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Topic: Military citadels under London

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Cabinet War Rooms

Subterranean London

Marsham Towers

Civil Defence centre

Civil defence centres in London

London deep level shelters

The War of the Worlds (novel)

Tunnels underneath the River Thames

Second World War

Kingsway tramway subway

London

Flak tower

London Post Office Railway

Subterranean rivers of London

History of London

	Air-raid shelter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nevertheless, Londoners preferred to use the Underground stations to any other shelters because they felt safest there, and they were willing to demonstrate their determination that they should be allowed to use the tube stations and tunnels.
		Nevertheless, the London Underground system during the war was considered one of the safest means of protecting relatively many people in a high-density area of the capital.
		Military air raid shelters included blast pens at airfields for the security of aircrews and personnel away from the main airbase buildings.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Air_raid_shelter (2665 words)

	LONDON (ENGLAND) - LoveToKnow Article on LONDON (ENGLAND) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The population of Greater London by the census of 1901 was 6,581,402.
		The foreign-born population of London was 60,252 in 1881, and !35,,377 in 1901.
		For judicial purposes Westminster was merged with the county of London in 1889, and the Liberty of the Tower was abolished in 1894.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LO/LONDON_ENGLAND_.htm (18839 words)

	Military citadels under London - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was constructed in 1940-1941 as a bomb-proof operations centre for the Admiralty, with foundations nine metres deep and a concrete roof six metres thick.
		The only central London citadel currently open to the public is the Cabinet War Rooms, located in Horse Guards Road in the basement of what is now HM Treasury.
		The most important military citadel in central London - and arguably in Britain - is PINDAR, a bunker built beneath the Ministry of Defence on Whitehall.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_citadels_under_London (1024 words)

	Civil defence centres in London - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Cold War every London Borough was obliged to have a Civil Defence centre.
		These were controversial structures as it was widely believed that planning for the aftermath of nuclear war was both expensive and pointless.
		London was called Region 5 and had its Regional Seat of Government in a re-used Radar Station at Kelvedon Hatch in Essex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civil_defence_centres_in_London (131 words)

	Bambooweb: Siege
		A siege is a prolonged military blockade and assault of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition.
		Usually a citadel was a "mini fortress" within the larger fortress, sometimes designed as a last bastion of defense, but more often as a means of protecting the garrison from potential revolt in the city.
		The citadel was used in wartime and peacetime to keep the residents of the city in line.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/s/i/Siege.html (3585 words)

	Whitechapel Mount and the London Hospital (1999)
		London was of vital importance to both sides during the Civil Wars, and by fleeing the capital in January 1642, Charles I placed his cause at a distinct disadvantage.
		This didn’t mean, however, that London was completely safe as there was always the possibility of internal unrest, and even after his defeat at Naseby on 14 June, 1645, the king was still capable of mounting raids such as the one against Huntingdon, Cromwell’s birthplace, on 24 August 1645 [50].
		London’s defensives were amongst the largest urban defensive system in early modern Europe and the Venetian Secretary considered them "most difficult to defend" [76].
	www.mernick.co.uk /thhol/whimount.html (5783 words)

	Military citadels under London (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is already well known that a large network of tunnels exists below London for a variety of communications, civil defence and military purposes (see, for instance, War Plan UK by Duncan Campbell).
		It is claimed to extend as far north as Holborn.
		Hard evidence for Q-Whitehall remains sketchy; a large covered ventilator shaft on Parliament Square is said by some to be connected to the facility.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Military-citadels-under-London.htm (848 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Conditions did not become better until two hundred years later when, in 1780, King Gustavus III at the request of the Estates granted the free exercise of their religion to "Christians of other faiths" who desired to settle in Sweden for the sake of carrying on commerce or manufactures.
		Under Erik's autocratic rule the internal government grew worse from year to year, and the growing discontent of the people found vent in bloody revolts.
		Under the leadership of Engelbrechtsson the Dalecarlians drove away all the Danish supervisors and chose a head of their own (until 1435).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14347a.htm (10141 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire XIII
		Under the cover of a thick fog they escaped the fleet of Allectus, which had been stationed off the Isle of Wight to receive them, landed in safety on some part of the western coast, and convinced the Britons that a superiority of naval strength will not always protect their country from a foreign invasion.
		We have observed, under the reign of Valerian, that Armenia was subdued by the perfidy and the arms of the Persians, and that, after the assassination of Chosroes, his son Tiridates, the infant heir of the monarchy, was saved by the fidelity of his friends, and educated under the protection of the emperors.
		Their principal distinction was the Imperial or military robe of purple; whilst the senatorial garment was marked by a broad, and the equestrian by a narrow, band or stripe of the same honourable colour.
	www.ourcivilisation.com /smartboard/shop/gibbone/rome/volume1/chap13.htm (13213 words)

