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Topic: Military of Ecuador

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	Ecuador. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ecuador is bounded on the north by Colombia, on the south and east by Peru, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
		Ecuador is a multiparty republic, governed under the constitution of 1979, its 18th.
		Ecuador again clashed with Peru in a border war in 1995; in 1998 the countries signed an agreement finalizing their borders and giving Ecuador access to the Amazon River.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ec/Ecuador.html (1692 words)

	Ecuador - Direct Military Rule, 1972-79
		The military regime called itself "nationalist and revolutionary," but the well-known connections of Rodríguez Lara to the Guayaquil business community signaled disappointment for those who anticipated that he would head a progressive military regime such as was ruling in Peru at the time.
		He was also responsible for Ecuador's renegotiation of a number of oil concessions, including the key Texaco-Gulf concession in the Oriente, on terms much more favorable to the state, such as substantial increases in both the royalties paid by foreign firms and the tax rate they paid on petroleum exports.
		The results saw 23 percent of the voting population nullify their ballots, an action that had been advocated by the traditional right; 31 percent of the population voted in favor of a revised version of the 1945 constitution, and a plurality of 44 percent voted in favor of the newly drafted national charter.
	countrystudies.us /ecuador/15.htm (1651 words)

	Military of Ecuador - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ecuadorian Army maintains presence in Continental Ecuador, Galapagos (the islands region) and the Antarctic at the "Pedro Vicente Maldonado" Navy Biological Research Station.
		Ecuador declared war on Japan late during World War II and began to receive military aid from the United States in 1942.
		Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Ecuador (2535 words)

	History of Ecuador - Prehispanic Era
		In 1965 Ecuador also saw a dramatic drop in its revenue from banana exports and, despite generous development assistance from the United States government and the Inter-American Development Bank, the junta suddenly faced an economic crisis of major proportions.
		In the wake of a failed attempt to oust the powerful commandant of the Quito military academy in April 1971, however, Acosta himself was forced to resign his ministerial portfolio and was summarily dispatched to Madrid as ambassador.
		Both the military and the business community regarded Bucaram as dangerous and unpredictable and unfit to be president, especially at a time when unprecedented income was expected to flow into the state coffers.
	www.equaguia.com /historyofecuador/ecuadormilitardom.html (1645 words)

	Strategic Insights -- Ecuador: The Continuing Challenge Of Democratic Consolidation And Civil-Military Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Although Ecuador transited from military to civilian rule in 1979 after eight years of military governments, because of both the legacy of previous military rule and ongoing political instability, the military is periodically drawn into the maelstrom of politics.
		This despite the Ecuadoran military’s admission in 2003 that the FARC were using their territory as a place to rest and in January an important FARC leader, Simon Trinidad, was captured in Quito.
		Ecuador is a challenged—or as some have said, tumultuous—democracy in that while the military has not controlled the government since 1979, the political institutions of a civilian-led democracy are extremely weak and highly personalized.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2006/Feb/bruneauFeb06.asp (3479 words)

	Wikinfo \| Ecuador (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Republic of Ecuador is a country of South America.
		The Republic of Ecuador was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Colombia and Venezuela).
		A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999, although Peru still occupies and claims a large portion of territory to the east of Ecuador that was once Ecuadorean territory and which Ecuador still considers to belong to Ecuador.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Ecuador (231 words)

	Ecuador, Landmine Monitor Report 2003
		Ecuador is a State Party to Amended Protocol II (Landmines) of the Convention on Conventional Weapons, but did not attend the Fourth Annual Conference of States Parties to Amended Protocol II in December 2002, and did not submit its annual report under Article 13.
		Ecuador stated in its 2003 Article 7 report that antipersonnel mines in the country’s mine-affected regions were laid from 1995 to 1998, which indicates that Ecuador used antipersonnel mines after signing the Mine Ban Treaty in December 1997, but prior to ratification and entry into force in 1999.
		Ecuador now reports that a total of 254,344 mines were destroyed by 11 September 2001, and that on 17 January 2002, an additional 4,500 mines were destroyed, for a total of 258,844 mines.
	www.icbl.org /lm/2003/ecuador.html (3122 words)

