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Topic: Military coups

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	Answering Exam Questions
		This tradition of the military ejecting the leaders of the state has continued into the Republican era, itself started by a group of former Ottoman generals, and there have been three coups in the last forty years: 27 May 1960, 12 March 1971, and 12 September 1980.
		Although we can say the 1960 coup was political (i.e., the result of a clash of views between the military and the party in power), the coups of 1971 and 1980 were moves to protect the security of the country.
		Following the 1960 coup, the National Security Council was founded so that the commanders could give their message officially to the civilian government; if this body had existed in 1960, a coup might have been avoided.
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~fast/coups.html (1425 words)

	Coup d'état
		Indeed, Julius Caesar was the victim of a coup.
		One form of military intervention which some regard as a coup d'état is the use of the threat of military force to remove a particularly unpopular leader.
		In cases where the coup is led by junior officers or enlisted men, the coup is also a mutiny which can have grave implications for the organizational structure of the military.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/go/Golpe.html (856 words)

	Coup d'état - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The coup succeeds if its opponents fail to dislodge the plotters, allowing them to consolidate their position, obtain the surrender or acquiescence of the populace and surviving armed forces, and claim legitimacy.
		One of the early examples of this is the coup by Sulla in 88 BC which displaced the elected leadership of Marius in Rome.
		Napoleon's 18 Brumaire coup is often pointed out as an example of bloodless coup, showing that bloodless coups are not always considered to be "bloodless": on 18 Brumaire, several members of parliament were thrown out the windows of the building where they assembled.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_coup (1639 words)

	Military Coups In Africa--The African "Neo-Colonialism" That Is Self-Inflicted
		The military, which the nationalist politicians had grown to despise and mistrust during the pre-independence era, had to be moulded and blended into this new national image.
		The feudal monarchy of Emperor Haile Selassie in Ethiopia was deposed by the military in September 1974.
		Coups have been linked directly or indirectly with personal ambitions and the craving for power by some specific key players.4 This was in fact the case in Dahomey in 1965.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1985/WJ.htm (3082 words)

	Wells, Coup detat in Theory and Practice
		When scores on a coup activity index (used in the multiple- regression analyses which follows) are dichotomized, eight of the 14 former British territories rate high as against nine of 15 of the French.
		A coup activity score was computed by assigning a value of 10 points to a successful coup 3 to an overt attempt which failed, and 1 point to an uncovered plot.
		The inclusion of socioeconomic and military variables in the explanatory model is justified on theoretical and empirical grounds.
	www.janda.org /c10/readings/wells.htm (3866 words)

	The Illegality of Military Coups and the U.S. Imbroglio In Africa: The Case of Zaire of Mobutu (1965-1997) in ...
		Military and other right-wing forces have meanwhile [succeeded] to keep up with popular movements and have used their illegal methods in order to seize power and overthrow regimes.
		According to Samuel Decalo, “[i]f during the 1960s the coup d’état rapidly emerged as the most visible and recurrent characteristic of the African political experience, by the late 1970s quasi-permanent military rule had become the norm for much of the continent.
		It becomes almost impossible to achieve this mission of the rule of law after the seizure of power by military coup since the constitution of the country as well as the judicial system are trodden down by the new, strong guys.
	www.authorhouse.com /BookStore/ItemDetail~bookid~28961.aspx (938 words)

	Nowa Omoigui: Nigerian Military Coups
		A palace coup is one in which the sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force is carried out by individuals in positions of authority who are themselves part and parcel of the ruling regime.
		Palace coups have occurred since antiquity.Pharaoh Amen-em-het Sehetep-ib-re of Ancient Egypt was killed in a palace coup in 1962 B.C.In 555 B.C., Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon was overthrown in a palace coup and replaced by Nabonidus - a reclusive scholar who ate grass thinking he was a goat.
		The coup succeeded in Kaduna, the northern region capital, failed in Lagos, the federal capital, and in Ibadan, the western regional capital, but barely took place in Benin the midwestern capital, and Enugu the eastern capital.
	www.omoigui.com /nigerian_military_coups (1454 words)

