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Topic: Military of Guatemala

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	Guatemala
		The Republic of Guatemala is a country in Central America, in the south of the continent of North America, bordering both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
		From the 4th to the 11th century, the lowlands of the Peten region of Guatemala was the heart of the flourishing Maya civilisation.
		Guatemala became independent of Spain in 1821, first briefly as part of Mexico, later as a part of the United Provinces of Central America.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gu/Guatemala.html (589 words)

	Guatemala - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		From the 3rd century BCE to the 11th century CE, the lowlands area of the Petén and Izabal regions of Guatemala were the heart of the flourishing Maya civilization.
		Guatemala has long claimed all or part of the territory of neighboring Belize, which used to be part of the Guatemalan Republic since Colonial times.
		Guatemala's unicameral parliament, the Congreso de la República (Congress of the Republic) with 158 seats, is elected every four years, concurrently with the presidential elections.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/g/u/a/Guatemala.html (1665 words)

	Belize - Guatemala Relations
		Guatemala raised no question about Article 7 then, but began to do so two years later, and in 1940 it declared that the 1859 treaty had become void because of the failure to implement Article 7, arguing that the treaty was a disguised treaty of cession, Article 7 representing compensation.
		Guatemala condemned this as an inadmissible attempt to dictate the outcome of negotiation, and declared that it would not be bound by the resolution.
		Of course, Guatemala has absolutely no valid claim to Belize, and Belizeans have succeeded in convincing the world of the justice of their cause, but that can never be a reason to refuse to negotiate; and negotiations always involve some attempt at compromise.
	www.belize-guatemala.gov.bz /library/guatemalan_claim_printer.html (6323 words)

	Guatemala
		Guatemala is a democratic republic with separation of powers and a centralized national administration.
		Rios Montt sought to defeat the guerrillas with military actions and economic reforms; in his words, "rifles and beans." In May 1982, the Conference of Catholic Bishops accused Rios Montt of responsibility for growing militarization of the country and for continuing military massacres of civilians.
		As part of the army downsizing, the operational structure of 19 military zones and three strategic brigades are being recast as several military zones are eliminated and their area of operations absorbed by others.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/guatemala.htm (3416 words)

	The New Enemy in Guatemala
		Guatemala’s rise as a trafficking center is due, ironically, to one of America’s rare successes in the drug war.
		From 1977, when Congress suspended all military aid to Guatemala because of its human-rights record, until 1986, when Cerezo was installed as president, the United States had kept its distance from Guatemala’s armed forces-one of the most brutal in the hemisphere.
		Guatemala is currently undergoing its worst wave of political violence since the early 1980s.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF1401/Massing/Massing.html (2054 words)

	Guatemala \| MADRE: An International Women's Human Rights Organization
		In Guatemala, where poverty and inequality rates are among the highest in Latin America, policies like structural adjustment have caused unemployment to soar, while the minimum wage hovers at less than a third of what it costs to meet a family's basic needs.
		In Guatemala, womenï¿½s and childrenï¿½s health is already jeopardized by inadequate medical services: maternal mortality among Indigenous women is 83 percent higher than among non-Indigenous women and, with only one doctor for every 10,000 rural Guatemalans, most women and girls lack even an annual medical check-up.
		Guatemala has the highest infant mortality rate in Central America and malnutrition among Guatemalan children is one of the worst in the world.
	www.madre.org /countries/Guatemala.html (1598 words)

	The Military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Increasingly, however, the military is seen by the poor young men of Guatemala as a good employment opportunity which provides something hard to find in everyday life, a good regular paycheck.
		The military's composition in Guatemala is at least 70 percent Mayan (Barry 32, Sante 26).
		During the time of the complete military monopoly of the economy and government of Guatemala, the officers began to be university educated in many career fields which would help them to run a country, such as medicine, engineering, economics, sociology, and psychology (Sante 2).
	www.spanish.sbc.edu /MMGuatemala/Military.html (355 words)

