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Topic: Military of Nicaragua

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	The History of Demining in Nicaragua, by Elizabeth Beery Adams (5.2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Nicaragua is a country with a history of armed conflicts.
		The landmines that remain today are principally along Nicaragua’s northern border and primarily affect the rural population, as they prevent the utilization of large areas of land for agriculture and ranching.
		Nicaragua has used a variety of methods in its demining efforts, beginning with basic equipment such as probes and metal detectors while moving towards mine-detecting dogs and large mechanical mine clearance equipment, to ensure the most effective demining possible.
	maic.jmu.edu /journal/5.2/focus/nicaragua.htm (1642 words)

	Nicaragua - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicaragua has seen U.S. military interventions and lengthy periods of military dictatorship, the most infamous being the rule of the Somoza family (supported by successive U.S. governments) for much of the early 20th century.
		Nicaragua's economy has historically been based on the export of cash crops such as bananas, coffee and tobacco.They thing they boasts the best rum in Central America and apparently is 3rd in beef quality behind Argentina and Brazil, but this data is very subjective, given the salubrity and quality problems Nicaragua's production suffer.
		Nicaragua's pre-Colombian population consisted of the Nahuatl-speaking Nicarao people of the west after whom the country is named, and six other ethnic groups including the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos along the Caribbean coast.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicaragua (1942 words)

	Nicaragua (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Colonized by Spain in 1524, Nicaragua achieved independence as an independent state in 1821 and joined the United Provinces of Central America.
		The nation's early history was marred by lengthy periods of military dictatorship, the most infamous being the rule of the Somoza family for much of the early 20th century.
		Nicaragua is a constitutional republic with an elected president holding executive power.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/n/ni/nicaragua.html (209 words)

	Military of Nicaragua (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Nicaragua Properties, S.A. Real Estate Nicaragua; specializes in obtaining clear and safe registered title to any type of property in Nicaragua; houses, farms, or commercial.
		Nicaragua la única Información y enlaces hacia otros sitios referentes a Nicaragua.
		Futbol de Nicaragua Información sobre las diferentes divisiones de fútbol en Nicaragua.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Military_of_Nicaragua.html (348 words)

	Nicaragua: civilians and military after the Sandinista (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Nicaragua represents one case in which the interaction between civil authorities and the military occurred after negotiations and a peaceful transfer of power ensured the stability of military institutions and established a basis for civil-military relations in harmony with democracy.
		Nicaragua is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere and one of the most indebted nations in the world.
		In "Nicaragua, so violently sweet," as the celebrated Latin American novelist Julio Cortazar put it, the army is, as a last resort, the organization that guarantees national stability--a phenomenon that testifies to the structural weakness of the Nicaraguan state.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-132053828.html (4179 words)

	Nicaragua 1981-1990 KH
		Cardinal Miguel Obando and the Catholic Church in Nicaragua received hundreds of thousands of dollars in covert aid, from the CIA until 1985, and then-after official US government aid was stopped by congressional oversight committees-from Oliver North's off-the-books operation in the White House basement.
		Nicaragua's ports were under siege: mortar shelling from high-speed motor launches, aerial bombing and rocket and machine-gun attacks were designed to blockade Nicaragua's exports as well as to starve the country of imports by frightening away foreign shipping.
		Raids by contras caused extensive damage to crops and demolished tobacco-drying barns, grain silos, irrigation projects, farm houses and machinery; roads, bridges and trucks were destroyed to prevent produce from being moved; numerous state farms and cooperatives were incapacitated and harvesting was prevented other farms still intact were abandoned because of the danger.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Blum/Nicaragua_KH.html (2864 words)

	Nicaragua (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Fifty million dollars in Nicaragua, a country of 3.5 million people as of the mid to late 1980s, is equivalent to $3,550,000,000 in the United States, a country in 1990 of nearly 250 million inhabitants.
		Nicaragua's economy has historically been based on the export of cash crops such as bananas, coffee and tobacco.
		Nicaragua's pre-Colombian population consisted of the Nahuatl-speaking Nicarao people of the west, and six ethnic groups including the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos in the Caribbean region.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/N/Nicaragua.htm (1890 words)

