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	Learn more about Military science in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Military History – Military activity has been a constant process over thousands of years, and the essential tactics, strategy, and goals of military operations have been unchanging throughout history.
		Military geography studies the obvious, the geography of theatres of war, but also the additional characteristics of politics, economics, and other natural features of locations of likely conflict (the political “landscape”, for example).
		Chinese military doctrine is influenced by a number of sources including an indigienous classical military tradition characterized by strategists such as Sun Tzu, Western and Soviet influences, as well as indigienous modern strategists such as Mao Zedong.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /m/mi/military_science.html (2261 words)

	Geography, National Power, And Strategy
		Geography is not itself an element of national power, which is normally descibed as having political, economic, and military elements.
		Geography, in its broadest sense, deals with the description of the Earth's surface; its division into regions, continents, and countries; climate, plants, animals; natural resources and industries; people, their cultures, and religions.
		Geography, in its broadest sense, must be mastered to be successful in the conduct of military operations.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1992/BRI.htm (3302 words)

	Geography - MSN Encarta
		Cultural geography also includes political geography, which is an application of political science.
		Political geography deals with human social activities that are related to the locations and boundaries of cities, nations, and groups of nations.
		The map is the most important tool of geography and may be used to record either simple data or the results of a complicated geographic study.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552030_2/Geography.html (589 words)

	geography. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Human geography may in turn be subdivided into a number of fields, such as economic geography, political geography (with its 20th-century offshoot, geopolitics), social geography (including urban geography, another 20th-century ramification), environmental perception and management, geographical cartography, geographic information systems, and military geography.
		Historical geography (which reconstructs geographies of the past and attempts to trace the evolution of physical and cultural features) and urban and regional planning are sometimes considered branches of geography.
		Geography was first systematically studied by the ancient Greeks, who also developed a philosophy of geography; Thales of Miletus, Herodotus, Eratosthenes, Aristotle, Strabo, and Ptolemy made major contributions to geography.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ge/geograph.html (866 words)

	Geography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Geography is one of the oldest academic disciplines.
		These two branches of geography are really only different in their approach; they are interdependent, and most geographers use a combination of both.
		Geography also deals with the similarities of and differences between people in all parts of the world, where they live, and how they make a living.
	www.pacificislandtravel.com /nature_gallery/geography.html (2092 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Military science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Military activity has been a constant process over thousands of years, and the essential tactics, strategy, and goals of military operations have been unchanging throughout history.
		Military technology is not just the study of various technologies and applicable physical sciences used to increase military power.
		Soviet military doctrine (and its descendants, in CIS countries) relies heavily on masses of machinery and troops, a highly educated (albeit very small) officer corps, and pre-planned missions.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/military_science (2806 words)

	ipedia.com: Military science Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As an example one notable maneuver is the double envelopment, considered to be the consummate military maneuver, first executed by Hannibal in the battle of Cannae in 216 B.C.—over 2,200 years ago.
		Chinese military doctrine is influenced by a number of sources including an indigenous classical military tradition characterized by strategists such as Sun Tzu, Western and Soviet influences, as well as indigenous modern strategists such as Mao Zedong.
		Revolution in military affairs – which is a school of thought which believes that technology is transforming the basis of warfare and that these technological changes present both extreme dangers and possibilities for the Chinese military.
	www.ipedia.com /military_science.html (2225 words)

	Home Page
		The fundamental military problem is a space-time problem, "getting there firstest with the mostest." In addition, the geographic factors shaping military operations vary by the scale of the operation.
		The nature of military geography changes in response to the level of war, strategic, operational, or tactical, under consideration.
		Course Overview: The study geography represents a distinct “way of knowing.” As such it is associated with a specific set of skills and knowledge that present the educator with a unique instructional challenge.
	classweb.gmu.edu /classweb/fdillon (595 words)

	Geography
		Human geography, as the study of the interrelationships between people, the places they inhabit and the spaces that comprise the global environments, provides a powerful lens for examining these critical issues.
		Plant geography, or phytogeography, is the study of the distribution of plants in both space and time.
		Undergraduate geography students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department who is willing to work independently with the student.
	www.acs.utah.edu /GenCatalog/crsdesc/geogr.html (5964 words)

	IS 531 : Social Science Information: Geography Lecture Notes
		Geography is an accurate, orderly, and rational description and interpretation of the various characteristics of the earth's surface and human interaction with those characteristics.
		Geography is unique in that from the beginning it attempted to be world-wide in its orientation where other social sciences focused primarily on a particular place, usually developed Western societies.
		Urban geography is engulfed by sociology and anthropology.
	web.utk.edu /~wrobinso/531_lec_geo.html (7327 words)

	The New Geography of Conflict- Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		IN OCTOBER 1999, in a rare alteration of U.S. military geography, the Department of Defense reassigned senior command authority over American forces in Central Asia from the Pacific Command to the Central Command.
		Behind this shift in strategic geography is a new emphasis on the protection of supplies of vital resources, especially oil and natural gas.
		Similarly, the Chinese military has shifted its concentration from the northern border with Russia to Xinjiang in the west (a potential source of oil) and to offshore areas of the East and South China Seas.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/natres/generaldebate/2001/0601klar.htm (3835 words)

