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Topic: Military of Japan

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	Japan, Buddhism and Warlords
		Buddhism may have arrived in Japan earlier, but the commonly believed time of its arrival in Japan was around the mid-500s, when the Korean king of Paekche was fighting the king of neighboring Silla and wished to ally himself with Japan.
		Japan's emperor sent no troops to Korea, and in 562 Japan was forced from its possession in Korea that it called Mimana.
		Japan was growing also in population, and they were expanding against indigenous people, including the Ainu, who, on the main island, Honshu, were overrun and pushed farther north.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h07japan.htm (4023 words)

	Japan Self-Defense Forces - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Japanese military is severely limited by Article 9 of the Japanese constitution that renounces force as a means of settling international disputes and prohibits the creation of an army, navy, and air force.
		Japan's USD $45.8 billion/year budget makes it the sixth largest military spender in the world, after the United States, People's Republic of China, Russia, United Kingdom and France.
		This controversial deployment marked a significant turning point in Japan's history as it is the first time since the end of World War II that Japan sent troops abroad except for a few minor UN peacekeeping deployments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japan_Self-Defence_Forces (764 words)

	Japan-U.S. Military Technology Cooperation
		With respect to implementing Japan's defense, at least by the world's standards, based on the Japan-U.S. security system and with the decline of the relative economic power of the United States, there are a number of problems, in addition to the issue of the Constitution of Japan, with its execution.
		The United States has requested the cooperation of Japan, with her improved economy and technology, in the area of military technology based on the belief that the development of technological power is still indispensable.
		Japan is interested in copying the technology to manufacture marketable products, in other words, her interests are directed toward innovation, mass production and cost for procurement.
	www.fas.org /news/japan/jst94016.htm (2876 words)

	NDM Article - Japan Shapes Military Force To Tackle Emerging Threats
		Japan is reshaping its military forces as it attempts to tackle a perceived nuclear threat from North Korea and strengthen its role in multinational peacekeeping operations, Japanese officials told National Defense.
		Japan’s Defense Agency says North Korea allegedly is working on a longer-range missile that could fly 1,500 km, as well as a Taepo Dong-2, a two-stage missile with a range of 3,500 to 6,000 km.
		According to Japan’s defense attaché in Washington, D.C., Maj. Gen. Yoshiyuki Watanabe, one of the priorities are to deploy satellites for surveillance and imaging.
	www.nationaldefensemagazine.org /issues/2003/Aug/Japan_Shapes.htm (1583 words)

	Japan’s Superpower Potential (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Japan’s air force is similarly modern, and is built around the F-15J (a variant of the F-15C) and the F-2 (a stealthier version of the F-16 with four additional hardpoints).
		Japan’s economy is half that of China ($3.4 trillion to $6.7 trillion), but Japan gets its GDP from a population that is about 10 percent of China’s.
		Japan also holds a significant lead in technology (for instance, the Civic and Prius hybrids that are on the road today were designed in Japan), and its shipbuilding program continues (two diesel-electric submarines, two helicopter-carrying destroyers, two new Aegis guided-missiles destroyers, and four more Takanami-class destroyers are planned to join the fleet by 2010).
	www.strategypage.com /dls/articles/2005512213835.asp (863 words)

	Japan's Evolving Military
		Article nine of Japan's constitution states "the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes."
		There is a lingering discomfort having to do with Japan's historical experiences of the use of military force as an instrument of pursuing foreign policy goals.
		Japan needs to get beyond its old anachronistic pacifism that is not realistic in a complex and messy world.
	quickstart.clari.net /voa/art/fu/2005-01-13-voa36.html (816 words)

	The Epoch Times :: Japan's Expanded Military Role Prompts Protests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At that time, Japan chose to send billions of dollars instead of hundreds of soldiers as its contribution to coalition efforts, a decision that drew international criticism.
		Now, with Japan confronting global terrorism, neighboring North Korea eyeing the nuclear option, and a Chinese military buildup, a comfortable majority of lawmakers supports modifying Japan's pacifist constitution to give the military an expanded role.
		Asians worry that the Japan has never come to terms with the misery it caused, and that lack of Japanese reflection - combined with an expanding and more powerful military - could set the stage for a repeat in the future.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-4-21/21029.html (822 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan became a regional power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia.
		Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch.
		Japan's huge government debt, which totals more than 160% of GDP, and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/ja.html (1477 words)

