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Topic: Military history of Spain

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	Mid-nineteenth century Spain
		Chile was retaken by Spain in 1814, but lost permanently in 1817 when an army under Jose de San Martin, for the first time in history, crossed the Andes Mountains from Argentina to Chile, and went on to defeat Spanish royalist forces at the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817.
		Carlos Maria Isidro, Infante of Spain, the leader of the Carlist cause and pretender to the Spanish throne.
		Isabella's rule was a chaotic and troubled chapter in Spain's history, wraught by civil wars, coups, and scandal that ended with a successful revolution against the monarchy.
	www.radiofreeithaca.net /search/Mid-nineteenth_century_Spain (6768 words)

	History of Spain and its Spanish Heritage
		The Jews of Spain were also expelled or forced to renounce their faith, because the Catholic sovereigns believed that the church and the state were indivisible.
		Spain was not admitted to the United Nations as a charter member, but in 1952 it was allowed to join some of the special agencies.
		Spain is a place that you would be proud to display your Spanish genealogy, family coat of arms or surname history.
	www.thetreemaker.com /last-name-meaning/history-of-spain.html (1983 words)

	All About Spain: History
		Spain was prospering economically under the Habsburg crown thanks to the trade with its American colonies, but on the hand involved in wars with France, the Netherlands and England, culminating in the disastrous defeat of the "Invincible Armada" in 1588.
		Economical recession and political instability were the consequences, Spain lost its colonies with the exceptions of Puerto Rico, Cuba and Philippines.
		Spain became member of the NATO in 1985 and entered the European Community in 1986.
	www.red2000.com /spain/primer/hist.html (1071 words)

	History of Spain (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Despite the success of economic liberalization, Spain remained the most closed economy in Western Europe—judged by the small measure of foreign trade to economic activity—and the pace of reform slackened during the 1960s as the state remained committed to “guiding” the economy.
		Spain's first elections since 1936 to the Cortes (Parliament) were held on June 15, 1977.
		Spain backed the military action against the Taliban in Afghanistan and took a leadership role within the European Union (EU) in pushing for increased international cooperation on terrorism.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/spain.html (1109 words)

	Military history of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The military history of Spain includes the history of battles fought in the territory of modern Spain, as well as her former and current overseas possessions and territories, and, the military history of the Spanish people regardless of geography.
		Spain before it was largely united under the rule of Carthage was a mix of tribal states, Celtic and Iberian, and trading ports, Greek and Phoenician.
		His attitude towards the natives and his military reforms (he was a partisan of Marius) secured him the loyalty of the populace and the army and his general success until his assassination.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_history_of_Spain (2737 words)

	Spain - History
		Despite a period of internal political disunity during the Middle Ages, Spain nevertheless is one of the oldest nation-states in Europe.
		In the sixteenth century, Spain was the foremost European power, and it was deeply involved in European affairs from that period to the eighteenth century.
		In the nineteenth century, Spain had a constitutional framework for parliamentary government, not unlike those of Britain and France, but it was unable to develop institutions capable of surviving the social, economic, and ideological stresses of Spanish society.
	countrystudies.us /spain/2.htm (584 words)

	Spain (12/06)
		Spain's accession to the European Community--now European Union (EU)--in January 1986 required the country to open its economy to trade and investment, modernize its industrial base, improve infrastructure, and revise economic legislation to conform to EU guidelines.
		Spain has been an effective example of transition from authoritarianism to democracy, as shown in the many trips that Spain's King and Prime Ministers have made to the region.
		Spain and the United States have a long history of official relations and are closely associated in many fields.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2878.htm (3723 words)

	History of the movement against military in Spain
		In another case, Ricardo Royo-Villanueva who refused to do military service, was sent to prison for 28 months and disqualified from being a councillor of Las Rozas where he had been recently elected.
		Deserters were tried by military courts and were sent to military prisons for 28 months to 6 years.
		The Antimilitarist groups remain active to date protesting military spending, organising boycotts of military companies, campaigning for people to not pay the part of their taxes which corresponds to the military budget and promoting objection across the world.
	www.refusingtokill.net /Spain/SpainHistoryAgainstMilitary.htm (986 words)

	Guide Spain history - A short history of Spain
		The history of Spain starts from 11th century BC, it was colonized by sophisticated Eastern Mediterranean civilizations, starting with the Phoenicians then the Greeks and the Carthaginians.
		Although, in the history of Spain the enlightenment in the late 18th century created a climate of learning, Spain's misfortunes continued into the next century with an invasion by Napoleon's troops and the loss of the American colonies.
		The political instability of the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to dictatorship in the history of Spain and a republic in the 1930's which was destroyed by the Spanish civil war.
	www.spain4uk.co.uk /History_of_Spain.htm (477 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain
		Spain was: 15,464,340 in 1857; 15,673,481 in 1860; 16,634,345 in 1877; 17,565,632 in 1887; 18,132,475 in 1897; 18,618,086 in 1900.
		Spain was formed by the coalition of various states, which for many centuries had kept their own names and boundaries, and had differed considerably in laws (the fueros),
		Spain are numerous and have become more so since their expulsion from France.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14169b.htm (2957 words)