	SUMMARY: Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) (Merits) ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Nicaragua has not expressly invoked the provisions of international humanitarian law as such, but has complained of acts committed on its territory which would appear to be breaches thereof.
		Nicaragua had also joined with the Salvadoran rebels in the organization, planning and training for their acts of insurgency, and had provided them with command-and-control facilities, bases, communications and sanctuary which enabled the leadership of the Salvadoran rebels to operate from Nicaraguan territory.
		Nicaragua's intervention in El Salvador in support of the Salvadoran insurgents was, Judge Schwebel held, admitted by the President of Nicaragua, affirmed by Nicaragua's leading witness in the case, and confirmed by a "cornucopia of corroboration".
	www.icj-cij.org /icjwww/icases/inus/inus_isummaries/inus_isummary_19860627.htm (8615 words)

	Nicaragua History \| iExplore.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This revolved around a number of issues, including the failure of Nicaragua to secure the construction of an Atlantic-Pacific canal, which was built in Panama instead, as well as the historic conflict between conservatives and liberals.
		Agriculture is the main component of Nicaragua’s economy, with coffee, sugar, bananas and meat the principal exports.
		Nicaragua’s economic travails during the last 20 years have left it among the poorest countries in the Americas.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Nicaragua/History (1783 words)

	Nicaragua
		Background: The Pacific Coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century.
		Nicaragua will be eligible in FY 2007 to receive Excess Defense Articles (EDA) on a grant basis under Section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act.
		Nicaragua has excess Small Arms/Light Weapons (SA/LW) stocks, which are at risk of leaking into conflicts in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East.
	www.state.gov /t/pm/64527.htm (1008 words)

	U.S. Use of Preemptive Military Force
		However, U.S. military interventions, particularly a number of unilateral uses of force in the Central America and Caribbean areas throughout the 20th century were not "preemptive" in nature.
		While U.S. military interventions in Central America and Caribbean nations were controversial, after reviewing the context in which they occurred, it is fair to say that none of them involved the use of "preemptive" military force by the United States.
		There was no direct military attack by Spain against the United States prior to the exchange of declarations of war by the nations, and initiation of hostilities by the United States in 1898.
	www.house.gov /radanovich/documents/CRSReportpreemptiveforce.htm (1817 words)

	Nicaragua History
		Nicaragua sues the U.S. in World Court, and in June 1896 the Court finds the U.S. guilty of violating international law.
		A U.S. military plane is shot down while flying in supplies to the Contras.
		The U.S. House and Senate approve 48 million in humanitarian aid for the Contras and children of the injured.
	www.seattleu.edu /asbe/studytour/nicaragua/history.html (763 words)

	Chomsky Nicaragua Odonian
		Nicaragua was of no concern at all, as long as Somoza's tyrannical rule wasn't challenged.
		US terror ensured that Nicaragua couldn't demobilize its army and divert its pitifully poor and limited resources to reconstructing the ruins that were left by the US-backed dictators and Reaganite crimes.
		For Nicaragua, the peace plan of August 1987 was a good deal, Avrigan wrote: they would move the scheduled national elections forward by a few months and allow international observation, as they had in 1984, "in exchange for having the contras demobilized and the war brought to an
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Chomsky/ChomOdon_Nicaragua.html (1376 words)

	US wants Nicaragua missiles destroyed
		ANAGUA, Nicaragua - The United States insisted Monday that Nicaragua destroy hundreds of Soviet-made surface-to-air missiles after President Daniel Ortega said the weapons were needed for the country's defense.
		Nicaragua's President Daniel Ortega, right, shakes hand with Pamela Cox, World Bank Vice President for Latin America and Caribbean after a meeting in Managua, Thursday, Feb. 1, 2007.
		Nicaragua has been in a dispute with Honduras since 1999 over its territory in the Caribbean Sea.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /world/2007-02/06/content_802667.htm (284 words)

	Nicaragua
		Nicaragua appeals to the World Court in The Hague to end US efforts to destabilize its government.
		Elections are held in Nicaragua, and the Sandinistas lose to US-backed Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, after the US spends $9 million on her election campaign including bribing Nicaraguans to vote for her.
		Nicaragua is crippled by the highest per capita debt in the world.
	www.cooperativeresearch.org /timeline.jsp?timeline=nicaragua (573 words)