	Vanguard - Law & Human Rights: Lawyers react to Justice Belgore’s justification of military coups
		He was quoted as saying “they (military) came to cure a malady in our national development: a malady of ineptitude; a malady of corruption; a malady of divisive tendencies and so many others.
		Once we say military incursion into governance is alright, then we should also justify robbery in the country and let everybody know that we are being ruled by might not by law and that we are in a jungle not human society.
		The military incursion and behaviour led the National Assembly to take the decision recently that past military leaders be paid a terminal benefit rather than earning their salaries till the end of their life.
	www.vanguardngr.com /articles/2002/features/law/law114072006.html (1885 words)

	Military coups in Bangladesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The coup of 15 August 1975 was organized by officers of Bangladesh Army.
		The coup resulted in the assassination of the country's president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, his entire family (daughters Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana escaped as they were in Germany) and several ministers and leaders of Awami League.
		The coup of 30 April 1981 took place in the southern port city of Chittagong, where President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated by a group of disgruntled army officers led by General Manjur, another freedom fighter of General Zia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh (1150 words)

	A Way to Remedying Historical Wrongs in the Continent of Military Coups
		In the case of the most recent coup d'état that took place in Mauritania on Wednesday August 3 2005 as is the case with most other coups, I would argue that its causes were mainly political.
		In a time when super powers like the US and the UK are justifying their military interventions by the need to promoting democracy in the developing world in general and the Muslim world in particular, recognizing regimes that usurp power in fact contributes to the problems of the continent and alienates more Africans and Muslims.
		It is true that coups such as the ones that took place in Mauritania and Tunisia may have averted a civil and bloody conflict.
	majalla.org /news/2005/summer05/ahmed-on-africa.htm (1977 words)

	Syria - Coups and Countercoups, 1961-70
		Demonstrations against this new coup broke out in several of the major cities and, on April 5, the seven military officers who had organized and implemented the coup were sent into exile by other military leaders.
		Their abortive coup was poorly planned and elicited no discernible support from the military, but in February the government attempted to purge the army of an estimated 120 officers who were believed to pose a threat.
		On March 8 there was yet another coup by the military, and on March 9 Salah al Din al Bitar, who with Michel Aflaq had founded the Baath Party in the 1940s, became prime minister for the first of several times.
	countrystudies.us /syria/15.htm (814 words)

	Cycle of military coups in Thailand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		As a matter of practice, Thailand was governed by Songgram, until a bloodless coup in September, 1957 led by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, with a Council of Ministers, all of whom held commands in the armed forces.
		It is thus evident that the role of the armed forces in the politics of Thailand is a deep-rooted malady but the trend of military hegemony had to recede at least temporarily in the face of developing democratic culture in the people.
		The coup leaders promptly promulgated martial law throughout the country, abrogated the Constitution, banned all political activities and pressed rigid press censorship, and with this, the hard work put forth by different groups of people to strengthen constitutionalism in Thailand has been set at naught.
	nation.ittefaq.com /artman/publish/printer_31500.shtml (2027 words)

	Vanguard -Viewpoint : Nigeria and military democracy
		This is particularly true in Africa where poverty and military coup are rampant with successful coup plotters emerging as national leaders and heroes.
		The 'tribal coups' of 1966 were followed by the season of âcommercial coupsâ after the civil war, and were master-minded mainly by the rough and tumble win-the-war officers.
		The military regimes of Generals Gowon, Murtala Mohammed, YarâAdua/Obasanjo, Buhari, Babangida, Abacha and Abdulsalami Abubakar, all had a common aim of acquiring individual wealth and power, in addition to amending the Constitution to strengthen the Northern grip on Nigeria.
	www.vanguardngr.com /articles/2002/viewpoints/vp426102006.html (1271 words)