	Spain MILITARY COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED STATES - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current ...
		Although Spain had purchased some military equipment from countries other than the United States, and although some officers had received training in other countries, the only major foreign influence on the Spanish military between the end of World War II and Franco's death in 1975 had been the United States.
		The legal status of the American military personnel and their dependents was governed by status of forces accords that were similar to the standard NATO status of forces agreements.
		The United States felt that Spain, the military contribution of which was minimal, was permitting domestic factors to dictate a weakening of NATO defenses.
	www.photius.com /countries/spain/national_security/spain_national_security_military_cooperation~8066.html (1198 words)

	Gay News From 365Gay.com
		September 15, 2006 - 7:00 pm ET (Seville, Spain) The Spanish military - once a crusty remnant of a right-wing regime closely linked to the Roman Catholic Church - got its first public taste of gay marriage Friday as two male soldiers wed, sealing their union with gold rings and a long kiss.
		Some members of the military may not be happy about the union - the grooms declined to say if they are suffering harassment from commanders or colleagues - but the Defense Ministry has said it considers the wedding a personal matter and the men will be allowed to continue with their careers.
		Spain has no law against gays in the military, and other service members have acknowledged their homosexuality in the past.
	www.365gay.com /Newscon06/09/091506spain.htm (554 words)

	Another Spain - the military history of the Spanish Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The courage and commitment of the men and women who went to Spain to fight with the International Brigades is well known, and in an interview with a member of the Connolly Column we get an idea of what inspired the thousands of volunteers, who came from fifty two countries.
		Conventional history tends to be very fl and white - there was a civil war, it lasted from 1936-1939, the fascists won, and that was the end of it.
		The rulers of Spain could see their power (and property) slipping away and on the 17th July a group of extreme right-wing Nationalist generals made their move, starting with a military rising in Morocco which spread immediately to the mainland.
	struggle.ws /spain/intro_afa.html (1141 words)

	Spain: History — Infoplease.com
		To the Christian nobles of N Spain, particularly of Castile and León, the flourishing cities and countryside to the south were a constant temptation.
		Spain also expanded its international role; it was admitted into NATO in 1982 and became a member of the European Community (now the European Union) in 1986.
		Spain continued to enjoy economic growth as a result of increased domestic and foreign investment in the 1980s and 90s, but had one of the highest unemployment rates in W Europe.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0861231.html (4480 words)

	BRIEF HISTORY OF SPAIN
		The Canary Islands became part of Spanish territory (1495), the hegemony of Spain in the Mediterranean, to the detriment of France, was affirmed with the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples, and Navarre was incorporated into the Kingdom.
		However, a military pronunciamiento in 1875, restored the monarchy and Alfonso XII was proclaimed King of Spain.
		Franco died in 1975, bringing to an end a period of Spanish history and opening the way to the restoration of the monarchy with the rise to the Throne of the present King of Spain, Juan Carlos I de Borbon y Borbon.
	www.csudh.edu /global_options/375Students-Sp96/Spain/HISTORY.HTML (1198 words)

	Military History/title>
		Military History Encyclopedia on the Web: John Rickard's website currently concentrates on the middle ages, the First World War, the Seven Years War and the Thirty Years War.
		History of the British Army: This National Army Museum website provides a brief introduction to the history of the British Army.
		Canadian Military Heritage Project: This website is dedicated to presenting Canadian military history - the wars, uprisings and conflicts in which Canadians participated.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /REVhistorymilitary.htm (9506 words)

	Medieval Spain: Al-Andalus: From the Visigoths to Al-Mansur (711-1000)
		Inside Spain are the old Christian kingdoms of Catalonia and Aragon in the northeast, Castille and Léon in the center, Navarre and Asturias on the northern border and Galicia in the northwest above Portugal.
		Spain also contains the old Muslim kingdoms of Granada on the southern coast, and Murcia and Valencia on the southeastern coast.
		The ninth and tenth centuries in Spain were a golden age of poetry, music, history, astronomy, literature, architecture and centralized, peaceful government.
	medievalhistory.suite101.com /article.cfm/the_reconquest_of_spain_pt_1 (450 words)

	A Military History of Modern Spain — Praeger Security International
		From the Napoleonic Wars, through the dress rehearsal for World War II that was the Spanish Civil War, to the grim struggle against terrorism today, the military history of modern Spain has both shaped and reflected larger forces beyond its borders.
		This volume traces the course of Spanish military history, primarily during the 20th century.
		Chapter 9 focuses on Spain's struggle against terrorism, both the domestic Basques of ETA (Fatherland and Liberty) and the newer conflict against al-Qaeda and radical Islamic fundamentalism.
	www.greenwood.com /psi/book_detail.aspx?sku=C9357 (336 words)

