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Topic: Military of Haiti

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	Just the Facts
		The U.S. military has maintained a constant presence in Haiti since “Operation Uphold Democracy” helped restore elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power in 1994.
		This presence is scheduled to end in early 2000, as both the U.S. Southern Command (Southcom), which coordinates all U.S. military activities in the hemisphere, and Congress have called for its termination.
		Between the Support Group and the HCA projects, an average of 496 U.S. military personnel were present in Haiti on an average day in 1998.
	www.ciponline.org /facts/ussgha.htm (439 words)

	Haiti. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Haiti is the most densely populated country in Latin America and has the lowest per capita income, with about half the people unemployed and three quarters living in the severest poverty.
		When the English invaded Haiti in 1793 during the Napoleonic Wars, Toussaint maintained an uneasy alliance with the mulatto André Rigaud and cooperated with the remnant of French governmental authority.
		Sténio Vincent, a vocal opponent of U.S. military occupation, was chosen by the legislators.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ha/Haiti.html (1900 words)

	History of Haiti - POLITICS AND THE MILITARY, 1934-57
		Haiti, however, played no role in the war except for supplying the United States with raw materials and serving as a base for a United States Coast Guard detachment.
		The Revolution of 1946 was a novel development in Haiti's history, insofar as the Garde assumed power as an institution, not as the instrument of a particular commander.
		When Haiti announced that its first direct elections (all men twenty-one or over were allowed to vote) would be held on October 8, 1950, Magloire resigned from the junta and declared himself a candidate for president.
	www.travelinghaiti.com /history_of_haiti/politics_military.asp (1919 words)

	Haiti 1988 - Conclusions and Recommendations
		On the contrary, the military appeared to conceptualize that there is nothing necessarily inconsistent between a military regime and democracy, ignoring the fact that their seizure of power is inherently undemocratic, particularly so in light of Article 3(d) of the OAS Charter and Article 23 of the American convention.
		The failure of the military to investigate and punish anyone responsible for these death squad type killings has been a matter of continuing concern to the Commission and leads it to conclude that these death squads function because of the impunity granted to them by the military.
		The military regime, by means of the coup d'etat, attempted to nullify the 1987 Constitution, which was massively approved by popular referendum on March 29, 1987.
	www.cidh.org /countryrep/Haiti88eng/conclusions.htm (1017 words)

	Occupation of Haiti (1915-34)
		Due to civil disturbances and lack of a stable friendly government, the United States occupied and ruled Haiti by means of a military government between 1915 and 1934.
		However, despite the material improvements and good intentions of the U.S. military occupation forces, resentment of the foreign occupation led to protests and several notorious episodes in which scores of Haitian civilians were killed by the US Army and/or Marines.
		The occupation of Haiti continued after World War I, despite the embarrassment that it caused Woodrow Wilson at the Paris peace conference in 1919 and the scrutiny of a congressional inquiry in 1922.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/haiti19.htm (1382 words)

	Online NewsHour: Haiti In Turmoil -- Political History
		Haiti's escalating political and economic disorder drew the attention of foreign governments, particularly Germany and the United States, two countries with the greatest investments in Haiti.
		Following the aborted 1987 election, Haiti was ruled by a series of provisional governments, characterized by their tumultuous, brutal and repressive rule.
		The prospects for Haiti's nascent democracy, however, collapsed that September when Aristide was overthrown in a violent military coup led by Generals Raoul Cedras and Philippe Biamby, backed by dissident army officials and partly funded by wealthy Haitian business leaders, the NewsHour's Elizabeth Farnsworth reported Dec. 21, 1999.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/latin_america/haiti/history.html (2417 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Publications: Americas : Haiti
		Haiti has stated that it has never produced, imported, stockpiled, or used AP mines.26 According to the United Nations, Haiti is not mine affected.
		The United States-dominated multinational force entered Haiti on September 19, 1994, with a mandate to "use all necessary means...to establish and maintain a secure and stable environment...." The force's presence permitted the reinstatement of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and a reduction in the severe human rights abuses that plagued Haiti during the three year military regime.
		Uniformed military personnel and their civilian allies have threatened and attacked women’s organizations for their work in defense of women’s rights and have subjected women to sex-specific abuse ranging from bludgeoning women’s breasts to rape.
	hrw.org /reports/world/haiti-pubs.php (1943 words)

