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Topic: Military of Nigeria

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	Nigeria (06/07)
		Emeka Ojukwu, the military governor of the eastern region, who emerged as the leader of increasing Igbo secessionist sentiment, declared the independence of the eastern region as the "Republic of Biafra." The ensuing civil war was bitter and bloody, ending in the defeat of Biafra in 1970.
		Nigeria is not on track to meet its Millennium Development Goals because of a lack of policy coordination between the federal, state, and local governments, a lack of funding commitments at the state and local levels; and a lack of available staff to implement and monitor projects on health, poverty, and education.
		Nigeria's low contraceptive prevalence rate of 8.9% and high fertility rate of 5.7 children per woman drives an annual population growth rate of 3.2%, which imposes an unsustainable burden on health care delivery services that are already taxed to the limit.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2836.htm (8203 words)

	Military of Nigeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Military of Nigeria - Active duty personnel in the three Nigerian armed services is total approximately 76,000.
		Nigeria has continued a strict policy of diversification in her military procurement from various countries.
		After the imposition of sanctions by many Western nations, Nigeria turned to the People's Republic of China, Russia, North Korea, and India for the purchase of military equipment and training.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Nigeria (263 words)

	Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Nigeria was granted full independence in 1960, as a federation of three regions, each retaining a substantial measure of self-government.
		Nigeria is divided roughly in three by the rivers Niger and Benue, which flow through the country from north-east and north-west to meet roughly in the centre of the country near the new capital city of Abuja.
		Northern Nigeria was the location of half of all documented polio cases in 2003, but Muslim clerics have repeated inveighed against the vaccine as an effort by Westerners to sterilize young Nigerian Muslim girls.
	www.wikiverse.org /nigeria (1359 words)

	Church Leader Blames Military For Nigeria Riots
		NEWSROOM) -- Riots between Christians and Muslims in northern Nigeria that killed an estimated 200 people last week were caused by "discredited military apologists operating under religious cover," the president of the Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria (PFN) said.
		The PFN is the umbrella organization for Pentecostal churches in Nigeria.
		Many Nigerians believe that disgruntled former military officers and their supporters are behind a wave of ethnic and religious violence that has swept Nigeria since May when President Olusegun Obasanjo became the country's first democratic leader in nearly two decades.
	www.le-sri.com /Nigeria2.htm (663 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Nigeria Report
		Nigeria's military has ruled the country for 28 of its 38 years of independence, developing a reputation for corruption and authoritarianism.
		Lagos, a teeming southern port, is Nigeria's commercial capital and a Yoruba-dominated hotbed of opposition to the northern, Hausa-speaking establishment to which Abacha and Abubakar belong.
		Fawehinmi repeated the opposition's call for the military to permit Abiola, the presumed winner of the 1993 elections, to head a "government of national unity" that would organize the writing of a new constitution and arrange for new elections.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/nigeria/stories/abacha060998.htm (1122 words)

	Nigeria probes military officers amid coup warnings
		Officials played down fears that Africa's most populous country was at risk of its sixth military takeover since 1966, insisting the officers concerned posed no threat to Nigeria's five-year-old experiment with democracy or to Obasanjo's continued rule.
		Nigeria won its independence from Britain in 1960, suffered the first of many military power grabs six years later and has since endured a total of 28 years under various military rulers, including a brutal 30-month civil war.
		Nigeria's 126-million-strong population is divided into 250 tribal groups and two major religions -- Islam and Christianity -- and religious and ethnic unrest has killed at least 10,000 people since civilian rule returned in 1999.
	www.spacewar.com /2004/040402153431.u8gggnjd.html (700 words)

	Economy of Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Nigeria's military rulers failed to diversify the economy from overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector provides 20% of GDP 95% of foreign earnings and about 65% of budgetary revenues.
		Along with the malaise of Nigeria's non-oil sectors the economy to witness massive growth of "informal sector" activities estimated by some to be as as 75% of the total economy.
		Nigeria is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and in mid-2001 its crude production was averaging around 2.2 million barrels 000 mandsup3) per day.
	www.freeglossary.com /Nigeria/Economy (2416 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| The generals' election in Nigeria
		Apart from a brief period of civilian rule between 1979 and 1983, a succession of military governments ruled Nigeria from the mid-1960s right through until 1999 when a civilian government led by Olusegun Obasanjo, himself a former military head of state, was elected into office.
		For now, former military officers and their allies dominate politics not just at the level of the presidential candidates, but behind the scenes as well.
		Military ruler of Nigeria from 1984 to 1985
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/2729467.stm (875 words)