	European Voyages of Exploration: Imperial Spain
		Modern Spain was originally composed of a number of independent kingdoms and it was not united until 1479 when both Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand ascended to their thrones.
		Imperial Spain was born from this "Union of the Crowns." This union was regarded as a union of equals although each kingdom preserved its own social, political, and economic realities according to its own unique history.
		The results included the expulsion of Muslims from the peninsula and the expulsion of Jews from her kingdoms in order to created a homogeneous population of Christians.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Imperial.html (1030 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		Military affairs have dramatically shaped the history of Texas.
		Likewise, the army was a significant factor in Spain's exploration and colonization.
		The actions of Texas, United States, and Mexican military forces, the slaughter of the buffalo, the expansion of the railroads, and the westward migration of non-Indian settlers combined to destroy the military power of the Plains Indians in Texas.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/MM/qzmtg.html (5402 words)

	Military History Online - Operation Barbarossa: The Ultimate Strategic Miscalculation
		One of the beauties of history is the what if game, below, the outline of such a what if campaign will be presented with a discussion of the reasons why it may have succeeded where Barbarossa and Typhoon did not.
		Given the strategic situation in the spring of 1941, and the distribution of German and Soviet forces, it was imprudent of the Germans to attack along a broad front.
		He holds a BA in World Military History and is currently working on an MA in European History.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /wwii/barbarossa/articles/barbarossashrier.aspx (4474 words)

	sociology - Spanish-American War
		A war that was in part fueled by the American public's desire to end the alleged abuse of Cuban natives would in the end result in three territorial conquests for the U.S., tens of thousands of Spaniards and Cubans killed, and the extermination of a quarter of a million Filipinos.
		The Spanish-American War was regarded by both Spain and the United States as the first major conflict of modern warfare, leading into the technology of warfare that would be witnessed by the 20th century.
		As such, to recognize military participation in the conflict, a wide range of awards and decorations were created by all the powers involved to be bestowed upon those who had served in the Spanish-American War.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Spanish-American_War (2709 words)

	ipedia.com: Spanish-American War Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Treaty of Paris: Cuba gains its independence and Spain cedes the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States for the sum of $20 million.
		A war that was in part fueled by the American public desire to end the alleged abuse of Cuban natives, would in the end result in three territorial conquests for the US, tens of thousands of Spaniards and Cubans killed, and the extermination of a quarter of a million Philippinos.
		The Spanish-American War is significant in American history, as it saw the largely pacifist nation emerge as an imperial power, equal at least to any in Europe.
	www.ipedia.com /spanish_american_war.html (1944 words)

	Military History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While not strictly devoted to military history, this is the main site for connections to a series of well-organized, substantive geographic, chronological, and thematic guides to history on the Internet.
		Early world military history, prior to the American Revolution is not yet covered, though there are subject headings representing them.
		There is also a handy set of links on the military history of Asia, clickable by name of modern countries (i.e., on a country-by-country basis).
	pml.suffolk.lib.ny.us /Pmlmil.htm (5026 words)

	Military History Online
		Not yet the incredibly organized themal military of later days, nor the nearly unstoppable legions of the past, the East Roman army of 636 was still one of the most professional military forces on the Earth.
		During a military campaign the standing units could be further augmented by paid mercenaries, such as Christian Arabs, in particular the Ghassanid tribe, Persian heavy cavalry cataphracts, Gothic heavy cavalry, the precursors of Western European knights, and Slavic infantry.
		Dan Fratini is a lifelong military history enthusiast, focusing on the Medieval time period, in particular the Crusades, Mongol Empire, and Byzantine Empire.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /muslimwars/articles/yarmuk.aspx (2605 words)

	From Wounded Knee to Afghanistan a century of US military interventions Compiled by Zoltan Grossman
		U.S. military spending ($343 billion in the year 2000) is 69 percent greater than that of the next five highest nations combined.
		Russia, which has the second largest military budget, spends less than one-sixth what the United States does.
		Among sources used, besides news reports, are the Congressional Record (23 June 1969), 180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corps History Division, Ege and Makhijani in Counterspy (July-Aug. 1982), and Daniel Ellsberg in Protest and Survive.
	www.zmag.org /list2.htm (768 words)

	Chapter 2: A History of Spain and Portugal
		Rather, Islamization probably stemmed primarily from the complete military and political defeat of the Catholic Visigothic state and from the prestige of the dynamic Muslim empire and its all-conquering armies.
		Abd-al-Rahman III did not solve the problem of central military organization, but his forces were the most numerous yet employed by Muslim power in the peninsula and in their time were without peer in western Europe.
		When the military balance in the peninsula began to change in the middle of the eleventh century, the taifas could not defend themselves in regional isolation and were destroyed one by one.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne2.htm (7152 words)

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