	NDI - National Democratic Institute
		Nicaragua's history from 1909-1933 was dominated by U.S. interference in Nicaraguan political affairs.
		A group of NDI international experts, specifically retired military officials and ex-Ministers of Defense, discussed with Ortega the positive and historic role he could play for both Nicaragua and the military institution itself by retiring and helping to establish a democratic system of civil-military relations in the country.
		NDI's extensive involvement in Nicaragua continued from June 15-21 1997 when it sponsored the visit of a delegation of Nicaraguans and Hondurans to study the Argentine national security policymaking process and system of civilian oversight of the military.
	www.ndi.org /globalp/civmil/programscm/nicaragua/nicaraguacm_1992_97.asp (3086 words)

	Political History of Nicaragua
		As president he seeks US annexation (wants Nicaragua to become part of the US) and his first decree is to sanction slavery.
		A popular form of theater in Nicaragua has traditionally been the Gegense Theater, a theater were indigenous folks satirize Spanish conquistadors.
		The revolution of Nicaragua involved the country as a whole and made its education the priority.
	www.stanford.edu /group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/history/index.html (909 words)

	The New York Times > International > Americas > U.S. Suspends Military Aid to Nicaragua (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		ANAGUA, Nicaragua, March 20 - Raising tensions that have revived the politics and personalities of the cold war, the United States has suspended military assistance to Nicaragua because it has failed to move forward with the destruction of an arsenal of shoulder-launched antiaircraft missiles that the Bush administration considers a possible terrorist threat.
		In the 1980's, Nicaragua was a principal battleground of the cold war.
		Political analysts and diplomats suggested that the threat of an Ortega presidency was as alarming to Washington as Nicaragua's missile arsenal.
	www.nytimes.com /2005/03/21/international/americas/21nicaragua.html?ex=1269061200&en=b5479b66ae17dfdd&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&pagewanted=all (938 words)

	Insert Headline! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In Nicaragua, the period of 1977 to 1979 is often called the "insurrectionary period" because there were almost continuous local uprisings of citizens in towns around the country as well as attacks on military posts by the guerrillas of the Sandinista Front.
		The Nicaragua Network mobilized the Nicaragua Emergency Response Network to send faxes to General Carrion protesting this decoration of a man who was an outspoken defender of the School of the Americas and of the U.S. military's involvement in the drug war in Latin America, including especially support for the Colombian military.
		The treaty between the United States and Nicaragua to combat drug trafficking went into effect late in October and it marks the first U.S. support for Nicaragua's military since the country was run by the dictator Somoza in the 1970s.
	www.quixote.org /quest/news/2002-0124_soa.html (2181 words)

	DefenseNews.com - U.S. Confirms Lessening of Military Aid to Nicaragua - 03/21/05 16:10
		The U.S. State Department on March 21 confirmed suspension of $2 million in military assistance to Nicaragua because of Managua’s delay in destroying its stock of portable surface-to-air missiles.
		A government source in Managua said Saturday the United States was freezing military aid to Nicaragua until it scrapped the Soviet-made SAM-7 missiles, which Washington fears could fall into the hands of terrorists.
		Nicaragua had said it would destroy some but not all of the missiles, but Ereli said that both governments agreed the “destruction of these stocks is in our mutual interest and the interest of regional security.”
	www.defensenews.com /story.php?F=736033&C=america (332 words)

	Timeline: Nicaragua
		U.S. marines are sent to Nicaragua to insure Somoza's regime is instituted.
		Nicaragua is plunged into a near civil war.
		1988: Nicaragua is a disaster zone, ravaged by civil war and the onslaught of Hurricane Hugo.
	www.stanford.edu /group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/timeline (1103 words)

	Nicaragua Beachfront Real Estate - San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua
		While guiding visitors to Nicaragua over the last 8 years customers have related to me that before departure from their home country, at least 95% of the ones from North America, and more than 70% from Europe were shown serious concern by family and/or friends about safety issues for a visit to Nicaragua.
		The management of Nicaragua’s nature parks leaves a lot to be desired, both in funding and management, but according to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna; for protection of endangered species, Nicaragua ranks 28th in the world, ahead of Costa Rica, which ranks 49th.
		Nicaragua truly is the land of the sinking cork and floating lead.
	www.nicaraguabeaches.com /articles/safety.php (2625 words)