	History of Haiti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The recorded history of Haiti began in December 1492 when the European navigator Christopher Columbus happened upon a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean Sea.
		The high mortality in Haiti can be attributed at least in part to murder, forced labour and repression, but experience elsewhere suggests that the loss was largely the result of the introduction of Old World diseases, to which the inhabitants had no resistance.
		Haiti is the world's oldest Black republic and the second-oldest republic in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Haiti (7057 words)

	Military of Haiti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The AOJ program ended in July 2000, upon expiration of a bilateral assistance agreement between the United States and the Government of Haiti.
		In spite of these initiatives, Haiti's judicial system remains severely troubled -- lacking the modern facilities, properly trained officials, and resources it requires to be able to meet the demands placed upon it.
		Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Trinidad and Tobago · United States
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Haiti (454 words)

	Haiti - Republic of Haiti - Dayti, Haïti
		Haiti - Republic of Haiti - Dayti, Haïti
		Haiti is the western part of the island Hispaniola, which was an important strategic location in the 17th century used by the Spaniards and France.
		Today Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere, the country has been plagued by political violence for most of its history.
	www.nationsonline.org /oneworld/haiti.htm (747 words)

	Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Dengue Fever Among U.S. Military Personnel -- Haiti, September- November, 1994
		U.S. military personnel who developed a febrile illness with no apparent underlying cause and reported to a military outpatient clinic were referred to the U.S. Army's 28th Combat Support Hospital in Port-au-Prince for admission and evaluation, including serial blood smears for malaria, blood specimens for virus isolation, and serologic studies.
		Because dengue virus is the principal flavivirus known to be endemic in Haiti, a probable case of DF was defined as detection of antiflavivirus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies.
		Although recent surveillance data from Haiti are not available, the documentation of illness and infections among U.S. military personnel confirms the continuing occurrence of DF in Haiti and the circulation of at least two dengue virus serotypes.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00033605.htm (1222 words)

	Background Report on Haiti
		In the 1960s Haiti was a very popular Caribbean vacation spot, and tourism was the second major source of income, but the violence under the Duvaliers and the AIDS epidemic have frightened most tourists away.
		Haiti has never had a functioning political system, if regular elections and continuity in government are the standard.
		Haiti has never been stable, and never been safe for investment from home or abroad, but capital investment is the only way to support so many people per square mile.
	www.forgottendelights.com /essay/Haiti.htm (3561 words)

	Haiti: The Humiliation of Military Intervention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The United States provoked the ouster of former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is responsible for all the chaos, and funneled support through the CIA to the paramilitary groups overthrowing the government.
		An unnecessary military intervention was manipulated to create chaos during a poorly evolved transition that could have gone much more smoothly.
		It seems to me that Brazil’s participation in a multinational military force could only take place with very clear conditions –prioritizing the self-determination of the Haitian people and a political agenda allowing for an authentic political transition, as opposed to the channeling of orders from the Empire.
	isla.igc.org /Features/Haiti/ChalmersEng.html (843 words)

	US plans military contingencies for Haiti crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The US military is planning for Haiti contingencies but has not yet issued special deployment orders, US defense officials said Friday.
		There are only the 50 marines at the US embassy, and no other military movements," the official said, speaking on condition of anonymity.
		He said the military was "going through the checklist" of what might be required if they are called on.
	www.spacewar.com /2004/040227193852.ft8e146n.html (321 words)

