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Topic: Military of Panama

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	Marijuana Smoking in Panama - Military Surgeon - 1933
		Military records of delinquency among the military personnel were also available and the committee found that in only a very small percentage of individuals brought to trial before General Courts Martial, in which there was a record of violence or insubordination, was it possible to attribute the delinquency to mariajuana.
		Mariajuana as grown and used on the Isthmus of Panama is a mild stimulant and intoxicant.
		Of the 51 members of the military personnel (1.17 per cent) in which the use or possession of mariajuana constituted one of the charges, in only 4 instances (0.09 per cent) was a charge of violence or insubordination connected therewith.
	www.druglibrary.org /Schaffer/Library/studies/panama/panama1.htm (3867 words)

	Panama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Much of Panama's domestic politics and international diplomacy in the 20th century were tied to the Panama Canal and the foreign policy of the United States in an effort to improve the conditions of its citizens.
		Panama is a republic with three branches of government: executive and legislative branches elected by direct vote for 5-year terms, and an independently appointed judiciary.
		Panama is located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Panama (1251 words)

	Military.com Resources
		From this position of power, he was able to build up the military and manipulate elections so that the winning presidents would be his puppet leaders.
		The mission was controversial due to the resulting loss of hundreds of Panamanian lives and the subsequent damage to Panama City and El Chorillo.
		The military was able to quickly achieve its goals as Noriega surrendered on January 3, 1990.
	www.military.com /Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_panama.htm (374 words)

	Panama (09/05)
		The United States froze economic and military assistance to Panama in the summer of 1987 in response to the domestic political crisis in Panama and an attack on the U.S. Embassy.
		Panama is a representative democracy with three branches of government: executive and legislative branches elected by direct vote for 5-year terms, and an independently appointed judiciary.
		Panama is a member of the UN General Assembly and most major UN agencies and has served three terms as a member of the UN Security Council.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm (3347 words)

	Panama: Noriega ~ by R.M. Koster
		The invasion was intended to destroy the Panamanian Defense Forces [PDF] and to guarantee that the Panama Canal would be in the friendly, Anglo-loving hands of a Panamanian puppet government by the time it was to be turned over by the United States on December 31, 1999.
		Panama suffered invasion from within, occupation by an army whose soldiers were native-born but whose purposes were foreign to the well-being of the people and the health of the state.
		Military rule in Panama was animated by the radical egotism common to criminals and corrupt cops.
	www.escapeartist.com /efam/56/panama_again.html (3818 words)

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	www.militarylovelinks.com (796 words)

	92088: Panama-U.S. Relations: Continuing Policy Concerns
		Panama had agreed to allow up to 10,000 Cubans fleeing their island nation to be housed on the U.S. military bases for a period not to exceed six months.
		Both Panama and the United States, however, in exercising their responsibilities to maintain the regime of neutrality (keeping the Canal secure and open to all nations on equal terms) will each independently have the right to use military force to reopen the Canal or restore its operations.
		In 1992, Panama had been moving to amend its constitution to prohibit the formation of a military force, a measure designed to ensure that another PDF would not be created.
	www.fas.org /man/crs/92-088.htm (7266 words)

	The United States Invasion of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Panama’s aid helped maintain the Nicaraguan economy stable enough for the upcoming elections, where the economy’s well being was an important issue.
		The intervention in Panama was due largely to actions made by Noriega because one of the reasons given for the intervention in Panama was that the United States sought to end the Noriega regime and install a democratic government.
		Among the SOA’s nearly 60,000 graduates are notorious dictators Manuel Noriega and Omar Torrijos of Panama, Leopoldo Galtieri and Roberto Viola of Argentina, Juan Velasco Alvarado of Peru, Guillermo Rodríguez of Ecuador, and Hugo Banzer Suarez of Bolivia.
	www.georgetown.edu /sfs/programs/clas/Pubs/entre2003/Panama.html (4875 words)