	Global Youth Connect: Guatemala Background Information
		In 1954, the democratically elected leader of Guatemala was in the middle of implementing wide-sweeping reforms to redistribute land to peasant workers when the government was overthrown.
		The military used the ensuing war against the URNG as an excuse to carry out widespread and systematic repression against a mainly civilian population.
		Guatemala is searching for ways to resolve these intractable problems that have long brought suffering to its people.
	www.globalyouthconnect.org /country_guatemala.html (827 words)

	Welcome! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the early 1900's Guatemala was a budding country with little economy to speak of.
		Many of the people of Guatemala despised the U.S. for their control, because the sale of bananas and coffee meant little to the peasant farmers who received none of the wealth.
		The CIA was found to have sent $10 million in aid to the military of Guatemala and American CIA agents were dispatched to Guatemala to surpress the political murders from getting to the public.
	fp.seattleschools.org /SmartTools/genocide/guatem (379 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: Guatemala: Human Rights Developments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Moreover, President Portillo's political alliance with Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt, Guatemala's former military ruler, who became president of the Congress in January 2000, was a worrisome reminder of the country's inability to surmount its legacy of repression.
		Rax Cucul, a member of Guatemala's indigenous community who was believed to be mentally disturbed at the time of the crime, reportedly had lacked an interpreter when making his deposition and been assisted only by a mental patient.
		In September, Guatemala signed a newly-adopted optional protocol to the children's convention prohibiting the involvement of children in armed conflict.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k1/americas/guatemala.html (2082 words)

	Amnesty International Report 2002 - Americas - GUATEMALA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In February, soldiers and former members of civil patrols - adjuncts to the military during Guatemala's civil conflict - reportedly threatened AJR communities to dissuade surviving witnesses from testifying in a suit against former officials in General Ríos Montt's administration, subsequently filed in June.
		Myrna Mack was reportedly murdered because her study on the displacement of Guatemala's indigenous peoples by the army's counter-insurgency policies was highly damaging to the government.
		However, official monitors had indicated that Guatemala was not fulfilling the agreements and asked that proceedings continue within the Inter-American system.
	web.amnesty.org /web/ar2002.nsf/amr/guatemala!Open (1634 words)

	GUATEMALA/US: The Brotherhood of the Traveling Powder
		In addition to being a neighbour, "Guatemala is the preferred transit point in Central America for onward shipment of cocaine to the United States", the State Department has consistently reported to Congress since 1999.
		Guatemala is hardly the first military tainted by drugs; senior intelligence and law enforcement officers in many Latin American nations have been found colluding with organised crime.
		The Untouchable Narco-State: Guatemala's military defies the DEA
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=31128 (1405 words)

	An Anti-Democracy Foreign Policy: Guatemala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Unaware that the CIA was orchestrating the military coup against him, throughout the crisis Arbenz turned to the U.S. government for help, innocently placing his faith in a government that was purportedly committed to advancing democracy.
		Castillo Armas was then followed by a succession of U.S.-approved Guatemalan military regimes, regimes whose military men, over the years, would be trained in torture, assassination, and counter-insurgency techniques at the Pentagon’s infamous School of the Americas.
		Military regimes, army units and police squads have set an awful example, teaching entire generations that terror and murder are appropriate ways to achieve both political and personal ends.
	www.fff.org /comment/com0502f.asp (1567 words)

	United States may renew military aid to Guatemala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		GUATEMALA CITY - The United States is considering stepping up military aid to Guatemala, a decade after it cut off arms assistance to the Central American nation due to human rights abuses.
		At least 120,000 people disappeared in Guatemala before a peace was signed in 1996, 36 years after the war began.
		The military has decreased in size from 27,000 to 15,000, and is transforming its forces for cooperative peacekeeping missions instead of internal counterguerilla warfare.
	www.abcactionnews.com /stories/2005/03/050324guatemala.shtml (670 words)