	Albanian History
		In their absence, Serb and Montenegrin military units were brought to Kosova, and presented as liberators.
		Kosova, therefore, emerged from the war into the new federal Yugoslavia under a state of siege, her population regarded as a threat to the new state.
		The weakening of the Eastern Empire under the troubled reign of the basileus Phocas (AD 602-10) opened even wider the gates of Illyria to the Slav invasion, for by this time, the Slavs have reached the Dalmatian coast.
	members.aol.com /dxhezo/history.htm (4126 words)

	Ghost of a flea: Military citidels under London (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In September, 1940, it was decided that "the cabinet would remain in Whitehall until it was bombed out or communications broke down." The Flea's curiousity about all things in underground London leaves me with a burning desire to visit various military citidels and air raid shelters built under London in response to this decision.
		The initial plan was to relocate the core of the machinery of government to the suburbs of north and northwest London.
		Outside London, but of interest, is the UK Government Emergency War Headquarters bunker facility at Corsham, Wiltshire built in a WWII-era underground factory.
	www.ghostofaflea.com /archives/006180.html (808 words)

	Fortification. Who is Fortification? What is Fortification? Where is Fortification? Definition of Fortification. ...
		Fortifications are military constructions designed for defensive warfare.
		The practice of improving an area's defense is also known as "fortification".
		Many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always "fortified".
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Fortification (67 words)

	Timeline 1450-1499
		Under his rule Hungary was the most important state in central Europe.
		1459 The Serbs fell under Turkish rule and all of Serbia became the property of the sultan and all Serbs became bond-slaves to the land.
		Herny was captured and taken to London to serve as a figurehead.
	timelines.ws /1450_1475.HTML (4960 words)

	Course Descriptions
		In the post-Cold War era militaries around the world have found themselves in turmoil: faced with growing demands and rising expectations regarding their functions and missions, while at the same time being subjected to significant downsizing, budget shortfalls, and extensive reorganizations.
		Among the global issues under scrutiny will be environmental degradation; debt forgiveness; land distribution; sweatshops, labor practices and standards; the new slavery in the global economy; and the vulnerability of the world's children.
		Under specific investigation will be the social construction and processes of marginalization, disenfranchisement and the effects of globalization that have reinforced the division between the world's rich and poor.
	www.dickinson.edu /departments/reg/04sp/04SPcrsdesc.htm (11309 words)

	Articles - Admiralty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Admiralty Citadel is a squat windowless World War II fortress at the north east corner of Horse Guards Parade.
		See Military citadels under London for further details.
		London 6: Westminster (from the Buildings of England series) by Nikolaus Pevsner and Simon Bradley (2003).
	www.kimia-sains.com /articles/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty (751 words)

	History of Nova Scotia; Book.2; Part 1; Ch. 1, "Introduction."
		It is London, February 9th, 1760: There are a half dozen English military officers arriving at the steps of a stately building.
		Their earnestness is reflected in their faces and in their walk as they mount the steps and enter into the halls of government.
		The vast chamber was sparsely furnished; rugs were on the walls; and chairs, seemingly not meant to be sat upon, were here and there at the perimeter of the room.
	www.blupete.com /Hist/NovaScotiaBk2/Part1/Ch01.htm (1260 words)

	Cabinet Office Briefing Rooms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After the September 11, 2001 attacks the Prime Minister Tony Blair set up a War Cabinet which is a much more traditional institution for dealing with possible major attacks upon the United Kingdom itself in "wartime".
		COBR was opened for the 7 July 2005 London bombings, to coordinate the emergency response, with the Prime Minister flying directly from the G8 summit to chair a COBR meeting.
		It was also opened for the 21 July 2005 London bombings.
	stevehome.dynup.net /en/Cabinet_Office_Briefing_Room_A.htm (330 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Subterranean_London (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The metropolis of London has been occupied for many centuries, and has acquired a number of subterranean landmarks.
		The London sewerage system (designed by Joseph Bazalgette)
		London, like most other major cities, has extensive underground infrastructure for electricity distribution, natural gas supply, water supply, sewerage and telecommunications, including the BT copper local loops and optical fibre from numerous suppliers.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Subterranean_London (70 words)

	The Great War Syndicate Page 16 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Instantaneous motor-bombs could sweep away all forts and citadels, and explode and destroy all torpedo defences, and London might lie under the guns of the repeller.
		This answer was received in London in the evening, and all night it was the subject of earnest and anxious deliberation in the Government offices.
		It was at last decided, amid great opposition, that the Syndicate's alternative must be accepted, for it would be the height of folly to allow the repeller to bombard any port she should choose.
	www.web-books.com /Classics/Fiction/ScienceFic/Stockton_GreatWar/GreatWarP16.htm (1884 words)