	Damage Control: Recovering From and Mobilizing Against Future Military Rule in Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Nigeria, the most populous African state, is privileged with a wealth of resources, her large oil reserves in particular offer the opportunity for improved living conditions, but has failed to develop a civil democratic society capable of cracking down on corruption, preventing ethnic violence, and guaranteeing the peaceful transfer of power between leaders.
		By reversing the past military regime’s policies that allowed the federal government to reap a large majority of tax and mineral revenues from the states, the current civilian government would reinforce the legitimacy and ability of the state governments to better function and meet the demand of their own populations.
		Fiscally empowering Nigeria’s states is the first step towards reversing the past military mandates that have sapped the ability of state leaders to properly exercise their authority and improve the condition of their local constituents.
	students.washington.edu /dustind/essay/nigeria.htm (2851 words)

	Nigeria - RETURN TO MILITARY RULE
		The fraudulent election was used as an excuse for the takeover, although the military was in fact closely associated with the ousted government.
		Buhari had been director of supply and services in the early 1970s, military governor of Northeast State at the time it was divided into three states, and federal commissioner for petroleum and mines (1976-78) during the height of the oil boom.
		He was a member of the Supreme Military Council under the Murtala Muhammad, Obasanjo, and Buhari regimes and had been involved in the 1975 and 1984 coups.
	countrystudies.us /nigeria/30.htm (1652 words)

	Military History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The presence of Germans in the Cameroons, Nigeria's closest neighbour on the eastern frontier was seen as a threat to the British colony and protectorate of Nigeria.
		Nigeria provided the greater part of the troops, her contributions being two battalions and one battery, detachments from the Medical Staff, Railway, Telegraph, and Transport.
		The contributions of Nigeria and other British dependencies to the success of British economic warfare against Germany was enormous as these dependencies busied themselves adopting their activities to the use of war, each producing what it best could supply to meet the immediate needs of the Empire.
	www2.hu-berlin.de /orient/nae/milihist.htm (4127 words)

	President of Nigeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Nigeria became a federal republic within the Commonwealth in 1963, it retained the parliamentary system of government inherited from the British.
		However, in 1966, the military in Nigeria seized power, establishing a Federal Military Government, and civilian rule was not restored until 1979.
		Although elections were held in 1993, the military government of Ibrahim Babangida annulled the election results presumed to have been won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, a wealthy industrialist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/President_of_Nigeria (448 words)

	What’s Behind Nigeria's Military Shake-up? - Global Policy Forum - Dark Side of Natural Resources
		The military claimed they reached retirement age and that was the reason for their discharge, reported Agence France-Presse April 24.
		This struggle over the 80,000-man Nigerian military is important for the survival of the Obasanjo regime and the supply of oil, particularly to the United States.
		Controlling the military means controlling the nation's politics: safeguarding oil facilities, securing the capital and enforcing national policies in the vast nation.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/natres/oil/2001/0502nige.htm (747 words)

	Nigeria - MILITARY INTERVENTION AND RULE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Even in those countries where the military has become almost a permanent feature of politics, military rule is still considered an aberration and symptomatic of a malfunctioning political system.
		In Nigeria, which typifies the scenario just presented, military rule was usually seen as a "rescue" operation necessary to save the country from civilian ineptitude.
		Military rule was not expected to last long; once the rescue operation was complete, the military should return to the barracks where they belonged and leave the governing to civilian politicians.
	www.countrystudies.us /nigeria/69.htm (323 words)

	Nigeria slides towards military rule
		The Obasanjo regime of Nigeria, which Western governments hailed as a shining example of African democracy when it came to power in 1999, is sliding towards a resumption of military rule.
		The military intervention is being carried out in the name of restoring peace in the face of inter-tribal clashes between members of the Hausa-Fulani and Tivs.
		The growing communal tension in Nigeria follows Obasanjo’s imposition of IMF measures reducing the amount of patronage that the central government can offer to the regional elites, sparking a vicious struggle for control of the country’s resources, particularly its oil reserves, with each state demanding a larger share of the oil revenues.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/dec2001/nige-d03.shtml (1407 words)

	CNN - After years of military rule, Nigeria gets new president - May 29, 1999
		ABUJA, Nigeria (CNN) -- The world will be watching on Saturday when Nigeria ends a long cycle of military rule, as Gen. Abdulsalami Abubakar steps down and Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo becomes president.
		For Obasanjo, who handed power to Nigeria's last elected president in 1979, it is an unexpected second chance at office less than a year after being released from a 15-year jail term for an alleged coup plot against Abacha.
		Nigeria has been governed by soldiers for all but 10 years since independence in 1960.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/africa/9905/29/nigeria.01/index.html (870 words)

	Welcome to Nigeria Planet.com
		Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa and the most populous country on the African continent.
		Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, Niger in the north, and borders the Gulf of Guinea in the south.
		Following the war, Nigeria became to an extent even more mirred in ethnic strife, as the defeated southeast was now conquered territory for the federal military regime, which changed heads of state twice as Murtala Mohammed staged a bloodless coup against Gowan; Olusegun Obansanjo seceded the former after an assassination.
	www.nigeria-planet.com (2019 words)

