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Topic: Military dictatorship in Brazil

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	History of Brazil (1964-1985) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To satisfy the military hard-liners, he recessed and purged Congress, removed objectionable state governors, and decreed expansion of the president's (and thereby the military's) arbitrary powers at the expense of the legislature and judiciary.
		Brazil suffered drastic reductions in its terms of trade as a result of the 1973 world oil shock.
		Because Brazil was 80 percent dependent on imported oil, Geisel shifted the country from a pro-Israeli stance to closer ties with oil-rich Saudi Arabia and Iraq.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1964-1985) (2123 words)

	Brazil 1961-1964 KH
		When the leading members of the US diplomatic mission in Brazil held a meeting one-day in March 1964, they arrived at the consensus that President Joao Goulart's support of social and economic reforms was a contrived and thinly veiled vehicle to seize dictatorial power.
		A year after the coup, trade between Brazil and the USSR was running at $120 million per year and a Brazilian mission was planning to go to Moscow to explore Soviet willingness to provide a major industrial plant.
		During the entire life of the military dictatorship, extending into the 1980s, Brazil and the Soviet bloc engaged in extensive trade and economic cooperation, reaching billions of dollars per year and including the building of several large hydroelectric plants in Brazil.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Blum/Brazil_KH.html (2907 words)

	MIT Western Hemisphere Project: Land Reform in Brazil
		Brazil has the ninth largest GNP in the world and among the most unequal distributions of wealth — and land — in the world.
		Brazil's current president, Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC) perhaps put it best: "Brazil is not a poor country, it is an unjust one." Social movements, the government, and the [World] Bank in principle agree that the redistribution of land is an urgent necessity for addressing rural poverty.
		Starting in southern Brazil in the mid-1980s, MST built a grassroots movement of the rural poor and landless, drawing on the desperation of those marginalized in the consolidation of large scale capital-intensive export agriculture and displaced by large scale infrastructure projects.
	web.mit.edu /hemisphere/events/mst-ssed.shtml (876 words)

	Military dictatorship (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Like all dictatorships, a Military dictatorship may be official or unofficial, and as a result may not actually qualify as stratocratic (some Military dictators, Like Manuel Noriega, are nominally subordinate to the civil government).
		The typical Military dictatorship in Latin America is ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word which can be translated as "conference" or "board"), or a committee composed of the military's most senior leadership.
		In the past, Military juntas have justified their rule as a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous ideologies." This is a from of threat construction.
	military-dictatorship.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (705 words)

	Justice Vs Vatican [Brazil]
		During the worst years of Brazil's military dictatorship - from 1968 to 1978 - over 120 bishops, priests and nuns and nearly 300 Catholic layworkers were arrested.
		Brazil's bishops wanted a new Latin American church, a Church of the poor, not for the rich, a church of liberation, not domination.
		The Pastoral Land Commission soon spread all over Brazil as hundreds of thousands of small farmers were expelled from their land by new hydroelectric dams, farm mechanization and government-funded cattle ranching.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /South_America/Justice_Vatican_Brazil.html (1388 words)

	Military dictatorship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A military dictatorship is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the military; it is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military.
		Like any dictatorships, a military dictatorship may be official or unofficial, and as a result may not actually qualify as stratocratic (some military dictators, like Panama's Manuel Noriega, are nominally subordinate to the civil government).
		The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word which can be translated as "conference" or "board"), or a committee composed of several officers, often from the military's most senior leadership, but in other cases (e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_dictatorship (1002 words)

	"The Accidental President of Brazil" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cardoso said that it was only when he went into exile at the start of Brazil's military dictatorship in 1964 that he realized he might have a future in politics.
		In Washington to present his recently released memoir, "The Accidental President of Brazil," Cardoso traced the path of his involvement in Brazilian politics, which eventually led to two terms as president.
		Brazil's role in Latin America is to be an example of democracy, and a moderating voice in the region, Cardoso said.
	www.iadialog.org /summaries/march06/cardoso.asp (550 words)