	Gulfnews: Not all military coups are bad
		Since 1932, the year in which Thailand became a constitutional monarchy, the country has witnessed 17 successful coups, all of which were bloodless with their leaders remaining loyal to King Bhumibol Adulyadej, retaining the monarchic system, and avoiding the prosecution of their predecessors.
		Probably under the fear that Thaksin would emerge again as democratically elected leader in the new elections scheduled for November, and consequently Thai society would be further divided by his victory, the army, with covert support from the palace, decided to interfere and put an end to the crisis.
		On the reform issue, a new constitution is expected to be written under the military and monarchy's watch with the aim of diluting the power of the government, limiting the size and power of political parties, and strengthening the independent checking and balancing institutions.
	www.gulfnews.com /opinion/columns/world/10069700.html (730 words)

	The Military in Contemporary Middle East Politics
		At the same time, coups by military officers often, in fact, represented revolts by various ethnic, religious, class, and regional groups that were well-represented in the officer corps while largely excluded from the political and economic elite.
		At the same time, however, regular militaries often prefer such a division of labor, preferring not to be involved in conflicts which, they argue, detract from their prime function of protecting against external enemies.
		Among other reasons that military forces don't like to engage in such activities, is the danger of creating friction between the armed forces and the citizens, opening up divisions in their own ranks, and detracting from training.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2001/issue1/jv5n1a4.html (7885 words)

	[No title]
		The military returned to the political stage in 1947 and re-installed Pibul as Prime Minister.
		This type of coup is aimed at circumventing the slow and sometimes difficult semi-democratic processes which the military strongmen have adopted to try to legitimize their rule.
		The above analysis indicates that military's incursion into politics in 1947 was, as suggested in the theoretical discussion, propelled, as in Burma and Indonesia, by the military's perception that disorderly elements and forces (usually portrayed as communist), were endangering the stability of the state.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs/cty-AJCHX5A.htm (6283 words)

	On Coups d'Etat with Military Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Coups d'état performed with military force seem to have a very bad reputation when reported in the media.
		the coup is welcomed or at least accepted by the majority of the population; only a minority is against it.
		That is especially the case with Chile and Turkey, where the coups were planned and staged by the high command in their respective countries.
	www.kkrva.se /Artiklar/011/011e/nerpin.html (498 words)

	Dictatorship and Military Coups
		The nation later learnt from various sources that the army officer in question was either planning a coup, or was involved in a coup plan, at the time of his forcible seizure from Kirikiri.
		You can only resist a coup d'etat if you know that what is happening, or has happened, is a coup d'etat, or if the people who are in the position to say so declare that what is happening, or has just taken place, is a coup d'etat.
		Otherwise, you, the coup resister, may become a coupist or a coup suspect.
	www.dawodu.com /madunagu7.htm (1291 words)

	Waking up to Fiji's culture of coups - Fiji Times Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		And while the other coups were executed with an element of surprise, this one had everyone prepared after the commander warned the nation well in advance of a "clean-up campaign".
		But he said out of the four coups, 1987 and 2006 were full military coups while 2000 was semi military and the bottom line was that no coup would be successful without the backing of the military.
		"The 2006 coup is different in the sense that it is justified by the military as an attempt to reduce ethno-nationalism and corruption in State politics," he said.
	fijitimes.com /story.aspx?id=53261 (2585 words)

	Welcome to Nigeria Planet.com
		The Northern coup was accompanied by widespread sectarian violence against ethnic Igbos migrants in the north and middle belt regions, and subsequently forced many to flee in large numbers to their homeland in the south.
		As Biafra was now perceived as expansionist, this provoked a violent response from the federal military government who retook the Midwest with ease, escalating the conflict into a full-scale war which resulted in between 1 to 3 million deaths and the reincorporation of Biafran territory into the republic after a victory for the federation.
		The Shagari government was viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society, so when the regime was overthrown by the military coup of Mohammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984, it was generally viewed as a positive development by most of the population.
	www.nigeria-planet.com (2019 words)