	Ecuador: Crisis In Democracy
		Available: http://fici.nativeweb.org/docs/uprising_13jan00.html When confronted with clear popular opposition to the democratically elected regime, the military chose to perform its duty as protector of the popular interest, with the acceptance of a citizenry disabused of its faith in democracy, and nostalgic for the relative prosperity associated with military rule.
		Hence, the military is not a unitary actor, and the conflicts between the junior officers and the senior leadership cannot be understood without acknowledging that the military is an institution embedded within Ecuadorian society, and that it exhibits the same class and ethnic divisions.
		Ecuador exhibits “the deep and continuous confrontation and ambivalence about democratic institutions” which indicates a failure to consolidate.
	www.cowac.org /ecuador2.htm (8169 words)

	CNN - Crisis in Ecuador as 3 claim presidency - Feb. 7, 1997
		Ecuador's military leaders, including Armed Forces Chief of Staff Paco Moncayo, issued a statement calling on the three claimants to power to "initiate a dialogue to find a solution" to the crisis.
		The military, which ruled Ecuador for seven years until 1970, could serve as a mediator to end political infighting, military leaders said in a statement.
		Ecuador's Constitution is extremely vague on who should replace a sitting president and it was not immediately clear if Bucaram, or anyone else could mount a serious legal challenge to Alarcon's appointment as acting president until the end of Bucaram's term -- August 1998.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9702/07/ecuador (504 words)

	Ecuador - The Military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Historically, the military establishment alternated between direct or indirect control over the executive functions in general and a more limited role of exercising a veto over policies considered to fall within the area of its corporate interests.
		In contrast with the pattern found in the majority of Latin American countries, the Ecuadorian military, which traditionally was allied with the PLR, early on became more closely identified with the merchant class than with the landholding elite.
		The changing attitude of the officer corps, coupled with its declining trust in civilian leaders, was attributed in part to a new emphasis in military training on technical and managerial skills and to extensive foreign training in general.
	countrystudies.us /ecuador/71.htm (515 words)

	Ecuador
		Ecuador faced a severe crisis due to the international crisis of external debt and the financial shocks that ensued, and to floods caused by "El Niño" in 82/83.
		Ecuador is a Presidential (as opposed to Parliamentary), Unitary (as opposed to Federal) Republic.
		Ecuador has ratified the Bio-diversity Convention, the Climatic Changes Treaty, the Forest Declaration, and abides by the principles of the Rio Declaration and the programs of Agenda 21, which contain an environmental plan of action to be implemented until the year 2000.
	www.onlinelearning.net /instructors/smurr/LatAm/sam/ecudr.html (10535 words)

	Ecuador - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		ECUADOR [Ecuador] [Span., = equator], officially Republic of Ecuador, republic (2005 est.
		Gutiérrez returned to Ecuador in Oct., 2005, in a bid to retake office, but he was arrested; he was released only in Mar., 2006, after the charges of endangering national security were dismissed.
		The protests, which disrupted the economy and were sometimes violent, led the government to declare a state of emergency several times during the two months.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-ecuador.html (2057 words)

	ECUADOR, Landmine Monitor Report 2001
		Ecuador signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 4 December 1997, ratified on 29 April 1999 and the treaty entered into force on 1 October 1999.
		Ecuador’s mine problem along its border with Perú is the result of the 1995 “Cenepa” border conflict.
		The Ecuadorian military estimate the number of mines on its side of the border with Peru in the Cordillera del Cóndor region to be in excess of 90,000.
	www.icbl.org /lm/2001/ecuador (3192 words)