	AllRefer.com - Panama - Military Zones \| Panamanian Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Noriega had referred to the military regions as areas "which constitute the strategic triangles of national security," but their eventual activation was thought to be linked to the further elaboration and expansion of Panama's four combat battalions.
		Commanders of the ten military zones into which the country was then divided were powerful figures who often served as de facto provincial governors.
		Military units headquartered within the zones, including the emergent combat battalions, appeared to be fully integrated into the zones and thus firmly under the control of the zone commanders.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/panama/panama120.html (569 words)

	Military of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Law enforcement units that have been separated the public force such as the Technical Police also are directly subordinate to civilian The public force budget in contrast to former PDF is on public record and control of the executive.
		Military branches: an amendment to the Constitution abolished armed forces but there are security forces Public Forces or PPF includes the National National Maritime Service and National Air Service) an armed Institutional Protection Service or SPI protection of public buildings.
		Military - note: on 10 February 1990 the government then President ENDARA abolished Panama's military and the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Forces; in October 1994 Panama's Legislative Assembly a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of standing military force but allowing the temporary of special police units to counter acts "external aggression"
	www.freeglossary.com /Panama/Military (495 words)

	[No title]
		When the last U.S. military element leaves Panama at noon on December 31, 1999, that departure may create a vacuum which could threaten the efficient operation of the canal and the regional security in the strategic median of the Western Hemisphere.
		From a narrow military perspective, the Panama Canal remains useful for the rapid transit of military supplies from one theater to another, particularly in a "two major regional contingency" scenario.
		Today, Panama and her ready made infrastructure of facilities, ports and landing sites is perfectly situated to expedite the gathering and processing of intelligence on threatening situations, as well as the command and control of multilateral forces aimed at the interdiction and shut-down of illicit operations throughout the region.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/strforum/SF117/forum117.html (1916 words)

	NDI - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In addition to believing that Panama did not receive its fair share of profits from the canal, many Panamanians believed that canal zone workers received poor treatment, the nation's commercial interests were being damaged, and the United States' presence was detrimental to Panama's sovereignty.
		In 1987, the U.S. froze economic and military assistance to Panama in response to the political crisis and an attack on the U.S. embassy.
		The main concern preoccupying Panama's new democrats was civilian control of the Panamanian Defense Forces and the conversion of the PDF into a true public force.
	www.ndi.org /globalp/civmil/programscm/panama/panamacm_1998_90_pf.asp (1060 words)

	Panama
		I again visited Panama with a small delegation of US Americans in December 1991, on the two year anniversary of the 1989 invasion in order to better assess the damages and the aftermath effects.
		Though the commercial and military importance of the Canal may have diminished over the years due to changes in transportation and communication policies and technologies, it has been and continues to be a major focus of U.S. foreign policy in Latin America.
		Panama became one of the 4 Latin American countries forming the Contadora Group in 1983 launching efforts to negotiate peace for the sovereign nations of Central America.
	www.brianwillson.com /awolpanama.html (8506 words)

	FOR: Panamá Update, Autumn 1996
		Amid election-year rhetoric about the drug war, the United States is escalating its pressure on Panama to negotiate a new deal for a military presence in Panama after 1999.
		Panama has undertaken a national consultation process -- the Coronado process -- with political parties and organizations from a wide spectrum of civilian society to reach consensus on the future of U.S. military facilities in Panama and canal operations.
		One observer, who returned to Panama after several years' absence, said there was more military activity than he could ever remember.
	www.forusa.org /programs/panama/archives/1096-8.htm (1554 words)

	The U.S. Still Needs Military Bases in Panama
		This decision fulfills the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty's commitment that all U.S. troops be evacuated by December 31, 1999.
		It coordinates all military and anti-drug operations in Latin America and is responsible for protecting the Panama Canal.
		Panama is located in the center of a major drug transit area.
	www.heritage.org /Research/NationalSecurity/EM426.cfm (1047 words)

	Military of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Panamanian Government has converted the former Panama Defense Forces (PDF) into a civilian "public force," subordinate to civilian officials and composed of four independent units: the PanamanianNational Police, the National Maritime Service (Coast Guard), the National Air Service, andthe Institutional Protective Service (VIP Security).
		A constitutional amendment, passed in1994, permanently abolished the military.
		Military branches: an amendment to the Constitution abolished the armed forces, but there are security forces(PanamanianPublic Forces or PPF includes the National Police, National Maritime Service, and National Air Service) andan armed Institutional Protection Service or SPI for protection of public buildings.
	www.therfcc.org /military-of-panama-100335.html (194 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the structure (the Panama Canal Zone).
		The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914.
		The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were turned over to Panama by or on 31 December 1999.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/pm.html (1289 words)

