenne Frontier Days and the Cheyenne Community.
	www.cfdrodeo.com /committee_military.cfm (167 words)

	Montana Historical Society Press - Frontier Military Books
		A brilliant military strategist, Red Cloud honed his skills against his tribe's traditional enemies—the Pawnees, Shoshones, Arikaras, and Crows—long before he fought to close the Bozeman Trail.
		Frontier Soldier: An Enlisted Man's Journal of the Sioux and Nez Perce Campaigns
		Frontier Soldier is such a journal, by a literate private who left his story of plains warfare in a chronicle rich in detail.
	www.his.state.mt.us /pub/press/frontmil.asp (635 words)

	Krajina, Serbs of Krajina, Croatia, Slavonia
		Military Frontier Province Between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires, ca.
		In 1849 the Frontier was formed into a separate province, with an area of 15,182 sq.m., and a population of 1,220,503, MOSTLY SERB or Croat, with some Vlach or Rumanian...
		Having been badly depopulated by Turkish raids, the Military Frontier was resettled largely by refugees of a variety of ethnic origins, but Serbs and Bosnians (*) contributed a large portion.
	www.srpska-mreza.com /History/pre-wwOne/Krajina-Serbs.html (1361 words)

	Frontier Combat Arts at the American Heritage Fighting Arts Association
		This design was made famous by his life and exploits and the Bowie knife took on a life of its own.
		Bowie knives were carried all across America throughout the 19th century, and were used as both utilitarian and fighting tools on the frontier.
		Though Bowie never taught anyone to fight like him, there were school across the country teaching fighting methods with these large blades, and several styles of use evolved.
	ahfaa.org /frontier.htm (216 words)

	Texas During the Rebellion
		There is a bounty of details on Native American military tactics and descriptions of the individuals who participated in the struggle to control west Texas.
		Military biographies can be divided into two types, those taken from a personal diary and those from a scholarly research of several primary sources.
		An overview of military operations in the far western reaches of Texas is by Steve Cottrell Civil War in Texas and New Mexico Territory (Gretna, 1998).
	barksdale.uta.edu /hall1.htm (9334 words)

	AAA Traveler - Kansas Millitary Road
		It has, in turn, been part of the “permanent Indian frontier,” a country divided in war, and a bridge to commerce and a prosperous future in the West.
		Mounted dragoons dressed in their finery are as much in the past as the military road they traveled, but U.S. Highway 69 and several connecting highways, designated as the Frontier Military Scenic Byway, spotlight attractions that bring frontier history to life.
		In the early 1800s, American Indian populations were relocated to a permanent Indian frontier stretching from Fort Snelling in Minnesota to Fort Jesup in Louisiana, and west to the eastern face of the Rockies.
	www.aaamissouri.com /traveler/0005/tearsofb.html (867 words)

	Roman Military Architecture - East and Danube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The goal of this ongoing project is to bring together the archaeological, historical and geographic data relating to the study of the Roman military presence in these inadequately studied parts of the Empire and to consolidate them for scholarly use.
		We will mainly be interested with the architectural remains left behind by the military and what they can tell us about Rome's martial stategy.
		While the Eastern frontier region in particular had a long history of fortified cities being used as military posts, these cities and their structures are, for the present, out of the scope of our study.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/mrw67/acla608a (256 words)

	Custer Books
		The saga of the military struggle for the American West in the words of the soldiers, non-combatants, and Native Americans who shaped it.
		Synthesizing primary and secondary sources, Greene describes the event's causes, conduct and consequences even as he addresses the multiple controversies surrounding the conflict, including questions of whether the engagement was a battle or a massacre.
		The only comprehensive history of the military fort that was established in Dakota Territory in 1864 along the main travel route of the Dakota Sioux.
	www.guidon.com /custer.html (11144 words)

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