	H-Net Multimedia Reviews: Robert M. Levine on 15 Filhos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The imposition of military dictatorship on Brazil in 1964 led to mass arrests, the eruption of pockets of resistance in large cities as well as in the countryside, and the complete abrogation of civil rights of Brazilian citizens.
		Brazil was engulfed in urban bank robberies and terrorism (the curious and flawed film Four Days in September deal with this theme) and guerrilla insurgency in the interior.
		Against the background of the repression, Brazil experienced its "economic miracle," a period of unprecedented growth aided to a large degree by the enforced stability that accompanied the crushing of labor unions, student groups, and a muzzled press.
	www.h-net.org /mmreviews/showrev.cgi?path=34 (559 words)

	Brazil exports ethanol on carlist.com
		Brazil’s military dictatorship created a vale-chain program called Pro-alcohol, giving subsidies to sugar cane farmers to produce more sugar cane that would go into the production of E100, a 100 percent ethanol based fuel to energize the alcohol vehicles they produced.
		For the same reason that Brazil, with 185,000,000 people, only sold 1.7 million vehicles it is the same reason they were able to export 650,000 cars in 2004 from Brazil.
		The irony of this is that this was mandated by a military dictatorship.
	www.carlist.com /autonews/2006/autonews_256.html (1191 words)

	UE News: For Brazil, a Worker in the White House
		Brazil, one of the world’s largest democracies with a population of 175 million, is the biggest country in South America and has that continent’s greatest concentration of wealth.
		The election of Luis Inácio Lula da Silva as president of Brazil is one of those triumphs of democracy that we in the United States used to claim for ourselves.
		The dictatorship in 1980 sentenced him to jail for violation of Brazil’s labor laws (inspired by fascist Italy’s labor codes).
	www.ranknfile-ue.org /uen_1202_lula.html (605 words)

	Living with the Legacy of Impunity: Lessons for South Africa about truth, justice and crime in Brazil - Brandon Hamber
		Certainly in Brazil, Argentina and Chile, immunity against prosecution for crimes committed under military regimes is the issue that still sits hardest amongst the relatives of the murdered and disappeared.
		In Brazil most incidents of death and torture are publicly attributed to the prisoner's resistance or efforts to escape, 'just as the occasional deaths of political prisoners under military rule had been' (Weschler 1990:75).
		She argues that the discourses and actions of the military police today are influenced by the military regimes of the past.
	www.csvr.org.za /papers/papbraz.htm (9167 words)

	Beautiful Horizons: Brazil History
		As for books on Brazil, I recommend The Brazilians by Joseph Page, The Brazil Reader, A Concise History of Brazil, and Brazil: Five Centuries of Change by Thomas Skidmore would be good places to start.
		Brazil had the longest running continuous military dictatorship of the Southern Cone countries in the 1960's, 70's and 80's, and it may have made the least progress in facing up to the past.
		Brazil did not have the disappearances and extrajudicial executions to the same extent that Chile and Argentina did, but torture was widespread and institutionalized.
	www.beautifulhorizons.net /weblog/brazil_history (5325 words)

	Brazil: Growing crisis over Lula government's corruption scandal \| The Socialist 8 - 14 December 2005
		He was an active militant in the underground during the military dictatorship [1976-85] and was one of the main founding members of the PT in 1980.
		More than 20 years after the fall of the military dictatorship in Brazil the political regime in Brazil is marked by corruption.
		Brazil, as well as being the world football champions, also has the dubious record of being the world champions in terms of social inequalites.
	www.socialistparty.org.uk /2005/419/pp9.htm (1715 words)

