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Topic: Military history of China

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	The Ultimate History of China - American History Information Guide and Reference
		China is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization.
		The unification is the second shortest dynasty in the history of China after Qin Dynasty, and during this time, millions laboured on the Grand Canal of China, still the longest canal in the world to date.
		With the proclamation of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, China was divided yet again, into the PRC on the mainland and the ROC on Taiwan and several outlying islands of Fujian, with two governments, each of which regarded itself as the one true Chinese government and denounced the other as illegitimate.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/History_of_China (5923 words)

	Military history of China -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The third period relates to the efforts of the Chinese military to respond technologically and structurally to the (The region of the United States lying to the west of the Mississippi River) West.
		Ancient China during the (The imperial dynasty ruling China from about the 18th to the 12th centuries BC) Shang Dynasty was a ((archeology) a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons) Bronze Age society based on (A light four-wheel horse-drawn ceremonial carriage) chariot armies.
		Military power rested in key military institutions at the capital (A city in east central China; the capital of ancient China during several dynasties) Luoyang, such as the Northern Army.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/military_history_of_china.htm (2627 words)

	History of China
		Whenever China was conquered by nomadic tribes, as it was by the Mongols in the 13th century, the conquerors sooner or later adopted the ways of the "higher" Chinese civilization and staffed the bureaucracy with Chinese.
		Chiang Kai-shek fled with the remnants of his KMT government and military forces to Taiwan, where he proclaimed Taipei to be China's "provisional capital" and vowed to reconquer the Chinese mainland.
		China was set on a course of political and social anarchy that lasted the better part of a decade.
	www.historyofnations.net /asia/china.html (2517 words)

	Strategic Insights -- China… from the Sea: The Importance of Chinese Naval History
		The military history of this period is a story of armies being transported to sieges by fleets.
		China, with its history of naval operations on inland waters and the centrality of joint operations between armies and navies, can provide historians and strategists with an alternate framework to structure their study in the future.
		China, with a growing military and economic presence throughout the world, continues to be a potential opponent to U.S. policy and strategy.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2007/Dec/armstrongDec07.asp (4799 words)

	History of China - China History - China
		China is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization.
		The earliest written record of China's past, and therefore the beginning of its history, dates from the Shang dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC and takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animalsandmdash;so-called oracle bones.
		As China was ruled by two independent dynasties, one in the south and the other in the north, this is called the era of Southern and Northern Dynasties.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/History_of_China (5966 words)

	China History Forum, Chinese History Forum (Powered by Invision Power Board)
		China History Forum is an online chinese history forum, discussion board or community for all who are interested in learning and discussing chinese history from prehistoric till modern times, including chinese art of war, chinese culture topics.
		Discuss prehistoric China and the history of the Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou (i.e.
		Discuss modern Chinese history from 1912 to the death of Deng Xiaoping in 1997, including the Republic of China on Taiwan from 1949 to 2000.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com (1122 words)

	China in the 20th Century
		The army of the Republic of China, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek tried to destroy the Communist army in 1934, however, Chiang failed but did cause the CCP to flee northward in the Long March.
		China was colonized late, due to its large geographical area and large population.
		Military personnel were sent into the city to break up the protest, but protesters were able to block them from entering Tiananmen Square, the center of the unrest.
	departments.kings.edu /history/20c/china.html (6493 words)

	military history of east asia
		In China, firearms remained just another missile weapon and no effort was made to standardize manufacture, reduce the number of calibers, or create new tactics and organisation to exploit the potential of a new weapons system.
		China's lighter, more mobile enemies presented different challenges; slow, inaccurate gunpowder weapons were unsuitable to counter these threats, and armour penetration was already achieved with Chinese crossbows.
		China's lighter, more mobile enemies gives different challenges; its enemies were far faster and lighter, thus slow, inaccurate gunpowder weapons would have been unsuitable to counter these threats.
	britishbattles.homestead.com /eastasia.html (4120 words)

	History of War in Global Perspective
		The purpose of the conference, sponsored by the Mershon Center at The Ohio State University, was to assist the field of military history in transcending its Eurocentric origins and becoming truly global in the intellectual understanding of its subject matter.
		Pradeep Barua is an associate professor of history at the University of Nebraska at Kearney.
		David A. Graff, associate professor of history at Kansas State University, is a founder of the Chinese Military History Society.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /grimsley1/dialogue/mershon/global.htm (785 words)