	Military Of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		If you would like to use this flag of Panama or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
		If you would like to use this map of Panama or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
		If you would like to use this information for Panama or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /country_guides/panama_country_military.shtml (212 words)

	Military History - Veteran's Stories - Panama - Woody Wagner
		Military History - Veteran's Stories - Panama - Woody Wagner
		During the opening minutes of Operation Just Cause, we were standing by to launch more boats in the Panama Canal.
		The Panamanian Defense Forces Patrol Boat across the Canal, tied up at Balboa, had already been sunk to the bottom of the Canal (taking half the pier with it).
	www.military.com /History_Content/1,14476,his_vet_panama\|Woody_Wagner,00.html (201 words)

	Bid on Former Panama Canal Military Bases
		By December 31, 1999, with Congress and the White House having failed to act, the last of our U.S. military bases in Panama had been surrendered.
		A Hong Kong-based company closely linked to the Red Chinese government had gained control of the two crucial container ports on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the Canal, as well as certain nearby facilities.
		It is now one of my top priorities to persuade you and other patriotic Americans to consider bidding on those U.S. military bases to help make sure that our nation's enemies do not gain direct control of them.
	www.conservativeusa.org /panama (199 words)

	In Retrospect - Military Role in Treaty Implementation
		A history of the United States military's role in the implementation of the Panama Canal treaties.
		The U.S. military's role in implementation of the Panama Canal Treaty entailed a long process (entirely new in 1977-1979); a process not fully understood or appreciated by the general public, both in Panama and the United States.
		For that reason, the following seven sections are intended to provide a general understanding of that process and activities which marked a departure from the preceding seven decades of U.S. military presence in Panama.
	william_ormsbee.tripod.com /Pages/military_p1.html (229 words)

	Panama Iowa Military Lawyers
		If you are the subject of an investigation by military authorities, or if you are faced with adverse action being taken against you by the military, you need a
		Panama Iowa military lawyer to represent you and yield the best possible results.
		Military lawyers deal with the body of laws and rules of conduct administered by military courts and governed by federal law for the discipline, trial, and punishment of military personnel.
	www.lawinfo.com /attorney/Military/Iowa/Panama (130 words)

	Omniseek: /Lifestyle /Military /History /Panama
		Panama Canal If you are one of these groups and would like to have your thoughts published and become a permanent record on the history of the Panama Canal, click the button below.
		At the Miraflores Locks of the Panama Canal, about a hundred tourists watch as a gigantic cruise ship is towed into position for its descent to the Pacific Ocean.
		Panama begins in the mists of pre-Columbian times among the Kuna indians of San Blas.
	www.omniseek.com /srch/{54920} (576 words)

	Panama Military: from the All Country Info reference guide to country facts
		Panama Military: from the All Country Info reference guide to country facts
		Highly career-focused education, designed to accelerate the careers of working professionals.
		Panama Military: A summary of information about Panama Military, from government research data as well as independent research and other sources.
	www.allcountryinfo.org /panama/panama_military/panama_military.shtml (74 words)

	FREE In-depth report - Military Zones - Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Panama Hotels - Panama Hostels - Panama Sights
		If you did not find the information you were looking for on the subject of Military Zones you may wish to do another search of Exploitz.com: related Military Zones search
		A good starting point for researching Panama for travel or reference.
	www.exploitz.com /Panama-Military-Zones-cg.php (545 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Panama's dollarised economy rests primarily on a well-developed services sector that accounts for three-fourths of GDP.
		A slump in Colon Free Zone and agricultural exports, the global slowdown, and the withdrawal of US military forces held back economic growth in 2000-03.
		The government has been backing public works programs, tax reforms, new regional trade agreements, and development of tourism in order to stimulate growth.
	www.brainyatlas.com /geos/pm.html (1195 words)

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