	Asia Times Online - The trusted news source for information on Japan
		TOKYO - As expected, Japan's cabinet extended the deployment of up to 600 troops in Iraq for another year, though they are largely sequestered in their high-tech desert fortress.
		Japan's latest defense outline stipulates that the SDF must rise to the challenge of two new threats - ballistic missiles and terrorism.
		Japan's current system for attack responses, for example, would take much longer than the 10 minutes needed for a North Korean missile to reach its shores after a launch is detected.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Japan/FL14Dh01.html (1783 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Asia / Japan rethinks military's role (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But outside the gates, Japan is rethinking decades-old attitudes about its military and the commitment to pacifism on which this nation rebuilt itself from the ashes of World War II.
		The main opposition party, the Democratic Party of Japan, includes defectors from both sides of the political spectrum and is pledging to improve Japan's "defensive capabilities." Its platform cautiously approves debate to build "national consensus" on constitutional reform.
		Still, the idea that peacekeeping operations are a legitimate -- and necessary -- mission for Japan's military seems to have been reinforced by mounting perceptions of this nation's vulnerability and dependence on its American ally for security.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2003/11/07/japan_rethinks_militarys_role?mode=PF (829 words)

	AAFES to Adjust Japan, Okinawa Gas Prices
		Base motorists in Japan and Okinawa soon will have to dig a bit deeper in their pockets to pay for a tank of gas.
		Gas prices on military bases throughout Japan are about to reflect prices paid in the United States.
		Military spouses are being asked to participate in a short survey to help better understand their employment and quality-of-life needs.
	www.military.com /MilitaryReport/0,12914,MR_AAFES_092004,00.html (248 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Asia-Pacific \| Japan's landmark military move
		The move by Japan's parliament to pass bills which strengthen the military is considered controversial in a country that renounced the right to wage war more than half a century ago.
		Japan's military is one of the world's most modern, but it is emasculated
		Calls are growing to further enhance Japan's military capabilities, according to Gerald Curtis, visiting professor from Columbia University.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/asia-pacific/3034685.stm (630 words)

	POLITICS: Japan Seeks Larger Military Role
		Japan unveiled its new defence white paper this week in which the government has defined the role of its Self Defence Forces (SDF) as one that is better able to deal with new threats to national security such as ballistic missile attacks and terrorism.
		Japan's defeat in World War II led the country to establish a postwar pacifist Constitution that stopped the country from maintaining its own military and relying heavily on the United States-Japan Security Pact for its national security.
		Japan aspires to be a leader in Asia by expanding the role of the SDF and working closely with the US.
	www.ipsnews.org /news.asp?idnews=29761 (881 words)

	Japan Flexes Its Military Muscle With US Applauding From Behind
		"Japan is making profound changes, perhaps the most important shift in its attitude since World War II and it's very much in reaction to what is going on in the Northeast Asian region," said Balbina Hwang, analyst with the Washington-based Heritage Foundation.
		Japan's defence chief Yoshinori Ono was very vocal at a press conference at the end of the Washington talks on Saturday, singling out an intrusion of a Chinese nuclear submarine into the waters around Japan's southernmost islands last November.
		Some analysts say that the United States, by encouraging Japan to take on a higher military profile, would be wary in not upsetting China, the only power seen capable of reigning in a nuclear-armed North Korea.
	www.prisonplanet.com /articles/february2005/220205japanflexes.htm (704 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Asia-Pacific \| Japan signals key military shift
		Japan has revised its defence policy to allow for a greater role in global military co-operation.
		But the changes also ease some of the restrictions on Japan's military, allowing it to collaborate with the US in areas of missile defence.
		Under the new guidelines, military spending is due to be cut by more than 3% over the next five years, and troop levels are set to be reduced by 5,000 to 155,000.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/asia-pacific/4084249.stm (616 words)

	The Infography about the Military History of Japan
		Heavenly Warriors : The Evolution of Japan's Military, 500 1300.
		Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific.
		Japan's First Modern War: Army and Society in the Conflict with China 1894-95.
	www.infography.com /content/188492554793.html (424 words)

	U.S. Military Wastes Worries Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		YOKOHAMA, Japan (AP) - On a U.S. Army dock south of Tokyo lies the latest irritant between the American military and its Japanese hosts: 100 tons of toxic waste.
		Military officials say they have been open about the shipment, but no details about what is next have been released.
		Importation of foreign-made PCBs is banned in the United States, and there are no facilities for disposing of the toxic materials in Japan, meaning the military either has to store them indefinitely or search for a third country willing to dispose of them.
	www.chem.unep.ch /pops/POPs_Inc/press_releases/pressrel-2k/pr14.htm (670 words)

	Encyclopedia: Military of Japan
		Military branches: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force)
		Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 30,259,247 (2000 est.)
		Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 771,452 (2000 est.)
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Military-of-Japan (651 words)

	Comments
		Japan Coastguard Hopes to Build Lighthouse on Islet Disputed with China (AFP, Aug. 24, 2004) Japan's coastguard says it hopes to build a lighthouse on a remote atoll in the Pacific in a move that could reinforce the country's claim in a territorial dispute with China.
		Japan Takes over Lighthouse on Island Claimed by China, Taiwan (AFP, Feb. 10, 2005) Japan said it had placed under state control a lighthouse built by nationalists on a disputed island in the East China Sea despite rival claims by China and Taiwan.
		(Japan Times, Jan. 17, 2005) Japan Petroleum Exploration Co. and Teikoku Oil Co. are in talks with the government on their plans to drill for natural gas in the East China Sea near areas claimed by both Japan and China.
	taiwansecurity.org /TSR-Japan.htm (4917 words)

