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	Military of Indonesia Summary
		In the face of large budget cuts, the military retains significant business interests as a means of generating funds for operational needs and the welfare of the soldiers and their families.
		During the Suharto era, the military was sometimes said to have a "dual function" (dwifungsi) in Indonesia; first, it would preserve the internal and external security of the country, preserving it as a unified nation, and second, it would insure that government policy followed a path that the military leadership felt was wise.
		Indonesia has not had a substantial conflict with its neighbours since the 1963-1965 confrontation with Malaysia, although competing South China Sea claims, where Indonesia has large natural gas reserves, concern the Indonesian government.
	www.bookrags.com /Military_of_Indonesia (1267 words)

	Too Soon to Resume Military-to-Military Engagement with Indonesia
		Indonesia, the fourth most populous country in the world and a cornerstone of security and economic development in Southeast Asia, is a continuing source of international concern amid worries that President Abdurrahman Wahid is not in control.
		Indonesia's military remains systemically corrupt, and the professional education of many of its officers in the United States did little to change the nature of the armed forces.
		The only way to convince Indonesia's military officers that there is no latent sympathy for their activities and to impress upon them the importance of democratic values is to restrict all TNI contact with uniformed American officers.
	www.heritage.org /Research/AsiaandthePacific/BG1397.cfm (3624 words)

	ABRI - Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia - Indonesia
		The military establishment in the early 1990s was involved in many affairs of state that elsewhere were not normally associated with military forces and acknowledged as the dominant political institution in the country.
		Comprising the three military services and the police, the armed forces operated according to dwifungsi, or dual function, a doctrine of their own evolution, under which they undertook a double role as both defenders of the nation and as a social-political force in national development.
		Military planners envisioned a three-stage war, comprising a short initial period in which an invader would defeat conventional Indonesian resistance and establish its own control, a long period of unconventional, regionally based fighting, and a final phase in which the invaders would eventually be repelled.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/indonesia/abri.htm (2256 words)

	Terrorism - Priority Dilemmas: U.S.-Indonesia Military Relations in the Anti-Terror War
		Indonesia is a willing and vital partner in the war on terrorism; yet it is also a country whose uppermost institutions, namely the government and the military, carry ignominious histories that disallow full and strong alliances Washington wishes to form with its global coalition partners.
		In the case of Indonesia, Washington's predicament stems not from the repressive nature of a regime Washington now considers a friend as in the case of Central Asian countries, but from the military that is at once the source of stability and brutality.
		Indonesia does not wish its counterterrorism agenda, which is often blurred with domestic separatist problems, to be hijacked by Washington; rather, it seeks the maneuverability to fight terrorism on its own, with strong backing from the global coalition.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/priority.cfm (1466 words)

	Wikinfo \| Armed force
		Militaries in many larger countries are divided into an army, an air force, and a navy (if necessary).
		The investment in military forces and their associated technologies can result in many ancillary benefits to the society as a whole.
		These military investments are increased during a war or other conflict, and in a virtuous cycle can accelerate the technological development of the society as a whole.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=military (616 words)

	Power-hungry military overshadows Indonesia
		This return-to-barracks policy requires the military to abstain from practical politics and forces the institution to abandon its territorial command - which in practice means deploying troops down to the regency level - and dual functions, defense and socio-political roles.
		The military, which undoubtedly remains the country's strongest political entity, earned praise and respect in the April 5 legislative elections and the July 5 presidential elections as its personnel stayed largely neutral throughout the democratic process, despite the fact that three retired army generals contested in the presidential poll.
		The military's proposal to regain its old powers also reveals its ignorance, because it goes against MPR decree No 6/2001, which limits the military's role to safeguarding the country from external attacks, while leaving the police in charge of national-security issues.
	www.etan.org /et2004/july/29/28power.htm (1112 words)

	U.S. and Indonesia May Restore Military Link
		Jakarta, Indonesia - The United States and Indonesia are seeking to use their cooperation in dealing with the tsunami crisis as a springboard to restore closer military ties after a decade of limited contact because of American concern over human rights abuses by the Indonesian Army, senior defense officials from both countries said Sunday.
		Military assistance to Indonesia was halted in 1992 in response to the killing of demonstrators in East Timor by Indonesian forces.
		Sudarsono said it was difficult to bolster the military's public image, especially in places like Aceh Province, which had the greatest number of deaths from the tsunami and where a separatist rebellion has simmered for decades.
	www.truthout.org /cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/37/8394/printer (1949 words)

	BBC News \| SPECIAL REPORT \| Indonesia's 'power-sharing' military
		Indonesia's democratic general election on Monday marked the first time since the 1960s that the military has not simply rubber-stamped the result for the ruling party, Golkar.
		But the armed forces still gain an automatic 38 of the new parliament's 500 seats, suggesting that the military's "dual function" - as protector of the nation and an established force in civil politics - is not yet at an end.
		Under new rules, military personnel in civilian posts will have to choose between retirement, switching to the civil service or returning to active duty.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/events/indonesia/special_report/363810.stm (504 words)