	STATEMENTS TO COMMITTEE ON ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On the issue of health, she said, in the last decade, Brazil had undergone an important transformation, with a reduction in maternal mortality and an abrupt decline in fertility rates. The rate of HIV/AIDS had been dropping since 1999 as a result of the AIDS Combat Programme, which was run by the Ministry of Health.
		As the experts continued their article-by-article consideration of Brazil’s compliance with the Convention in the afternoon, experts focused on women’s participation in political life, access to decision-making positions, education and family life.
		TAVARES DA SILVA expressed admiration to Brazil for being able to pass an election law establishing quotas for women in a patriarchal society. Were any measures envisioned to improve the functioning of the election law, she wanted to know.
	www.un.org /news/Press/docs/2003/wom1404.p2.doc.htm (1276 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Brazilian military dictatorship was working to develop nuclear arms, ...
		RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil – A former president has disclosed that the military dictatorship that ruled Brazil for two decades tried to develop an atomic bomb, but says the program was scrapped when an elected government assumed power in 1985.
		During Sarney's 1985-89 term, Brazil and Argentina negotiated a treaty for peaceful use of nuclear energy that gives officials of the two nations free access to most of their nuclear installations.
		Sarney would not say how far along Brazil's military was in its work on atomic weapons or how close it was to detonating a nuclear device.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20050808-1513-brazil-atombomb.html (572 words)

	Brazil - Brazzil Magazine - Subdued Brazil Recalls Military Coup
		As expected the 40th anniversary of the coup d'état that established a 21-year military dictatorship in Brazil was celebrated in low key and hush tones throughout the country.
		Brazil is already used as an export platform by multinationals in the auto industry, but in recent years the country has been becoming a greater reference in research and development....
		Brazil's one hundred leading corporations and independent analysts estimate that the country's growth this year will be in the range of 3% or lower, according to the latest report from...
	www.brazzil.com /content/view/1724/60 (2274 words)

	Brazil The Military Republic, 1964-85 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		The military held power from 1964 until March 1985 not by design but because of political struggles within the new regime.
		As in earlier regime changes, the armed forces' officer corps was divided between those who believed that they should confine themselves to their professional duties and the hard-liners who regarded politicians as scoundrels ready to betray Brazil to communism or some other menace.
		Some suggestions are Thomas E. Skidmore's Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964 and The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964-85 ; Ronald M. Schneider's The Political System of Brazil ; Maria Helena Moreira Alves's State and Opposition in Military Brazil ; and Stepan's Democratizing Brazil.
	www.workmall.com /wfb2001/brazil/brazil_history_the_military_republic_1964_85.html (2372 words)

	BRAZIL, l964 to present
		Military decrees a series of institutional acts between l964 and l968 that deprive leading politicians--including three ex-Presidents--of their political rights, i.
		D) Opposition to military dictatorship led by the Church, civil society professional organization, and NGOs.
		Although Lula loses his third election to be President, the Worker's Party continues to grow and emerges as the leading party on the left in Brazil's multiparty system, and the party favored to win the presidential election of 2002.
	isc.temple.edu /evanson/brazilhistory/Brazil64toPresent.htm (1230 words)

	Brazil minister raises human rights theme in Cuba / Reuters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Brazilian minister said the issue of human rights was a "heartfelt and priority policy'' for Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, who had himself been exiled and jailed during the right-wing military dictatorship in Brazil.
		His comments and the meeting with Sanchez clearly indicated that Brazil intended to give increased attention to human rights in its relations with Cuba, following a public call by Cardoso last month for democratic changes on the island.
		He made clear he was referring to the Cuban government's failure to adopt democratic reforms, in line with standards adopted by the OAS in a 1991 resolution.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/fcf/brazilcuba.html (515 words)