	DefendAmerica News - Iraq Reopens Military Training Academy Near Baghdad
		The cadets are former military academy students who had finished 24 months of a planned 36-month training course under the old regime.
		Peter Ott, Coalition Military Assistance Training Team director of education, the new Iraqi army leaders thought it would be a good idea to give the cadets the benefit of additional training before returning them to their duties.
		With a curriculum that includes topics like; leadership, doctrine, the principles of war, marksmanship, map reading and navigation, tactics, signals/communications, management, military administration and logistics, military laws, physical training and combat fitness, organization of the state, state and international affairs, human rights and civil affairs, military geography, history and more.
	www.defendamerica.mil /articles/oct2004/a100904c.html (543 words)

	Military science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Military science is the study of the technique, psychology, practice and other phenomena which constitute war and armed conflict.
		To this end, it is unconcerned whether that adversary is an opposing military force, guerrillas or other irregulars, or any adversary who knows of or utilizes military science in response.
		Military strategy is in many ways the centerpiece of military science.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_science (2363 words)

	Political/Military issues
		To be an effective military force into the 21st century, the US Army should start now to redefine the battlefield so that new operational concepts can evolve and produce the doctrine and materiel requirements that will lead to meaningful restructuring of all components of the land force.
		Political geography today is less a distinct sub-field of geography than a gathering point for discourse on both the sharp and stealthy crystallizations of geography and politics found throughout our deterritorializing global modernities.
		The Military and the Environment in the Post Cold War Era - We are undertaking a long-term and rather ambitious research program to examine the changing relationship of the military and the environment over time and place.
	publish.uwo.ca /~mcdaniel/weblinks/poli.html (17090 words)

	McMullen Review: Autumn 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Collins’s subject, military geography, is admittedly a broad one, but his book is an introductory work, and he has organized it coherently.
		Part 3, “Political-Military Geography,” includes the predilections of the military services, geographical frictions (such as rival claims to fresh water), and military areas of responsibility.
		Third, Collins trusts the reader to possess a general knowledge of military history and to comprehend brief explanations—such as that attack submarines operating in the arctic should have stubbier hulls because such boats can maneuver better than cigar-shaped ones in the inverted world of upside-down mountains of ice.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/review/1999/autumn/br2-a99.htm (701 words)

	Korean Crisis, 1994: Military Geography, Military Balance, Military Options
		Military options for both sides range from status quo to mass destruction, with increasingly provocative courses of action in between.
		Military stockpiles reportedly are sufficient to last three months, but the logistic apparatus is ill-suited for mobile land warfare unless victory is quickly achievable.
		Political leaders of the U.S./ROK military coalition in extremis might seriously consider the use of nuclear weapons to avoid defeat or terminate what otherwise would be a protracted war accompanied by exorbitant economic and human costs.
	www.fas.org /spp/starwars/crs/94-311s.htm (7163 words)

	Department of Economics and Geography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Military and civilian applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology are examined in case studies, and cadets will complete projects to demonstrate the ability to solve an ill-defined spatial problem and make recommendations to a decision maker.
		This course is designed to acquaint cadets with geography in general and its human aspects in particular.
		Examines how the physical, cultural, political, and economic dimensions of geography and meteorology affect the planning and execution of today's military operations.
	www.usafa.af.mil /df/dfeg/geocourseshome.cfm?catname=dfeg (793 words)

	Library of Congress, Collections Policy Statements, Military Science
		Military science comprises the academic study of the development of military institutions, the relationship of the military to society, and the evolution of military thought.
		Published materials in the subject of military science are to be found in the Library's general classified collections and includes the major published source materials required for dissertations and independent research.
		Practical completeness in the following categories: 1) cryptography and ciphers; 2) military law and civil law relating to the military; 3) military crimes and offenses; and 4) provost marshals, judiciary, courts-martial, and courts of inquiry; and all dictionaries and atlases of medals and decorations.
	www.loc.gov /acq/devpol/military.html (652 words)

	Robert McDaniel
		Upon graduation he was commissioned; however, since he had been awarded the COTC Memorial Fellowship in Military Geography he was permitted to continue directly into graduate school.
		In 1972, after a ten year hiatus when he finally had a research topic, he found it to be financially prohibitive to reinstate his graduate status at Penn. (A copy of his dissertation prospectus "Sociotechnological Change and Spatial Organization" may be downloaded here in pdf format (c.
		Several colleagues recognized the timeliness of this conceptual framework, and suggested that Bob submit a proposal to the AAG's Commission on College Geography which, in the mid-'60s, was actively seeking new approaches to geographic teaching and research.
	publish.uwo.ca /~mcdaniel/mcdaniel1.html (1643 words)