	Ecuador
		The flags of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela are almost identical because at independence in 1822 they formed a confederation (Gran Colombia).
		I´m from Ecuador, and it seems that you got there two versions of the ecuadorian flag, one as the "civilian flag", the other as the "state flag".
		In Ecuador the civil flag and civil ensign is without arms, possibly no one cares about private use of flag with Coat of Arms.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ec.html (1970 words)

	americas.org - Colombia admits military crossed into Ecuador (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After more than a week of being pressed by Ecuador for a clear explanation and apology, the Colombian government said it was sorry for the mistake, which occurred on Jan. 28, according to a statement posted on Colombia's presidential Web site.
		Ecuador's government, which has declared itself neutral in Colombia's U.S.-backed anti-insurgent war, had reacted furiously to the incident, in which it said Colombian military aircraft fired at its side of the border, terrifying locals.
		Ecuadoreans fear violence from Colombia's conflict could spill into their territory, while the Colombian military says privately the FARC flees regularly to safety across the Ecuadorean border.
	www.americas.org /item_24939 (320 words)

	US steps up military presence in Ecuador [Free Republic]
		The United States is to double the size of its military presence in Ecuador despite growing concerns in Congress about the direction of America's drug war in the region.
		Ecuador has been targeted by the global money changers and the IMF to be financially "destroyed".
		The State of Emergency in Ecuador is reminiscent of the methods implemented by various dictatorships during tragic moments in the history of Latin America.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b130e8a0e52.htm (1700 words)

	US builds military base in Ecuador
		Local press quoted Javier Vivanco, representative of the organization Protesta, as saying Monday that the news on the construction of the US military base was released by Peruvian daily El Comercio.
		The Plan Colombia is financed by the United States for the fight against drug trafficking and guerrillas in the Colombian territory.
		Ecuador, neighboring with Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, has been affected by the armed conflicts among Colombian armed forces,rebels and paramilitary for more than four decades.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/americas/ecuador/2670.html (212 words)

	CNN - All eyes on Ecuador's military as anarchy looms - Feb. 8, 1997
		QUITO, Ecuador (CNN) -- As Ecuador's political crisis deepens, the country is looking to the military to avert disintegration into anarchy.
		Arteaga was the only one of three contenders to meet with the joint military command, setting off rumors that she may be favored by the military as a compromise candidate to assume the presidency.
		Ecuador clashes escalate as state of emergency is declared
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9702/08/ecuador.chaos (593 words)

	Online NewsHour: Ecuador's Presidential Crisis -- February 10, 1997
		Ecuador burst into the world's headlines last week when its president, Abdala Bucaram, was declared mentally incompetent by the nation's congress and, thus, unfit to rule.
		Ecuador has had 18 years of uninterrupted elected governments, and however this is finally resolved, there is an interruption here.
		I think there--they are very concerned with the situation in Ecuador, and there is always the possibility of a rule by the military.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/latin_america/february97/ecuador_2-10.html (1116 words)

	AlterNet: Exclusive: Selling the Amazon for a Handful of Beads
		Ecuador's 100,000 square kilometers of the world's richest rainforests unfortunately sit atop 4.4 billion proven barrels of oil, the 26th largest reserve in the world.
		The danger is that, now that the oil companies have established their authority over the military, and now that indigenous lands have become a target for military intervention, it is a short step to the military terror that has been seen in Burma, Nigeria and Colombia.
		Ecuador now produces "534,800 barrels per day (bbl/d) of total oil liquids, of which 528,200 bbl/d was crude oil." By that figure, even 4.4 billion barrels won't last long (about 25 years).
	www.alternet.org /story/30657 (5221 words)

	US Military Base in Ecuador Shrouded in Corruption
		In Ecuador I visited the coastal city of Manta, where the US is building a base to house 400 US military personnel.
		The reaction of the Ecuadorans we met with in Manta to the presence of US military personnel in their land varied from alarm to approval, but even base supporters questioned the supposed underlying mission of the base.
		And last but certainly not least for the largely impoverished people of Ecuador who have a long, almost uninterrupted tradition of peace and neutrality, US foreign policy is pushing their small country into a potentially devastating war from which there may be no easy exit.
	www.peaceworkmagazine.org /pwork/0112/011218.htm (1806 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Ecuador president defies military
		President Jamil Mahuad of Ecuador is defying a call from the armed forces for him to step down as head of state.
		In a televised address, he said Ecuador did not want a dictatorship and he was not going to resign.
		He demanded that the military authorities should punish those soldiers who had earlier taken part in the seizure of Congress.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/613708.stm (530 words)