	EPICA: Ecumenical Program in Central America and the Caribbean
		Unless a political solution to the crisis is reached soon, we fear a further descent into civil war, empowering the most repressive elements of FRAPH and the remnants of the Haitian military, and risking U.S. military intervention in Haiti under the guise of stemming the tide of Haitian refugees.
		Today, Haiti is on the brink of civil war – or worse, a military intervention or a military coup backed by the United States.
		The U.S. failed to recognize Haiti as the first fl republic in the Western Hemisphere until 1862, occupied Haiti militarily from 1915-1934, supported the Duvalier dictatorship for decades, and did everything possible to destabilize the presidency of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 1991, including support for the military coup.
	www.epica.org /haiti/haiti_statement.htm (1571 words)

	Military Police Regimental Asssociation
		The Military Police Corps is one of the youngest branches of the United States Army.
		As a result of their distinguished service in Vietnam, the Military Police Corps was designated as a combat support and service branch on 14 October, 1968.
		Military Police are maintaining order in war-torn Bosnia, as well as conducting patrols, operating checkpoints, and conducting investigations in an effort to keep the peace in Kosovo.
	www.militarypolicegiftshop.com /aboutmpra.html (1220 words)

	Haiti: The U.S.-Led Intervention, 1994 / Operation Uphold Democracy, Haiti 1994/ Operation Restore Democracy, Haiti ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Intervasion of Haiti, pp 209-233 (includes sections on the political context, the planning, and the unity of command and effort).
		Bradley tanks were sent to Haiti due to the lessons learned in Somalia more than from any expectations of hard opposition to the intervention.
		Examines the U.S. military intervention in Haiti in terms of what is old and new in U.S. policy for the region.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/haiti/haiti99.htm (2907 words)

	Victims of Haitian Military Coup - 1991
		It is being constantly filtered through the lenses of those who control the media and those who have but one common purpose and theme, that the movement of the poor in Haiti should be broken along with their President.
		As I write this, Haiti's former military is being allowed by the Bush administration and the United Nations to return to power.
		The summary executions, political murders, brutal repression and corruption in the areas they control are a mere foreshadowing of what daily life will look like in the country if they are allowed to resume their traditional role in Haitian society.
	www.haitiaction.net /News/coupphotos.html (986 words)

	U.S. Hands Over Haiti To U.N.
		Interim Prime Minister Gerard Latortue told hundreds of military and civilian dignitaries at the U.S.-U.N. command transfer ceremony Friday that his government would in time begin to disarm the factions whose violence is racking the nation.
		Latortue, who was handpicked to lead Haiti after a bloody revolt helped force President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to leave the country, said it would take the help of the international community to stabilize Haiti as it moves toward elections next year.
		She said Ribeiro believes the current troop strength in Haiti -- 1,200 Brazilians, 530 Canadians and 500 Chileans -- is sufficient to carry out the mission until more troops arrive.
	www.military.com /NewsContent/0,13319,FL_haiti_062604,00.html (759 words)

	HaitiXchange - Haiti Coup Anniversary - The Betrayal of Democracy
		Almost exactly a year ago, president Jean Bertrand Aristide left Haiti in what many believe was a planned coup and forced kidnapping.
		Finally, Pina's film was shown and gave a glimpse of what life has been like in Haiti for the past year since the government upheaval.
		There was even a young kid sitting down, listening to a walkman as the troops kick open he doors of his neighbors.
	www.haitixchange.com /hx/article.asp?article_id=52 (522 words)

	Haiti 1986-1994
		Haiti was, and is, the Western Hemisphere's best known economic, medical, political, judicial, educational, and ecological basket case.
		The military was particularly vexed by his policies against smuggling and drug trafficking, as well as his attempt to de-politicize them.
		Meanwhile, an OAS human-rights team was accusing the Haiti regime of "murder, rape, kidnaping, detention and torture in a systematic campaign to terrorize Haitians who want the return of democracy and President Jean-Bertrand Aristide", and Amnesty International was reporting the same.{49} Time was passing, and each day meant less time for Aristide to govern Haiti.
	members.aol.com /bblum6/haiti2.htm (4987 words)