	Asia Times: Indonesia's military grows impatient with Wahid
		Indonesia's armed forces are purging their ranks, removing generals loyal to President Abdurrahman Wahid.
		The military high command appears to be bracing itself in preparation for a conflict with President Wahid.
		The military would not only need to suppress communal fighting in the Spice Islands and separatists in Aceh and Irian Jaya, it would have to fight in the heart of Indonesia, as student demonstrators and pro-democracy activists would inevitably take to the streets.
	www.atimes.com /se-asia/BF15Ae01.html (1002 words)

	FT.com / World / Asia-Pacific - Malaysia spat raises questions of Indonesia military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Indonesia has been engaging in old-fashioned gunboat diplomacy this week as it tries to shoo away Malaysia from a disputed and oil-rich patch of sea off north-eastern Borneo.
		The question over Indonesia's ageing military might - the country has been under a US arms embargo for 13 years - is likely to be on the mind of Syed Hamid Albar, Malaysia's foreign minister, as he arrives in Jakarta today.
		He argues that as Indonesia emerges as a democracy, further engagement is needed so young TNI officers can be prepared to run a “modern military” which knows how to report to a civilian government.
	news.ft.com /cms/s/b9e35ba4-8fc5-11d9-ab77-00000e2511c8.html (768 words)

	Indonesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch for over three centuries; however, the nation declared its independence in 1945, which was internationally recognized four years later.
		Indonesia is a unitary state consisting of numerous distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups spread across its numerous islands.
		Indonesia borders Malaysia on the island of Borneo (Indonesian, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea and East Timor on the island of Timor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indonesia (5793 words)

	INDONESIA: Military Business Interests Fuel Abuses
		While the reform calls for profitable military enterprises to be made into state-owned companies, for example, it would permit the TNI to retain charitable foundations and cooperatives that long been used as fronts for its commercial interests, the report said.
		Despite long-standing Congressional curbs on U.S. military aid and sales to Indonesia, including restrictions on certain kinds of aid until the civilian authorities asserted significant control over the TNI and greater transparency regarding its business interests, Rumsfeld's trip marked the official normalisation of military relations between the two countries.
		Even the proportion of the total military budget believed to be raised by licit and illicit TNI operations is unclear, according to the report.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=33698 (1186 words)

	CNN - Looting reported in Indonesia despite heavy military presence - May 20, 1998
		JAKARTA, Indonesia (CNN) -- Despite a massive military presence and the cancellation of a planned protest commemorating National Awakening Day, looting broke out in a market in northern Jakarta Wednesday, witnesses say.
		In Surabaya, Indonesia's second largest city, soldiers with sticks beat students who marched in the street, a witness said.
		Indonesia has been among the nations hardest hit by the Asian economic crisis.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/asiapcf/9805/20/indonesia.on/index.html (985 words)

	After the Tsunami: Military Aid For Indonesia?
		While Indonesia revamps its image and repairs relations with the U.S., it isn’t addressing the reasons military aid was suspended in the first place.
		While the Indonesian military used C-130 transport planes to ferry aid to remote areas, the last time these military planes flew over Aceh, it was an act of war.
		The military isn’t eager to give up control in a region still trying to absorb the huge influx of cash and resources that have poured in since the tsunami.
	www.commondreams.org /views05/0218-32.htm (1046 words)

	Indonesia, US discuss military cooperation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A senior US army commander has met with Indonesia's military chief to discuss cooperation, officials said Thursday, signalling moves towards a normalization of military ties between the two countries.
		Indonesian military spokesman Ahmad Yani Basuki said the two had held talks on Tuesday and Wednesday at the military headquarters in Jakarta.
		Indonesia is seeking full normalization of military ties with the United States after a joint investigation cleared the Indonesian army of involvement in the killing of two American teachers in Papua province in August 2002.
	www.spacewar.com /2004/040805042952.293bpzp4.html (251 words)

	Rice Urges Further Military Reforms in Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As she did in appearances here Tuesday, the Secretary held up Indonesia, the world's largest majority-Muslim country, as an example of political moderation and diversity for the rest of the world.
		She praised the island nation, home to hundreds of different ethnicities and cultures, for shaking off the legacy of autocratic rule and withstanding what she called the horrific trial of the tsunami disaster at the end of 2004.
		Rice said despite progress in Indonesia and several of its neighbors, democracy in the region still faces what she termed determined opponents, notably the military junta in Burma, which she said has held the Burmese peoples democratic aspirations, along with their most eloquent leader Aung San Suu Kyi, captive for some 15 years.
	www.voanews.com /english/2006-03-15-voa6.cfm (691 words)

	Military aid to Indonesia - Editorials & Commentary - International Herald Tribune
		His repeated claims that the Indonesian military is fighting terrorism doesn't make it so: The Indonesian police, no longer part of the military, is the body fighting terrorism in Indonesia.
		The recalcitrance and corruption of the military remains a major roadblock to democratic advances in Indonesia.
		The military plans to reinsert itself into communities throughout Indonesia under the pretense of fighting terrorism.
	www.iht.com /articles/2006/01/09/opinion/edlet.php (500 words)

