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Topic: Military of Cuba

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	Cuba - MSN Encarta
		Since the revolution, Cuba has tried to export the ideals of the revolution throughout the world as a means of bringing down capitalism and opposing the U.S. model of constitutional government.
		Cuba not only did not leave the foreign countries in which it was involved, but Castro committed troops in Nicaragua, where rebels were fighting to overthrow the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza.
		Cuba’s first inhabitants were indigenous people who arrived by sea, following the trade winds westward from the coast of Venezuela along the islands of the Caribbean.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569844_9/Cuba.html (1598 words)

	US Occupation of Cuba and the Platt Amendment
		Furthermore, the strong annexationsist drive had waned in the United States; the realities of Cuba as economically destroyed by the war and having a large fl population were responsible for the change in United states attitudes toward the island.
		Cuba's constituent assembly modified the terms of the amendment and presented it to the United States only to be turned down.
		On June 12, 1901, Cuba ratified the amendment as a permanent addendum to the Cuban constitution of 1901 and the only alternative to permanent military occupation by the United States.
	www.historyofcuba.com /history/sidebar4.htm (553 words)

	Cuba 1898-1994
		The formal military occupation of Cuba by the United States commences on January 1, 1899.
		Cuba inaugurates family reunification program, whereby Cuban exiles are permitted to return to the island for brief family visits.
		Cuba and the United States sign a pact whereby Cuba agrees to accept the return of 2,000 "undesirables" who arrived during the 1980 Mariel boatlift.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~caguirre/cuba.html (1955 words)

	Castro and the Middle East
		Cuba's proximity to the U.S., the continuous flow of immigrants from the island and the increased travel from and to Cuba should make Castro's relationships a troublesome and worrysome issue to U.S. policymakers.
		Cuba joined in, first with a group of officers headed by General Arnaldo Ochoa, a move that was followed later on by the deployment of large Cuban forces against the Somali invasion.
		Cuba could not refuse to join due to the fact that its major allies in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and even the Soviet Union had accepted to participate and that many of them were benefitting from Libya's abundant financial support.
	www.cartadecuba.org /castro_and_the_middle_east.htm (3230 words)

	Cuba's military puts business on front lines
		But many Cuba watchers believe those statements are meant to give political cover to Raul, who has become more pragmatic as he has aged, and has been searching for ways to improve Cuba's dismal economic performance, especially after the Soviet Union ended its subsidies in 1990.
		Cuba's most important citrus company is a joint venture with Grupo BM, an Israeli firm that operates a 115,000-acre farm that grows grapefruit using state-of-the-art drip irrigation techniques.
		The military also faces potential dissension within its ranks: Soldiers involved with foreign joint ventures, who live far better than others in the military, are viewed by many officers with distrust and envy, analysts say.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/06319/738513-28.stm (2081 words)

	Cuba
		Cuba unilaterally removed its forces from Ethiopia, met the timetable of the 1988 Angola-Namibia accords by completing the withdrawal of its forces from Angola before July 1991, and ended military assistance to Nicaragua following the Sandinistas' 1990 electoral defeat.
		Since the end of Soviet backing, Cuba appears to have largely abandoned monetary support for guerrilla movements that typified its involvement in regional politics in Latin America and Africa, though it maintains relations with several guerrilla and terrorist groups and provides refuge for some of their members in Cuba.
		Cuba's support for Latin guerrilla movements, its Marxist-Leninist government, and its alignment with the U.S.S.R., led to its isolation in the hemisphere.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/cuba/intro.htm (778 words)

	Cuba rolls out military hardware in show of strength in uncertain times - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		Cuba's once-massive military stockpiles have been diminished by years of disuse, lack of parts and tropical humidity.
		Cuba's "War of All the People" military doctrine calls on all other able-bodied citizens to take up arms provided in the event of a foreign invasion.
		Cuba's Revolutionary Armed Forces, which replaced the military that existed before the Cuban Revolution, traces its roots to December 2, 1956, when 82 rebels landed on the island on a yacht - the Granma - that sailed from Mexico.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /news/html/20061201T180000-0500_116048_OBS_CUBA_ROLLS_OUT_MILITARY_HARDWARE_IN_SHOW_OF_STRENGTH_IN_UNCERTAIN_TIMES.asp (719 words)