	SinoDefence.com Online Bookstore - Ancient Chinese Military Series (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This volume offers a basic introduction to the military history of China from the second millennium BCE to the early 21st century, and is intended to be accessible to non-specialists.
		This fascinating volume by C. Peers covers the period of China's history from the first documented civilisation to the establishment of an enduring unified empire, examining the history, organisation, uniform and weapons of ancient Chinese armies.
		The naval side of the Sino-French war of 1884, the disastrous war with Japan in 1894-5, and the role of the navy in the Warlord period of the early 20th century and the later Japanese war of 1937-45 are fully described.
	www.sinodefence.com /webstore/default2.asp (532 words)

	A Military History of Modern China — www.greenwood.com
		As Worthing demonstrates, the consequences of war and defeat, in both internal and external conflicts, have largely determined the course of history in China, especially in the period since the rise of the Manchu dynasty in the 17th century.
		Understanding the military history of China is, therefore, essential to an understanding of the Chinese state that is now emerging as a 21st-century military and economic power.
		The military played a dominant role in the search for a viable, modern political state during this period, which saw intense fighting between independent "warlords," contending political parties that used military force against their rivals, and a Japanese invasion.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/C8780.aspx (469 words)

	Powell's Books - A Military History of China by David Andrew Graff
		Most of China's imperial dynasties were established as a result of success in battle, and the same may be said of the Guomindang (KMT) and Communist regimes in the 20th century.
		This volume offers a basic introduction to the military history of China from the second millennium BCE to the present, and is intended to be accessible to non-specialists.
		This one-volume history of armed conlict in China, from ancient times to the present, is written primarily by American academics.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?isbn=0813339901 (184 words)

	Military History/title> (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Military History Encyclopedia on the Web: John Rickard's website currently concentrates on the middle ages, the First World War, the Seven Years War and the Thirty Years War.
		History of the British Army: This National Army Museum website provides a brief introduction to the history of the British Army.
		Canadian Military Heritage Project: This website is dedicated to presenting Canadian military history - the wars, uprisings and conflicts in which Canadians participated.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /REVhistorymilitary.htm (9506 words)

	Military history (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Military history is the recording (in writing or otherwise) of the events in the history of humanity that fall within the category of "conflict." This may range from a dispute between two tribes that come to blow over a plot of land, to a world war.
		It differs somewhat from the history of war with military history focusing on the people and institutions of war-making while the history of war focuses on the evolution of war itself in the face of changing technology, governments, and geography.
		History of the World History of the United States History of Europe Ancient History History Military History
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Military-history.htm (302 words)

	Shield Walls Formation of the Roman Military - China History Forum, Chinese History Forum
		One thing about the Roman Military is that eventhough we pretty much have the grasp of what they are all about, we are still discovering the depths of their warfaring genius.
		The Wiki article rather operemphasises the use of tortoise formation, military manuals describe it as being used in assaulting fortifications rather than more generaly, and all illustrations are with the cylindrical shield that was only in common use for a couple of hundred years.
		...military manuals describe it as being used in assaulting fortifications rather than more generaly, and all illustrations are with the cylindrical shield that was only in common use for a couple of hundred years.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=12321 (2207 words)

	China Portal - Chinese language, characters, zodiac signs, history, olympic games 2008
		China and its culture have fascinated the west since the very first time they have been in contact.
		Given China’s size and its varied landscape there is no one time in the year when weather is ideal in every part of China.
		China’s consumption levels have been at a constant high and the government is quickly trying to solve these problems which will help reduce the environmental damage.
	www.chinaorbit.com (1098 words)

	CHINA BOOKS: History: Military History & War In China (Site not responding. Last check: )*
		Commonly referred to as the Dixie Mission, the detached military unit sent to Yenan was responsible for transmitting weather information, assisting the Communists in their rescue of downed American flyers, and laying the groundwork for an eventual rapprochement between the Communists and Nationalists, the two sides struggling in the ongoing Chinese Civil War.
		He probes the impact of the war on China's conception of the role of air power, arguing that it was not until the Gulf War of the early 1990s that Chinese leaders engaged in a broad reassessment of the strategy they adopted during the Korean War.
		China at the end of the nineteenth century was a country in crisis.
	www.chinabooks.com.au /generalcatalogue/histmilitary_1.htm (4696 words)