	Geography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The conference brought together 96 scholars and military professionals from 34 universities and colleges, nine Department of Defense organizations and members of four foreign armies.
		Professional papers were presented on a wide range of topics including the influence of terrain on military operations and the geology of underground facilities (such as the caves used by terrorists in Afghanistan).
		The Military Geography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers, the U.S. Army Research Office and the U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center sponsored the conference.
	www.usma.edu /PublicAffairs/PV/030627/Geography.htm (229 words)

	Military.com Content
		The desert and riverine Iraq, which is bounded by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, are geographically so different that military forces and operational methods suitable for one region are inapplicable for the other.
		Key terrain, the environmental foundation for military objectives and targeting policies, constitutes physical features, natural and artificial, the seizure, retention, destruction, or indirect control of which would confer distinctive (sometimes decisive) advantages on a country or coalition.
		October or November through March or April are preferred months for military operations, because summer heat seriously degrades the performance of humans and machines everywhere in Iraq and adjacent Arab territory.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent1?file=NI_geography_0303 (2580 words)

	Wesleyan University: Library
		Military sociology 27-43 History of military science 45 Historiography 56-59 Army clubs 150-155 Military planning 161-163 Strategy 164-167.5 Tactics 168 Logistics 250-255 Maneuvers (combined arms) 260 Joint operations.
		Distances 985-997 Military geography UB 1-900 Military administration 160-165 Records, returns, muster rolls, etc. 170-175 Adjutant generals' offices 180-197 Civilian personnel departments 250-271 Intelligence 273-274 Sabotage 275-277 Psychological warfare.
		Siege warfare 470-474 Military surveying, topography, and mapping 490 Land mines, etc. 500-565 Technical troops and other special corps 570-582 Military signaling 590-613.5 Military telegraphy and telephony 614-614.5 Military electric lighting 615-620 Military motor vehicles UG 622-1435 Air forces.
	www.wesleyan.edu /libr/catalogs/callrange/militaryscience.html (408 words)

	UCLA Department of Geography - Graduate Students
		I identify most strongly with the subfield of environmental history, and as such attempt to show how changing conceptions of healthy foods and their representative landscapes help explain how Americans have conceived of, and related to the natural world through food and agriculture.
		Geography as a discipline that is uniquely structured to facilitate an integrative and multiprocessual approach to understanding how places are both made and received.
		RIVERS, NATASHA MARIE riversn@ucla.edu (B.A. Geography & American Ethnic Studies, University of Washington 2005 M.A. In progress) Subfield: Social/Feminist/Population Geography - Migration, assimilation and acculturation of African Immigrants...
	www.geog.ucla.edu /people/grads.php (1490 words)

	Potomac Books - Military Geography: For Professionals and the Public
		This book covers many topics that are crucial to military planning but often receive only passing mention in histories or briefings.
		Collins, a former Army officer, stresses land geography, but he does not stint oceans, the atmosphere, or interplanetary space.
		Collins culminated his military career as the director of military strategy studies and then as chief of the Strategic Research Group at the National War College.
	www.potomacbooksinc.com /Books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=50061 (219 words)

	Association of the United States Army: Military Geography for Professionals and the Public (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		His subject, military geography, is a discipline that affects everything soldiers do, every day, everywhere.
		To enhance public appreciation for the impact of geography on military affairs.
		Included in this section are the natural aspects of military geography: spatial relationships, the lay of the land, oceans and seashores, the Earth's atmosphere, regional peculiarities, inner and outer space, and natural resources and raw materials.
	www.ausa.org /webpub/DeptILW.nsf/byid/KCAT-6EUQ74 (531 words)

	Military geography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Military geography is an attempt to understand the geopolitical sphere within a military context.
		OCOKA is a useful acronym in the study of military geography: Obstacles, cover and concealment, observation, key terrain and avenues of approach.
		This page was last modified 22:49, 3 January 2007.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_geography (74 words)

	School of Geography Military Geography Conference News Page
		The School of Geography is hosting the 6th in a series of conferences exploring the influence of geology and terrain on military campaigns.
		Nottingham’s Paul Nathanail welcomed delegates and introduced them to the long history of military geography in Nottinghamshire.
		He also highlighted to almost criminal betrayal of the French people by their senior military commanders in failing to realise their vulnerability to an attack through the Ardennes.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /geography/general/news-events/MilGeogNews.phtml (171 words)

	Military Geography
		The fundamental military problem is a space-time problem, as Nathan Bedford Forrest succinctly observed "getting there firstest with the mostest." In addition, the geographic factors shaping military operations vary by the scale of the operation.
		Graduate students will evaluate a selected book on military history in terms of how well it provided the reader with a sense of the geographical influences.
		Dillon is a former infantry officer whose active service included command and staff assignments with the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood and the 3rd and 8th Infantry Divisions in the Federal Republic of Germany.
	mason.gmu.edu /~fdillon/military.htm (1652 words)

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