	United States Gives Military Hospital to Indonesia
		In the wake of the tsunami, the U.S. military came to provide immediate emergency relief to the battered region with the help of the USNS Mercy, a huge floating hospital.
		The United States and Indonesia are the third and fourth largest countries in the world, and Pascoe explained that is exactly why the two countries should be strengthening ties both diplomatically and militarily.
		In November, the U.S. State Department moved to normalize military to military relations with Indonesia, after six years of restricted engagement because of human-rights violations in East Timor.
	www.military.com /features/0,15240,86230,00.html (722 words)

	Indonesia - Military Assistance (Taken Question)
		The Administration considers the relationship between the United States and Indonesia, the world's third largest democracy, to be of the utmost importance.
		As the world's most populous majority-Muslim nation, Indonesia is a voice of moderation in the Islamic world.
		Indonesia has made significant progress in advancing its democratic institutions and practices in a relatively short time.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/prs/ps/2006/58686.htm (309 words)

	Military News - Veteran News: U.S. Military Responds to Indonesia Earthquake
		Pioneer Military Loans offers an on-line loan service designed to provide military personnel immediate access to cash no matter where they are stationed worldwide.
		CAMP H.M. SMITH, Hawaii, May 30, 2006 – The U.S. military is sending about 100 troops to Indonesia to contribute to international humanitarian relief efforts in the wake of a devastating 6.2 magnitude earthquake that struck May 27 near the ancient city of Yogyakarta.
		The military has made tremendous advances in health care in the last decade and specifically since the start of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the top Defense Department official for health care said.
	www.militaryconnections.com /news_story.cfm?textnewsid=1964 (636 words)

	US Resumes Joint Military Training With Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Indonesia's involvement in the (United States) International Military Education and Training program, or IMET, was suspended in 1992, in response to the army's involvement in the massacre the previous year of more than 250 people attending a funeral in East Timor.
		Before IMET could resume, the U.S. secretary of state was required to confirm that the Indonesian military was cooperating with the FBI investigation into the teachers' murders.
		Washington is keen to improve ties with Indonesia, which has the world's largest Muslim population and is an important ally in the war on terrorism.
	www.voanews.com /burmese/archive/2005-02/Indonesia-US.cfm (465 words)

	Military of Indonesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Suharto era, the military was sometimes said to have a "dual function" (dwifungsi) in Indonesia; first, it would preserve the internal and external security of the country, preserving it as a unified nation, and second, it would ensure that government policy followed a path that the military leadership felt was wise.
		Military Area Commands (KODAM), incorporating provincial and district commands each with a number of infantry battalions, sometimes a cavalry battalion, artillery, engineers.
		Also, by cooperating with local military equipment manufacturers such as Pindad and Hoverindo Nusa Persada, the Indonesian military is now capable of manufacturing its own military equipment, which mostly ranges in areas of small arms due to Indonesia's inability to master more advanced and larger weaponry such as armor, air and naval units.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Indonesia (1021 words)

	New Military Links to Indonesia Debated by Jim Lobe
		In particular, it is reviving its hopes of normalizing military ties with Indonesia, the world's most populous Muslim nation, whose strategically located archipelago, critical sea lanes, and historic distrust of China have long made it an ideal partner for containing Beijing.
		But the disaster is now seen as having created the possibility for a military rapprochement between the Indonesian and U.S. militaries, whose ties were cut after the TNI and militias organized by it rampaged through East Timor in 1999.
		Wolfowitz and his allies at the Pentagon depict Yudhoyono and his civilian defense minister, Juwono Sudarsono, as reformists whose influence on the TNI could be enhanced by the full restoration of relations.
	www.lewrockwell.com /ips/lobe182.html (1079 words)

	The Hindu : International : U.S. firms up military ties with Indonesia
		The new U.S.-Japan security consensus is designed to "pay attention to [the] modernisation of military capabilities" in the Asia-Pacific region, a phraseology which diplomats have seen as a reference to China as a possible target.
		Indonesia will now be entitled to receive defence supplies from the U.S., which will also "waive" the existing sanctions under its "foreign military financing" programme.
		One of the reasons that the U.S. had cited to impose military-related sanctions on Indonesia was the "insufficient cooperation" from it in the investigation of the murder of two American citizens in the Papua province in August 2002.
	www.hindu.com /2005/11/27/stories/2005112703531200.htm (393 words)

	US Military Aid to Indonesia
		Furthermore, military and military-supported militias are increasingly violating human rights in Indonesia, especially in the areas of Aceh, Papua and Maluku.
		The military is using tactics like assassination to undermine efforts for peaceful reform and the resolution of local conflicts.
		This was in response to Indonesia's scorched-earth campaign in which militias, the military and police terrorized the East Timorese after the province's 1999 vote for independence.
	www.peace-action.org /home/indo.html (763 words)

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