	Military Of Ecuador (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		If you would like to use this flag of Ecuador or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
		If you would like to use this map of Ecuador or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
		If you would like to use this information for Ecuador or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /country_guides/ecuador_country_military.shtml (187 words)

	S/R 38: Oil Multinationals Privatize the Military in Ecuador (Bolívar Beltrán & Jim Oldham)
		Ecuador suffers from a struggling economy, illustrated by the loss of the national currency through the IMF-inspired “dollarization” in 2000, and from a dysfunctional political system, which has been highlighted by the extra-constitutional removal of three presidents in the last eight years.
		This is particularly true in the eastern, Amazon region, Ecuador’s rainforest “frontier,” where the majority of the oil reserves are found and where government oversight and services range from extremely limited to non-existent.
		None of these communities were informed at any point of these military agreements, in direct violation of the Ecuadorian constitution and of the International Labor Organization’s Convention 169 on indigenous peoples, to which Ecuador is a signatory.
	www.greens.org /s-r/38/38-05.html (1349 words)

	The NarcoSphere \|\| Showdown: Washington Threatens Ecuador, Demands Immunity for U.S. Troops
		Ecuador's President Alfredo Palacio has decided not to sign an immunity treaty for U.S. military and civilian officials before the World Court, confronting Washington, which considers (the Ecuadoran capital of) Quito as important to its war on drugs...
		It's about the Manta, Ecuador, U.S. military base, the key "Forward Operating Location" (FOL) for the U.S. military intervention named "Plan Colombia." And Washington is now trying to flmail Ecuador's new (60-days-old) President, Alfredo Palacio with threats of cutting aid.
		...He said that the soldiers based in Manta (the U.S. military base in Ecuador) already have diplomatic immunity and he said that Quito will respect the Roman Treaty by which the United States is authorized to to control the military base until the year 2009.
	narcosphere.narconews.com /story/2005/6/23/1446/60713 (639 words)

	Ecuador Protests USCG Treatment
		QUITO, Ecuador - Ecuador has submitted a formal protest to the U.S. government over the alleged mistreatment of the crew of an Ecuadorean fishing boat intercepted by the U.S. Coast Guard on suspicion of drug trafficking, the Foreign Ministry said Wednesday.
		In a statement sent to The Associated Press, the Foreign Ministry said Ecuador is requesting compensation for the crew and for damage to the vessel.
		The captain of the fishing vessel said that during the search he and his crew were "submitted to psychological and physical mistreatment by the personnel of the Rentz," the statement said.
	www.military.com /NewsContent/0,13319,FL_ecuador_060205,00.html (249 words)

	FREE In-depth report - The Military - Ecuador
		Historically, the military establishment alternated between direct or indirect control over the executive functions in general and a more limited role of exercising a veto over policies considered to fall within the area of its corporate interests (see Involvement in Politics and Government, ch.
		When they ousted him in 1963, it was only after more than a year of encouragement by various political factions and economic interest groups, all of which were concerned over the chaotic drift in national affairs and over Arosemena's personal conduct (see Instability and Military Dominance, 1960-72, ch.
		If you did not find the information you were looking for on the subject of The Military you may wish to do another search of Exploitz.com: related The Military search
	www.exploitz.com /Ecuador-The-Military-cg.php (619 words)

	Military of Bolivia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Military branches of Bolivia: Army (Ejército Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Boliviana), National Police Force (Policía Nacional de Bolivia)
		Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.8% (FY99)
		Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Bolivia (147 words)

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