	Terra: Brazil Grapples With Land Reform
		io de Janeiro, Brazil -- From the hardscrabble Northeast to the rich soil of the South, Brazilian farm workers are seeking a share of the soil they have tilled for centuries but never claimed.
		After Brazil's military dictatorship ended in 1985, popular sentiment forced politicians to enshrine a lofty principle in the constitution that was to be the blueprint for a new democracy: land should belong to the one who works it.
		Though prices in Brazil are higher than in the United States, the minimum wage is the equivalent of $4 a day.
	www.nytimes.com /specials/salgado/context/schemo.html (961 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Conte, Carolina
		In the period from 1964 to 1985, Brazil experienced a dictatorial regime and also its greatest economic growth rates.
		This work is mainly based on research from books, articles and reports about politics and economics of Brazil during the military regime.
		Without economic growth, the military government in Brazil became weak and lost popular support, which ultimately occasioned the return of the democratic regime.
	rave.ohiolink.edu /etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou988828185 (126 words)

	Santos: Bloody Monday Echoes Military Dictatorship
		On Monday 2nd April the São Paulo State Governor’s Military Police unleashed the most violent wave of repression of the last 10 years in Santos, injuring 50 stevedores and arresting 35 others, on the 8th day of the strike in defence of the right to work.
		Testimony by residents near the conflict area in Macuco district, were unanimous in condemning the excessive force utilised against workers by the military.
		The confrontations spread through the streets and during the entire afternoon Santos seemed to be thrown back to the worst days of military dictatorship in Brazil.
	www.labournet.net /docks2/0104/maurpt1.htm (1106 words)

	Brazil - BRAZZIL - Publisher Jorge Zahar - Brazilian Books - July 1998
		Almost single-handedly he created the social sciences library of modern Brazil and for 40 years maintained and enriched it.
		Every student of humanities in Brazil encountered in the books they studied his last name, which was also the name of his publishing house.
		Fearless in his cultural pursuit, this intellectual dared to publish Karl Marx in the late '60s, the most repressive phase of Brazil's military dictatorship (1964-1985).
	www.brazil-brasil.com /pages/p07jul98.htm (676 words)

	Brazilian Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On May 1 1865, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina signed the Triple Alliance to defend themselves against aggression from Paraguay, which was ruled by the dictator Francisco López, who invaded the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, the north of Argentina and was heading for Uruguay.
		Brazil manufactures a wide variety of aircraft and weapons systems that can be found in militaries around the world.
		Brazil's Engesa company also exported its EE line of scout cars and light attack vehicles in the 1980s, including to Saddam Hussein's Iraq.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brazilian_Army (843 words)

	Gay Revolutionaries in Brazil Liberated by Ché : The Watson Institute for International Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		With the ranks of the radical left flush with men who were attracted to men, Green said, the resistance movement was forced to grapple with a subculture that many of its leaders believed clashed with the asceticism and ideological purity of the guerilla lifestyle.
		The 10th Annual Lecture in Gender Studies at Brown, “Who is the Macho?” focused on two men imprisoned for subversive activities, Ivan and Shiyim, as the central figures in Green’s exploration of tensions between the resistance movement and the gay men inside it.
		He went on to identify Ivan’s embellished account of the prison showdown as evidence of “the terms of the debate having shifted.” What followed in the post-dictatorship years, Green said, was a “new conception of human rights” transformed to accommodate many new freedoms, among them sweeping improvements for gays and lesbians.
	watsoninstitute.org /news_detail.cfm?id=503 (520 words)

	Brazil - Brazzil Magazine - Brazil's Foremost Journalist Sounds Off. She's Heard in High Places.
		Because this is me, someone who was fighting the military dictatorship by the time I was 18, who was arrested when I turned 19, I may have changed, but I'm still me, the same person, with the same concerns.
		Brazil has been pretending it doesn't exist, that we never had segregation, but the numbers show this is not true, and I have been in public discussions about this very subject because I think that in order to build a better country we have to get a more honest view of ourselves.
		The numbers for Negroes in Brazil are far worse than the numbers for the white population in everything, literacy, education level, salaries, child mortality rates.
	www.brazzil.com /content/view/9542/78 (4445 words)

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