	China Offensive
		China's only indigenous protection lay in the size of the country and the lack of a well-developed transportation network, which imposed severe handicaps on the invaders.
		In addition, the China theater operated a command and general staff school and a Chinese army war college; training centers for infantry, heavy mortar, ordnance, and signal troops; and an interpreters' pool to teach English to the large number of Chinese serving as interpreters for the American advisers.
		The China theater remained at the end of the war, as it had since the attack on Pearl Harbor, a sideshow, one whose fate was ultimately determined by battles fought elsewhere.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/chinoff/chinoff.htm (6739 words)

	AllRefer.com - Great Wall of China (Chinese And Taiwanese History) - Encyclopedia
		The wall, running mostly along the southern edge of the Mongolian plain, was erected to protect China from northern nomads.
		Laborers were conscripted from all over China to build it, and many of them died during the project.
		The eastern part of the wall is earth and stone faced with brick, but in the west it is merely an earth mound.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/GreatWal.html (307 words)

	WWII Campaigns: China Defensive
		While World War II continues to absorb the interest of military scholars and historians, as well as its veterans, a generation of Americans has grown to maturity largely unaware of the political, social, and military implications of a war that, more than any other, united us as a people with a common purpose.
		China had been at war with Japan since 1937 and continued the fight until the Japanese surrender in 1945.
		Military commanders were selected for their political loyalty to Chiang rather than for their military ability, and risking excessive casualties through offensive operations was unacceptable.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/72-38/72-38.htm (6743 words)

	What level of Interaction was there between Ancient China and...
		China has the longest period of continuous development of military culture of any civilization in world history and had been the world's most advanced military for the longest time, from 200 BCE to the 16th century.
		Throughout most of the first two periods, the Chinese military was shaped by the military threats from the nomadic societies of Mongolia, Manchuria and central Asia, as well as legalism and later, the persistence of Confucian values.
		All of these non-Chinese peoples were formidable because their male populations of military age were all warriors bred to the saddle and trained in the mounted archer mode of fighting that dominated Central Asia.
	www.answerbag.com /q_view/528865 (742 words)

	Amazon.com: The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China, including The Art of War: Ralph D. Sawyer, Mei-Chun Sawyer: ...
		Military thought was never a popular subject in ancient China--partly because of Confucianism's distaste for the soldier's craft, partly because of the enduring concern of central governments with maintaining a monopoly on effective violence.
		Thanks to this faithful translation of the complete Seven Military Classics, the insights of these ancient Chinese texts are now accessible in their entirety.It’s not uncommon to see a “salaryman” on a crowded Tokyo subway studying one of the many popular Japanese editions of these essays.
		It is a uniquely important contribution to the world’s military literature and is essential reading for anyone interested in China’s rich cultural heritage or in the timeless principles of successful strategy.
	www.amazon.com /Seven-Military-Classics-Ancient-including/dp/0813312280 (1078 words)

	WWII Campaigns: China Defensive
		While World War II continues to absorb the interest of military scholars and historians, as well as its veterans, a generation of Americans has grown to maturity largely unaware of the political, social, and military implications of a war that, more than any other, united us as a people with a common purpose.
		Military commanders were selected for their political loyalty to Chiang rather than for their military ability, and risking excessive casualties through offensive operations was unacceptable.
		China remained in the war, diverting 600,000 to 800,000 Japanese troops, who might otherwise have been deployed to the Pacific.
	www.history.army.mil /brochures/72-38/72-38.htm (6743 words)

	Lost Roman Legion in Ancient China? [Archive] - Military Photos
		Perhaps he did it just because he envied the military successes of Pompeius Magnus and Caesar, and foolishly thought that he may equal them, even though Pompeius Magnus and Caesar were war professionals while Crassus was a mere amateur.
		Dubs had found out that in the annals of the Han dynasty there is the record of the capture of a Hun city, by the chinese army, in 36 BC named Zhizhi, now known as Dzhambul, located close to Tashkent, in Uzbekistan.
		Marcus Aurelius in 166 AD sent an official delegation of Romans carrying presents to the Chinese capital of Luoyang and their arrival is recorded in the dynastic annals.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/archive/index.php/t-37148.html (2200 words)

	ChinaSite.com: Military -- The Complete Reference to China's Military-Related Web Sites (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This site is devoted to the preservation of the memories from men and women of the 14th Air Force, American Volunteer Group and China Air Task Force who fought under Gen. Claire Lee Chennautt and played such an important role in World War II in China, Burma, and India.
		The book China's Arms Acquisitions From Abroad -- A Quest for Super and Secret Weapons and The SIPRI Yearbook 1995's Chapter 11.
		Military Technology: The Case of China can be found at Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
	chinasite.com /Military.html (376 words)

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