	Haiti at brink again - US owes help \| csmonitor.com
		Aristide may have failings in his ability to negotiate the vicious power divide between Haiti's economic elite and its broader masses, but US policy has created an environment in which it is impossible for him to succeed.
		As in Iraq, the US has in Haiti pursued policies and formed allegiances that violate the sanctity and inviolability of the ballot box, while attempting to deliver the future of an entire nation and people into the hands of a specially selected, unelected few.
		US financial, political, and military support for Haiti remained strong while the Duvalier family dictators and their successors were in power.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/0123/p11s01-coop.html (1061 words)

	Ex-Military Marauds Haiti While U.S. Blames Aristide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		When I visited Haiti in August, I saw firsthand the brutality wrought by the band of ex-soldiers.
		One of the people I interviewed near Cap-Haïtien in northern Haiti was Ralph Hyppolit, whose 14-year-old niece was murdered by ex-soldiers and former death squad members Feb. 22.
		If America truly wants democracy in Haiti, it should start by insisting that the interim government free people imprisoned illegally and jail those who have committed crimes, restore the freedoms of assembly and speech guaranteed by Haiti's constitution and unlock the door to popular governance.
	www.finalcall.com /artman/publish/article_1622.shtml (788 words)

	The Black Commentator - Cover Story: Haitians Seized, Abused by U.S. Marines - Issue 90
		Souer Anne. Auguste’s residence is part of a compound that includes four other apartments that were also invaded by the U.S. military forces. The troops covered the heads of 11 Haitians with fl hoods and then forced them to lay face down on the ground while binding their wrists with plastic manacles behind their backs.
		The real question is, what right does a U.S. military assault team have to perform such an action in Haiti? The Haitian media, controlled by the same forces that allied themselves with the Bush administration to forcibly remove President Aristide, allege that Ms.
		Guyler C. Delva, of the Association of Haitian Journalists, has publicly accused many of his colleagues of working as paid informants for the U.S. military in Haiti. These are the same Haitian media that worked hand-in-glove with the campaign that removed President Aristide on February 29.
	www.blackcommentator.com /90/90_cover_haiti.html (947 words)

	From favelas in Sao Paolo to poor neighborhoods in Haiti: Brazil's military asserts control - December 25, 2005
		Photo: ©2005 Haiti Information Project On November 27, Cite Soleil came under heavy fire again from Brazilian forces in a military operation against suspected bandits (a code word, according to residents, borrowed from Haiti's wealthy elite to describe Lavalas supporters in poor neighborhoods of the capital).
		Heavily armed soldiers of the Brazilian military, which leads the UN military mission to Haiti known as MINUSTAH, had earlier taken over a building in Pele belonging to an accused drug dealer with alleged ties to presidential candidate Guy Philippe.
		The troops were seen reinforcing the facility with sand bags and equipment as a military unit on the ground led a group of fl-hooded residents through the neighborhood on a mission to identify and target suspected "bandits" for arrest.
	www.haitiaction.net /News/HIP/12_25_5/12_25_5.html (858 words)

	Military Of Haiti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		If you would like to use this flag of Haiti or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
		If you would like to use this map of Haiti or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
		If you would like to use this information for Haiti or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /country_guides/haiti_country_military.shtml (203 words)

	Ex-Military Marauds Haiti While U.S. Blames Aristide : Indybay
		Wednesday Oct 27th, 2004 10:28 PM The State Dept. blames "Aristide thugs" for the violence in Haiti.
		military men and death squad members control parts of Haiti.
		Haiti, ostensibly to boost the firepower of police to put down those the
	www.indybay.org /newsitems/2004/10/27/17017981.php (730 words)

	Should America send military to Haiti? Yes: Objective is to rid police reign of terror
		Haiti, on the other hand, is more typical of societies in the Americas.
		Two other fundamental points that set Haiti apart from Somalia: One is that Haiti is next door, not halfway around the world, so that events there have a far greater effect on the United States.
		The other is that Haiti has a legitimately elected government that is accepted by the vast majority of the population.
	www.worldpolicy.org /globalrights/carib/1994-0714-oregonian-haiti.html (754 words)

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