	Japan
		Japan's being stronger after World War II than before because of her economy rather than her military.
		Japan's desire to rebuild her army and navy beyond the limits imposed at the end of World War II.
		Japan's World War II policy of forcing their enemies' women to serve as sex slaves for Japanese troops.
	school.discovery.com /quizzes16/raiforngr/Japan.html (747 words)

	Pacifist Japan beefs up military \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Japan is closely integrated into an Asian economy; and there is no "imperial drive" in Tokyo - that led Japan to colonize and dominate Asia from Manchuria to Burma.
		"Japan's militarization is not a threat," argues Brad Glosserman, director of research at CSIS in Honolulu.
		Japan sent officials and a medical team to the area, and issued an apology.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/0815/p06s02-woap.html (1139 words)

	Japan steps up military role
		Japan is moving closer to a military role for itself as it points to recent actions by China and North Korea as threats to Japan's safety.
		Japan has severed another tie with its post-war pacifist defense posture, with the government adopting new policy guidelines which include a more active role in international conflicts.
		With each step in the escalation of threats Japan faces in East Asia they seem to be moving closer and closer to defending a Japanese military.
	www.atsnn.com /story/104077.html (510 words)

	Japan may ease military restrictions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Passage of the War Contingency Bills, the first such legislation in postwar Japan, followed nearly four decades of debate on the issue and came amid concerns about North Korea's nuclear and missile programs and international terrorism.
		Japan maintains a 240,000-person Self-Defense Forces but relies heavily on the U.S. military for protection.
		The legislation would let Japan's Self-Defense Forces mobilize in defensive positions if the government determines that an attack is imminent.
	www.freep.com /news/nw/japan16_20030516.htm (353 words)

	ipedia.com: Japan Self-Defence Forces Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Japan Self-Defence Forces is a military force in Japan that was established after the end of World War II.
		As a reflection of the forces' role, the Japanese term 軍 ("gun"), referring to a military force, and the English terms "military", "army", "navy", and "air force" are never used in official references to the JSDF.
		See also: Military history of Japan, Imperial Japanese Army, Imperial Japanese Navy, List of military aircraft of Japan, Deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq.
	www.ipedia.com /japan_self_defence_forces.html (638 words)

	Japanese military flags (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Japan 1913 and 1941: the ensign is the same as today, white with a red disc slightly to the hoist with rays (16 to be precise) extending from the disc to the edges of the flag.
		The naval flag was introduced in 1889 and that has 16 rays extending from the Sun "Mon" to the edge of the flag.
		The flag was "banned" by the Treaty of San Francisco which prevent Japan from having her own armed forces, but in 1952 she started to build up "self-defence" forces.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/jp^.html (726 words)

	Project Syndicate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Japan's laws are primed for this change, because the obligations of the Self-Defense Forces are relatively clear in these circumstances.
		Ever since Japan dispatched minesweepers to the Persian Gulf after the Gulf War in 1991, the Self-Defense Forces have been expanding their activities beyond Japan and its immediate vicinity to include international peacekeeping missions, emergency relief operations, multilateral military exercises, and naval refueling support in the Indian Ocean.
		To achieve these ends, Japan must be endowed with responsibilities equivalent to the country's national power, while securing the safety, comfort, and prosperity of Japan and preserving the people's identity as Japanese with pride and honor.
	www.project-syndicate.org /commentaries/commentary_text.php4?id=1558&m=series (934 words)

	Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The vertical to horizontal ratio was set at 2:3, the disc was to be placed at the exact center, and the diameter of the disc was to equal three-fifths of the vertical measurement of the flag.
		Just to mention, Military Aircraft Insignia of the World explains that such a roundel was used since the establishment of Japanaise military aviation.
		After a period of no military aviation in Japan, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Nihon Koku-Jieitai) was formed on 1 July 1954 together with Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Kaijyo Jieitai) and Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Rikujo Jieitai) with their air arms.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/jp.html (868 words)

	Japanese Military Collectibles Reference - MilitaryItems.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Part of the reason is the fact that the Japanese did not have a great abundance of resources their military items are not as well built as those produced by the Germans.
		This action is reminiscent of the begining days of the Samurai warrior where opponents at war would face each other and yell out their resumes (name of school where they learned to fight, family name, number of battles, etc.) as they charged towards each other with sword in hand.
		The martial arts tradition of Japan and other Asian nations is very rich in history and spans thousands of years.
	quanonline.com /military/military_reference/japanese/japanese.html (1358 words)

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