	Greatest Military Intel Coups - Military Photos
		While maybe not qualified as spies, I do think this is a good candidate for the military intel: Marion Riyetski (spelling?) The Polish cryptanalyst who figured out how one could begin to decipher the German Enigma code.
		It was a combination of fake spy and military intel, and very well done.
		One of the reasons why Hitler refused to relinquish control of the Panzer reserves was because he believed, even many days and weeks after D-Day, that the "real" invasion was yet to come at Pas de Calais.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=87904 (1047 words)

	Don't ignore warnings of more military coups - Aug. 01, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In contrast, many of the top armed forces generals and politicians pooh-poohed the reports of troop movements and an impending coup and were caught flatfooted.
		According to military tacticians, it is worse than the Alamo whose defenders, despite their bravery, were all killed.
		Last Sunday's mutiny bore shadows of the 1989 coup, which could be a clue as to who planned last Sunday's "mutiny" in Makati.
	www.inq7.net /opi/2003/aug/01/opi_nhcruz-1.htm (985 words)

	Film “COUP” About the Turkish Military Coups Released on DVD
		Today, COUP, a documentary film about the 1960, 1971, 1980, and 1997 military interventions and coups d'etat in Turkey, was released on DVD.
		COUP features amazing, never-before-seen photos, documents, audio clips, and film footage from news services and personal archives from the 1910’s to present.
		The viewer is treated to an unforgettable direct visual experience of the devastating impact of the collision between state and military authority and extreme civil activism.
	www.emediawire.com /releases/2006/2/emw341754.htm (437 words)

	Turkish Odyssey/About Turkey/History/The Republic Period
		Mustafa Kemal retired his military uniform and inspired the people to an even greater task: Transformation of the country into the democratic, secular Republic of Turkey.
		The statesman and career military officer Ismet Inonu, (1884-1973), became the principal lieutenant of Kemal Ataturk in the post-World War I struggle for Turkish independence.
		In 1980 the military, which had watched the growing violence and the government's ineffectiveness with alarm, intervened, precipitating a bloodless coup on September 12.
	www.turkishodyssey.com /turkey/history/history4.htm (1503 words)

	FOXNews.com - Thailand Has Long History of Coups, Military in Gov't - Asia \| Travel \| Map
		But when the military made its move, it was no surprise that Army Commander Gen. Sondhi Boonyaratkalin was the person in charge.
		Coups are nothing new to Thailand, but many had hoped that after 14 years of uninterrupted civilian rule the days of revolving door military regimes might finally be over.
		"Military coups are a thing of the past," he said, echoing comments from other top military officers.
	www.foxnews.com /story/0,2933,214557,00.html (742 words)

	African Military History and Politics (0312240392) ASSENSOH - Palgrave Macmillan
		African Military History and Politics: Coups and Ideological Incursions,1900-Present is an examination of the intersection of the military and politics on the African continent during the 20th Century.
		In Chapter 4, the authors present an overview of military (or police) leaders who have become civilian leaders in retirement or merely as a result of shedding their military garb.
		While many of there coups were fomented by the international struggle of the Cold War, most found their basis in the internal conditions of the individual African nations.
	www.palgrave-usa.com /catalog/product.aspx?isbn=0312240392 (1091 words)

	CNN.com - CIA acknowledges involvement in Allende's overthrow, Pinochet's rise - September 19, 2000
		The report said there is no evidence the agency wanted Schneider killed for refusing to join the 1970 plot to block Allende from becoming president, although it supported the idea of kidnapping him and later paid $35,000 to the group that botched his capture, resulting in his death.
		In 1993, Contreras was sentenced to prison for a rare act of foreign-sponsored terrorism on American soil -- the 1976 car-bomb killing of Chilean socialist leader Orlando Letelier and an American associate on Embassy Row in Washington.
		"We were aware of coup plotting in 1973, but we did not instigate it," she said.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/americas/09/19/us.cia.chile.ap (1052 words)

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