	Cuban Armed Forces Review: In the News - 2004
		Cuban military officers, whom hold the island's political future in their hands, attend Fidel Castro's speech during an evening ceremony marking the 30th anniversary of Cuba's military mission in Angola Friday, December 2, 2005 in Havana, Cuba.
		Increasing military chiefs´ skills in the organization and execution of armed actions, troop command, and facing enemy disembarkation are the main goals of the drills, the source added.
		Cuba and Iran seem to be a little behind China, but still in advance of the rest of the world when it comes to using ultra lights for things like reconnaissance and surveillance.
	www.cubapolidata.com /cafr/news/2005.html (3413 words)

	NET FOR CUBA INTERNATIONAL - NEWS
		The report mentioned Niall Connolly, Sinn Fein's representative in Cuba for five years, who was arrested last year in Colombia with two IRA members on suspicion of providing explosives training to Colombian guerrillas.
		Spain and Cuba have close cultural ties, and Spain is one of Cuba's most important trading partners.
		Abrisketa said he joined ETA when he was 16 and immediately plunged into battle against the Spanish police and military, which he described as "occupation forces" in the Basque region.
	www.netforcuba.org /News-EN/2002/Sep/News67.htm (968 words)

	Military.com Content
		Cuba owes approximately $17 billion to Russia, which is currently only being paid back in annual $200 million increments for the operation of Lourdes.
		To ease the strain on Cuba, Russia could erase this debt, thus easing the burden on Cuba's slowly opening economy.
		Taking advantage of Cuba's perpetual fear for its own security, especially against the United States, Russia could resuscitate an old arms market in the region while increasing Cuba's dependence on future Russian technology and maintenance.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent?file=SL29june&cat=MILANALYSIS (626 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Cuba: Profile
		Cuba's support for these guerrilla movements, its Marxist-Leninist government, and its alignment with the USSR led to its isolation in the hemisphere.
		Cuba is not reported to possess chemical weapons (it acceded to the Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC] in 1993), nor are there credible reports of Cuban possession of long-range ballistic missiles.
		Cuba is generally regarded as having a program of research on biological warfare (BW) agents, though the scope and focus of this effort remains obscure and controversial.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Cuba (470 words)

	U.S.-Cuba Security Cooperation - World Security Institute
		February 27: The former chief of Cuba's military medical services is calling for international weapons inspections of a secret underground lab near Havana, where he says the government is creating biological warfare agents like the plague, botulism and yellow fever.
		Cuba intercepted 1.7 tonnes of marijuana and cocaine in 2006, the lowest level of seizures in 11 years, it said.
		Cuba's state-owned TV picked up the patriotic beat, running old news reels of past military exercises and speeches to rally the nation.
	www.wsicubaproject.org /militarychron07.cfm (2187 words)

	friendly printed version:U.S.-Cuba Issues: Threat Perceptions
		However, for more than 40 years Cuba has been subjected to a real military danger, and this is not just rhetoric, because there are many examples where we have actually been attacked militarily.
		Prior communication of the performance of these exercises by the military authorities of the United States could be appreciated as a goodwill gesture from the United States side in order to preserve a stable climate.
		And we have to add that in modern times, the ways of implementing military force have been so diversified that it's not possible for us to predict accurately what the true intentions are.
	www.cdi.org /friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1053 (1007 words)

	The Soviet Military Buildup in Cuba
		Cuba's dependency on the USSR had grown, but Moscow refused to increase material or economic aid, and initiated a slowdown of oil deliveI 3 ries to put pressure on Havana.
		Cuba is a subcon tractor of the Soviet Union, and the U.S. must deal directly with the Soviets.
		Cuba is now a forward base for Soviet military operations and therefore poses a military threat to the countries in the region and potentially the United States.
	www.heritage.org /Research/LatinAmerica/bg189.cfm (3447 words)