	Nigeria - Military Capabilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Nigeria's military capabilities were subject to several systemic constraints, however.
		Moreover, the top military echelons had become politicized, engrossed in government functions, and preoccupied with internal security at the expense of professional military development.
		However, the progressive withdrawal of the military from politics during the transition to the Third Republic (expected to begin with the completion of the return to civilian rule in late 1992), the restructuring of the armed forces, and the emphasis on professionalism since the late 1980s were intended to remedy these problems.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-9467.html (312 words)

	Nigeria which way forward
		If the military understands its interests will suffer if it tries to retain power, it may be possible to strengthen those in Nigeria seeking to persuade the military leadership to turn power over to duly elected civilians.
		If Nigeria's military regime is able to perpetuate itself in spite of popular disaffection, the prospects for peaceful transfers of power to elected civilians in many of those other countries in the region and across the continent would rapidly dim.
		Nigeria's military regime must understand that any attempt to hold political power after August 27, 1993--no matter how it might be rationalized--would raise fundamental questions about the future character of our bilateral relations.
	www.nigerdeltacongress.com /narticles/nigeria%20which%20way%20forward.htm (1435 words)

	BBC News \| Africa \| Nigeria purges military
		About 30 senior military officers have been forcibly retired and the purge is moving into the next echelon of senior officers.
		Most of Nigeria's revenue was paid into private bank accounts before the return to democracy, and senior members of successive military administrations amassed fortunes amounting to billions of dollars.
		Nigeria has been ruled for all but 10 of the last 29 years by military governments.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/365497.stm (401 words)

	Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The military coup and repression angered the U.S. (along with the rest of the world), which viewed Nigeria as both a reliable political ally and an economic powerhouse in Africa.
		Nigeria, Africa’s largest and most populous country (more than 90 million), is one of the U.S.’s largest trading partner in Africa and the world’s ninth largest oil producer.
		Nigeria is presently teetering at the edge of political disintegration and possible civil war.
	www.irc-online.org /fpif/briefs/vol2/v2n12nig_body.html (2275 words)

	Strike Movement Challenges Military Rule in Nigeria
		That election, which was "supposed to" end over a decade of military rule, was a contest between two parties created and sponsored by the military government of then-ruler General Ibrahim Babangida.
		But ethnic and regional divisions represent profound disparities in Nigeria, so the refusal to address them led various ethnic and regional organizations, unions, and a fledgling democracy movement to boycott the election of delegates to the constitutional convention.
		The recent struggle in Nigeria and the ongoing struggle in México both involved mass autonomous organizations of the oppressed classes fighting for what is often called "bourgeois democracy." In México, the Zapatistas demanded fair elections, and in Nigeria the workers demanded that a multi-millionaire be seated as president.
	www.spunk.org /library/pubs/lr/sp001714/nigeria.html (1122 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed.
		Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from its overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues.
		Nigeria pulled out of its IMF program in April 2002, after failing to meet spending and exchange rate targets, making it ineligible for additional debt forgiveness from the Paris Club.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/ni.html (1435 words)

	Nigeria - Attitudes Toward the Military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Despite repeated interventions, the military as an institution has remained intact and not succumbed to radicalization; it has ruled firmly and, with a few notable exceptions, humanely; and it has made the restoration of stable civilian rule a high priority.
		On the other hand, Nigeria's highly charged and pluralistic political culture afforded ample latitude to criticize the military, although with some inhibitions during periods of military rule.
		Nigerian scholar Ikenna Nzimiro decried the "military psychosis" that beset Nigeria and the class nature of the military as part of a privileged ruling class.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-9470.html (229 words)

	Military Of Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
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	www.appliedlanguage.com /country_guides/nigeria_country_military.shtml (193 words)

	Nigeria
		Nigeria is a Federal Republic, currently undergoing a transition from military to civilian rule.
		The most populous country in Africa, Nigeria accounts for approximately one-quarter of West Africa's people.
		The dominant ethnic group in the northern two-thirds of the country is the Hausa-Fulani, the overwhelming majority of whom are Muslim.
	www.fact-index.com /n/ni/nigeria.html (899 words)

	Guardian \| Top level military arrests stun Nigeria
		The most celebrated of the cases is that of the murder of Dele Giwa, one of Nigeria's finest journalists, killed by a parcel bomb in 1986.
		Mr Giwa, then editor in chief of Nigeria's first news and investigative weekly Newswatch, was believed to be working on a story alleging a link between General Babangida, his wife Maryam and other senior officers and a drug smuggling cartel.
		Nigeria's current minister of defence, Theophilus Danjuma, has supported the trials, saying they are necessary to show that nobody is above the law.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,3940283-103681,00.html (679 words)

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	www.nigeria-visit.com /Pointers-Nigeria/nigeria-military-news.html (180 words)

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