	Chapter 3: The Evolution of Political Violence in Guatemala
		In this framework, military operations in rural areas increased, resulting in a series of massacres and widespread destruction levied against the civilian population ostensibly with the objective of restoring government influence in areas controlled by the armed insurgency.
		Psychological operations took on greater significance since one of the objectives of this counterinsurgency phase was to consolidate "pacification" and military field positions, and develop a program of institution-building that would give the government the political and financial capacity to continue its counterinsurgency policy.
		Following the reduction of military pressure in the conflicted areas and the reshaping of its operative structure, the military regime turned its attention to a new campaign plan which was launched in 1984.
	shr.aaas.org /guatemala/ciidh/dts/evol.html (1762 words)

	Guatemala - Amnesty International
		A military official was convicted for ordering an extrajudicial execution during the conflict, but days later the convictions of three other military officials found guilty in 2001 of an extrajudicial execution were overturned.
		Guatemala suffered civil conflict for more than 30 years until the military and armed opposition agreed far-reaching Peace Accords in 1996.
		The case against three higher-ranking military officials finally came to court in 2002, but as the trial approached, those acting for Helen Mack were threatened.
	web.amnesty.org /report2003/Gtm-summary-eng (1547 words)

	Military of Guatemala - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the rear, a platoon of Military Police (Policía Militar Ambulante) from Guardia de Honor garrison.
		Guatemala is a signatory to the Rio Pact and is a member of the Central American Defense Council (CONDECA).
		Day-to-day operations are the responsibility of the military chief of staff and the national defense staff.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Guatemala (491 words)

	PDGS - Seminar Governance, Security and Military Institutions in Democracies - Peace, Transition and the Military: The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The military issue was taken into account when a consensus was being sought and so, in the resulting Agreement on the strengthening of civilian power and the role of the army within a democratic society considerable emphasis is put on the army's new functions and mission.
		The provisions of the agreement allow a civilian to be the Minister of Defense and, in other matters, the jurisdiction of military justice is restricted, the preparation of a new military doctrine is ordered, and the system intended for military education is given a different perspective to make it consistent with the culture of peace.
		The Guatemalan experience seems to confirm Stephan's paradigm, where transitions are signaled by a tension between an initial military project to maintain service men's autonomy and influence and the emergence of an opposing project intended to strengthen civilian power(4).
	www.pdgs.org.ar /partners/pon-aguilera.htm (1538 words)

	[No title]
		The ban on regular military training remains a useful source of leverage to advance military reforms agreed upon by the Guatemalan State in the Peace Accords.
		Earlier this year, the U.S. released military aid that remained in the “pipeline” since military aid was frozen in 1990.
		Guatemala has NOT yet made the substantive reforms necessary to justify a removal of the ban on U.S. military aid in the form of international military training (IMET) and foreign military financing (FMF).
	www.lawg.org /countries/guatemala/imet_action.htm (373 words)

	Guatemala
		Guatemala is a significant transit country for cocaine from South America to Mexico and onward to the United States.
		A serious obstacle to improving the military’s record is the continued existence of illegal armed groups (also known as clandestine groups), a secretive and amorphous network of individuals who oversee and profit from drug trafficking and other forms of organized crime.
		Guatemala was subsequently re-certified as a counter-drug ally in September 2003.
	www.ciponline.org /facts/gu.htm (4282 words)

	Guatemala
		Austria are examples) of having two official flags for use at land: the one known as civil flag is the blue-white-blue with no further ornaments, to be used primarily by the citizens, and the one known as state flag, which adds the coat of arms to the civil flag.
		Considering: That the lack of appropriate regulation on such an important question caused the symbols of the country to be represented in a whimsick and arbitrary manner, regarding both the colour shades and the drawing of the shield of arms of the Republic.
		The flag of Guatemala is the supreme emblem of the Nation.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/gt.html (1898 words)