	Cuba Studies Military Recruitment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		HAVANA - Cuba has ordered a study of its military recruitment program, hoping to enlist more young men in the armed forces during a period in which authorities say they are increasingly concerned about a U.S.-led military attack.
		A special commission to "study, propose and control (military) recruitment policies and their ties with the nation's education program" will be created under a decree signed July 2 by President Fidel Castro and his brother, Defense Minister Raul Castro.
		The decree said military recruitment and service would be studied by a commission comprised of officials from numerous ministries, including defense, education, economy and finance and public heath.
	archive.newsmax.com /archives/articles/2004/7/10/175103.shtml (298 words)

	Cuban Armed Forces Review: Military Doctrine
		There exists a conventional doctrine for the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR), which is based on a "system of scientific criteria" of the principles of military science and operational as well as tactical art, and also that the Cuban forces must be prepared to wage conventional, unconventional and clandestine warfare.
		It can be said that FAR has adopted Soviet military doctrine and organizational principles, with some modifications to suit the smaller size and less sophisticated armament of the Cuban forces.
		This influence is exemplified by the use of an offensive doctrine as used in Cuba's Third World campaigns.
	cubapolidata.com /cafr/cafr_doctrine.html (602 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Americas \| Cuba starts 'huge' military drill
		Cuba's armed forces have begun their biggest military exercise for nearly 20 years, involving hundreds of thousands of troops and civilians.
		The US sponsored a failed attempt by Cuban exiles to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961 but US officials are scornful at the idea that another invasion could be mounted.
		The US and Cuba have exchanged a series of verbal blows over the past year, with the US tightening its tough sanctions on the island and Cuba retaliating by imposing a tax on the use of US dollars.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/4092647.stm (451 words)

	Cuba on high alert: prof
		Cuba's military is trying to send a message to the U.S. that, although its uniformed ranks are depleted, Cubans are prepared to fight to defend the island nation, says a Canadian expert on the country.
		Hal Klepak, a historian at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ont., said Cuba is on high alert for internal disturbances out of fear they could be fuelled by the U.S. in an effort to topple the U.S. government.
		Hal Klepak, a historian at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ont., said a recent show of military force in Cuba was part of a message being sent to Washington.
	www.cbc.ca /world/story/2006/12/11/cuba-military.html (1385 words)

	FOXNews.com - Cuba Readies Military Hardware for Show - International News \| News of the World \| Middle East News \| ...
		Cuba's military stockpiles have been diminished by years of disuse, lack of parts and tropical humidity.
		Cuba's "War of All the People" military doctrine calls on all other able-bodied citizens to take up arms in the event of a foreign invasion.
		Cuba's Revolutionary Armed Forces, which replaced the military that existed before the Cuban Revolution, traces its roots to Dec. 2, 1956, when 82 rebels landed on the island on a yacht _ the Granma _ that sailed from Mexico.
	www.foxnews.com /wires/2006Dec01/0,4670,CubaMilitary,00.html (1128 words)

	LA NUEVA CUBA
		The U.S. Government Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba says that if a Cuban government asks for assistance, the United States could be made available "in preparing the Cuban military forces to adjust to an appropriate role in a democracy." This monograph proposes a way ahead in preparing Cuban forces for the future.
		The Cuban military will have to change with the times, altering its focus from the territorial defense of Cuba and internal security to missions that are consonant with modern circum-Caribbean militaries: control of air- and sea-space against transnational criminals.
		Civil-military relations in Cuba are not consonant with the Huntingtonian paradigm, namely that the overall goal is a professional military subordinated to civilian leadership.
	lanuevacuba.com /nuevacuba/notic-07-08-2300.htm (2313 words)