	NICARAGUA
		In 1989, under the Bush administration, U.S. policy toward Nicaragua has experienced one major change, in that it appears that the contras have ceased to be regarded as a viable military and political option.
		This is an important change from a human rights perspective, because the contras were major and systematic violators of the most basic standards of the laws of armed conflict, including by launching indiscriminate attacks on civilians, selectively murdering non-combatants, and mistreating prisoners.
		To the extent that the contras have continued to operate, however, they have continued to commit these violations, and toward the end of 1989, abuses by the contras appeared to be on the increase.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1989/WR89/Nicaragu.htm (1263 words)

	SULAIR: East German Poster Art and Nicaragua
		Nicaragua was one of the primary targets of the GDR poster campaign because, like Chile, it too was a nation with a revolution trying to establish a fledgling Marxist government, run by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional), or FSLN.
		After U.S. military forces departed Nicaragua in 1933, Sandino continued to fight against the Nicaraguan National Guard, a domestic police force which controlled politics and which had been heavily supported by the United States.
		It means both "the bill is deceptive" and "it seems deceptive." This anti-US messsage shows GDR citizens that the United States was funding the Sandanista opposition, the Contras, in Nicaragua.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/hasrg/german/exhibit/GDRposters/nicaragua.html (581 words)

	The Confusing mess that was Iran/Contra
		1909: Dictator Jose Santos Zelaya is overthrown in Nicaragua.
		Nicaragua sues the US in the World Court, and in June 1986 the Court finds the US guilty of violating international law.
		A plane carrying US military supplies to the Contras is shot down and the only American survivor is captured.
	www.angelfire.com /rant/REPIGULA/Timeline.html (640 words)

	AllRefer.com - Nicaragua - Military Heritage \| Nicaraguan Information Resource
		During a prolonged period of political turmoil after the collapse of the United Provinces of Central America in 1838, Nicaragua was rent by power rivalry between conservative and liberal political factions.
		The private armies of the main political factions, composed of white officers commanding illiterate mestizos pressed into service, were the only organized military forces in the country.
		The new country's main threat to its borders arose from Britain's continuing efforts to exercise domination over Nicaragua's Caribbean coast area, but the risk of armed confrontation with the United States persuaded the British to retreat from their attempts to formalize control of the area (see National Independence, ch.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/nicaragua/nicaragua109.html (501 words)

	Nicaragua - Living - Real Estate - Retirement - Investing - Nicaragua safety
		While guiding visitors to Nicaragua over the last 8 years customers have related to me that before departure from their home country, at least 95% of the ones from North America, and more than 70% from Europe were shown serious concern by family and/or friends about safety issues for a visit to Nicaragua.
		According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Nicaragua’s military is shrinking at a rate that puts it as number 129 out of 132 countries in world rankings for military growth with a minus -75% growth rate.
		The management of Nicaragua’s nature parks leaves a lot to be desired, both in funding and management, but according to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna; for protection of endangered species, Nicaragua ranks 28th in the world, ahead of Costa Rica, which ranks 49th.
	www.primenicaraguaproperty.com /pages/articles_5.htm (2668 words)

	Uncle Sam: Teaching Nicaragua a lesson
		In the early 1980s, the World Bank called its projects "extraordinarily successful in Nicaragua in some sectors, better than anywhere else in the world." In 1983, The Inter-American Development Bank concluded that "Nicaragua has made noteworthy progress in the social sector, which is laying the basis for long-term socio-economic development."
		Back in 1981, a State Department insider boasted that we would "turn Nicaragua into the Albania of Central America" -- that is, poor, isolated and politically radical -- so that the Sandinista dream of creating a new, more exemplary political model for Latin America would be in ruins.
		Second, we launched the contra war along with an illegal economic war to terminate what Oxfam rightly called "the threat of a good example." The contras' vicious terrorist attacks against "soft targets" under US orders did help, along with the boycott, to end any hope of economic development and social reform.
	www.zmag.org /chomsky/sam/sam-2-03.html (1266 words)

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