	Action Alert - Military Aid to Guatemala Again? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Though it has undergone some changes, the military in Guatemala remains brutal and dangerous; officers guilty of genocide, forced disappearances and torture have not been prosecuted or even removed from the army.
		The report states that the Guatemalan military and government are guilty of genocide against the Guatemalan people, bearing responsibility for 93 percent of atrocities committed during the civil war.
		The impunity with which the military continues to operate is especially clear in the murder case of Bishop Juan Gerardi.
	www.fhrg.org /milt.htm (458 words)

	Para Nunca Olvidar: Voices from Guatemala
		The people of Guatemala will never be free until are free from fear --- free from the many forces inside and outside of their country which subjected them to unspeakable acts of violence.
		The absolute power of military and police forces, their frequent clandestine activities, and the substitution of military power for civilian authority have contributed to what is widely referred to as a state of impunity.
		Rebels of Highland Guatemala : The Quiche-Mayas of Momostenango.
	www.zonalatina.com /Zldata137.htm (5983 words)

	GUATEMALA HUMAN RIGHTS
		Guatemala Background: total population 10 million, of whom 6 million are Mayan; a country without social or economic justice.
		The abuses by the Guatemalan military and its death squads were do horrific that even Amnesty International reported that they "Strained credulity." But next week, the guerrillas of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or UNRG, will sign a controversial peace accord with the government and formally end a generation of war.
		CIA still paying Guatemalan military officers despite all the revelations that have come out, and despite Secretary of State Warren Christopher's statement that the payments had ended, a statement he was forced to retract.
	www.geocities.com /~virtualtruth/guatemal.htm (2843 words)

	South Korea to Sell Light Combat Aircraft to Guatemala - Military Photos
		The military is considering selling its A-50 advanced light attack aircraft to Guatemala, officials at the Defense Ministry said Friday.
		Hwang visited Mexico, Guatemala and Brazil from March 26 to April 5 for discussions on military cooperation with the Central and South American nations.
		Guatemala with these Jets would be on the top of the Mexican Air Force, this would be really awkward, since Guatemala is 10 times poorer than Mexico.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=89698 (758 words)

	Online NewsHour: Peace in Guatemala -- December 30, 1996
		From the beginning the Guatemala strength was in the highlands, in rural villages where country's indigenous peoples, many of them descendants of the Mayan Indians who once ruled Guatemala, still make up 60 percent of Guatemala's total population.
		Their job was to control the rural population that was left in the highlands and to serve as the army's eyes and ears in guerrilla-infested areas.
		ALFONSO QUINONES, Embassy of Guatemala: I think there are several factors, a combination of factors, but I would say that perhaps the most important one is the position of the two parties involved in the negotiation to really finalize this conflict by negotiated means.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/latin_america/december96/guatemala_12-30.html (2417 words)

	Guatemala
		By 1954, Guatemala's was already the second successful regime-change lead by the CIA, instigated by the threat of expropriation of land by local government.
		Finally, due to UN interaction, a peace accord was signed in 1996 and Guatemala has benefited from democratic elections including her most recent in 2003.
		With the affects of Hurricane Stan in October 2005, as well as an agricultural sector that demands half of Guatemala's labor force, the requirements and stipulations of CAFTA may be hard for Guatemala to abide by.
	www.globalexchange.org /campaigns/guatemala (291 words)

	Religious Task Force on
		The military also still refuses to cooperate with investigations into human rights violations that took place during the civil war, as well as into several high-profile incidents that have occurred since the peace accords were signed, including the assassination of Bishop Gerardi.
		It is critical that the U.S. Congress not lift the ban on military aid to Guatemala until there is a concrete and measurable shift in the role of the military in Guatemala and full compliance with the peace accords in regard to the military and human rights.
		I urge you to oppose military aid to Guatemala and to sign the letter to President Portillo that is being circulated by Congresswoman Morella, so that we can move the ailing Guatemalan peace process forward and avoid the mistakes of the past.
	www.maryknoll.org /GLOBAL/ALERTS/rtfcentamer.htm (878 words)

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