	Cuba Study Group
		This paper examines Cubaâs recent experience in attracting FDI, summarizes some of the empirical work that has been done regarding the link between well-functioning social institutions and FDI and draws lessons for a future Cuban government pursuing transition to a market economy.
		This paper analyzes the impact of Cubaâs market reforms on economic and social disparities in 1990-2002, and it proposes measures to alleviate present and future disparities based on two scenarios.
		A paper by Sergio Diaz-Briquets in Cuba in Transition by the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (2002).
	www.cubastudygroup.org /index.cfm?FuseAction=Research.Home&LinkCategory_id=8 (713 words)

	Operation Northwoods: Justification for US Military Intervention in Cuba
		This document, titled "Justification for U.S. Military Intervention in Cuba" was provided by the JCS to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara on March 13, 1962, as the key component of Northwoods.
		The Chief of Operations, Cuba Project, has requested that he be furnished the views of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on this matter by 13 March 1962.
		Inasmuch as the ultimate objective is overt military intervention, it is recommended that primary responsibility for developing military and para-military aspects of the plan for both overt and covert military operations be assigned the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
	www.geocities.com /tetrahedronomega (3433 words)

	Cuba Wraps Up Military Defense Exercises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The activities, called the Strategic Bastion 2004 Exercise, were intended as an evaluation of how prepared Cuba is to face military attack during President Bush's second term.
		State-run newspapers reported Sunday that the exercises were a success and that Cuba's "capacity to resist and overcome an imperialist aggression" was demonstrated.
		Last week, the U.S. State Department said the large-scale exercises in Cuba were held to distract people from the hardships of their lives.
	www.latinamericanstudies.org /cuba/bastion-04.htm (395 words)

	USATODAY.com - Cuba's military marks its 49th anniversary
		HAVANA (AP) — Communist Cuba's military marked 49 years Friday, celebrating military successes during the Cold War before assuming a newer mission to bolster the island's post-Soviet economy.
		Cuba stood on the Cold War's front lines when it celebrated this date with martial parades in the 1970s and 1980s, pointedly displaying its Soviet weapons just 90 miles south of the United States.
		Cuba's last military parade, held four years ago in the eastern city of Santiago, reflected the armed forces' diminished firepower and its increased focus on civil defense.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-12-02-cubanmilitarycelebrates_x.htm (481 words)

	U.S.-Cuba Security Cooperation - World Security Institute
		Despite Cuba's own steps to revive its crippled sugar industry by switching to ethanol production, Fidel Castro has been quite vocal in his criticism of "the sinister idea of converting food into fuel".
		The U.S. National Hurricane Center praises Cuba for permitting Air Force C-130 "hurricane hunters" to enter Cuban airspace to track and predict hurricanes as they approach the United States.
		CDI launched this initiative in late 2002 in response to allegations by Under Secretary of State John Bolton that Cuba posed a military and terrorist threat to the United States because it had "at least a limited offensive biological warfare research and development effort" and had "provided dual-use biotechnology to other rogue states."
	www.wsicubaproject.org (694 words)

	NationMaster - Cuban Military statistics
		Cuba does not possess nuclear weapons, and there are no credible reports of Cuban efforts to acquire nuclear weapons.
		In 2002, Cuba acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), ratified the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco), and has an Additional Protocol with the IAEA.
		Numerous US administrations have claimed that Cuba possesses a limited offensive biological weapons program and has provided dual-use biotechnology to other nations—suspicions that stem from Cuba's possession of one of the most advanced biomedical industries in Latin America and its large-scale production of pharmaceuticals and vaccines.
	www.nationmaster.com /country/cu-cuba/mil-military (594 words)

	Cuba, China Sign Military Accord (washingtonpost.com)
		HAVANA –– Cuba and China have signed an agreement to increase military cooperation between the countries, the official Communist Party daily reported Thursday.
		The Chinese general is in Cuba for a five-day visit.
		Raul Castro, Cuba's Defense Minister and the younger brother of President Fidel Castro, attended the ceremony.
	www.fiu.edu /~fcf/cuchsign12900.html (130 words)

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