	Phoenicia, Phoenicians Founded Genoa
		On the initiative of the financiers of the Saint-Georges Bank and in front of the danger of the Barbary Coasts attacks, a system of several hundred towers situated on headlands on the coast side, was built during the 15th and 16th centuries.
		The city "Alghero" was founded in 1102 by the Doria family and became a Catalan colony under Peter IV of Aragon in 1354.
		From 1810 to 1828 he developed a career as a 'free artist' throughout Europe, mesmerizing audiences and critics with his showmanship; notable compositions were the bravura variations Le streghe (1813), the imaginative 24 Caprices op.1 and the second and third violin concertos, surpassing in brilliance any that had been written before.
	www.phoenicia.org /genoa.html (5935 words)

	PakDef Forums - What countries are backing Pakistan!?
		Given the break in the alliance between the military, intelligence, religious and militant groups over the Taliban, there is a question whether that break will remain a “strategic” one confined to the events of Kabul or will there be a break whose fault lines cut across a larger canvas.
		The military establishment justifies its ties with the religio-political parties as essential given the situation in the disputed Kashmir Valley.
		The military establishment was heavily involved in the political restructuring of Afghanistan ever since Soviet tanks rolled into Kabul in 1979.
	www.pakdef.info /forum/showthread.php?t=587 (4358 words)

	International Jewish Empire
		Within the City of London, there exists a one square mile financial district centered around Fleet St. Commonly referred to as the "vatican of the financial world", this small sovereign state is NOT subject to British law, and could be considered the very heart and soul of the International Jewish Empire.
		With all this background in perspective, it is easier to understand why the jewish people, percieving themselves as being GOD's "chosen people", would have a consuming desire to acquire global power and establish once and for all their long delayed kingdom of God on Earth.
		In doing so, they would then enslave all mankind under the boot of a jewish master race led by a jewish messiah who is to rule from Jerusalem.
	www.geocities.com /westcoast774 (1077 words)

	The Rig Veda
		Ceylon, under the name of the Land of the Counterlanders, was long considered to be another world; but the epoch and the achievements of Alexander the Great supplied clear proof of its being an island.
		It is suggested that the interments in the later cemetery at Harappa are those of "true Vedic Aryans", and that the forts or citadels which the Vedic war-god Indra is said to have destroyed included Harappa in their number.
		Under the guise of Hindutva, we are being made to follow Brahmanism, more specifically the sect of Aryan Vaishnavism, a faith alien to one-half of India's population.
	users.cyberone.com.au /myers/rig-veda.html (13700 words)

	London sewerage system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the early 19th Century the Thames was practically an open sewer, with disastrous consequences for public health in London.
		In the 20th Century major improvements were made to the system, to reduce pollution of the Thames Estuary and the North Sea.
		The London sewer system plays a large part in English writer Neil Gaimans 1996 novel Neverwhere.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /London-infrastructure/London-sewerage-system.html (138 words)

	Defensive wall - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Dubrovnik has well-preserved city fortifications including towers, gate, rampart walk and two citadels guarding the docks.
		Stone walls built in 14th-16th century, at the isthmus of the Pelješac peninsula, to the north of Dubrovnik; 890 meters long town wall and 5 km Great Wall outside the town
		Fragments of London Wall, the wall that once surrounded the Roman town of Londinium, are still visible just outside the Museum of London and at Tower Hill.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/City_walls (688 words)

	GuruNet — Content Map
		Military awards of the United States Department of the Navy
		Military badges of the United States Department of Defense
		Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR
	www.gurunet.com /cm-dsid-2222-letter-1M-first-26351 (56 words)

	Siege (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the European Middle Ages, virtually all large cities had city walls-Dubrovnik in Dalmatia is an impressive and well-preserved example-and more important cities had citadels, forts or castles.
		But Lines of Torres Vedras (1810-1811), which were built by the the Portuguese under the direction of Royal Engineers of the British Army during the Peninsular war were able to stop a French Army and were the first example of Trench warfare.
		The Siege of Sevastopol (1854-1855) during the Crimean War and those of Petersburg (1864-1865) during the American Civil War showed that modern citidals could still resist an enemy for many months.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/si/Siege.htm (4244 words)

	The London War Room - London RU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		BBC London, A virtual tour of London'sCabinet War Room as used by Winston Churchill during the Second World War.
		London's new Churchill Museum will never see the light of day.
		The only central London citadel currently open to the public is the Cabinet War Rooms, located in Horse …
	london.ru.com /the-london-war-room.html (578 words)

	Rhode Island History: Chapter 3
		The British occupied Newport in December 1776, and a long siege to evict them culminated in August 1778 in the large but inconclusive Battle of Rhode Island, a contest which was the first combined effort of the Americans and their French allies.
		Whatever anti-Catholicism existed in Rhode Island was mollified by assistance rendered to the struggling colonials by Catholic France and by the benevolent presence of large numbers of French troops in Newport under General Rochambeau, some of whom remained when the struggle was over.
		This institution, destined to emerge as one of America's foremost citadels of higher learning, was ably directed by the Reverend James Manning(1738-91).
	www.rilin.state.ri.us /studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt3.html (1545 words)

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