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	Military of Peru - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peru's military is now perhaps one of the most powerful armies of South America which has brought peace and stability to the region during the 20th Century.
		Ecuador had to abandon the territory claimed by Peru and a military grave yard was set with the recovered bodies of those who died in combat, now Ecuador has one square mile of this area as a private land within the Peruvian territory to honor and respect the Ecuadorians who died.
		Military of: Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Peru (863 words)

	Peru on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Peru, which varies greatly in climate and topography, falls into three main geographical regions—a narrow strip of desert along the coast, a region of high mountains in the center, and a large area of forested mountains and lowlands in the east.
		Peru has been inhabited since at least the 9th millennium BC, and the earliest known American civilization emerged there in the Norte Chico region c.3000 BC Peru was later the center of several developed cultures, including the Chavín (see Chavín de Huántar), the Chimu, and the Nazca.
		Peru continued to be torn by civil strife until the emergence of Gen. Ramón Castilla, who was president from 1844 to 1850 and from 1855 to 1862.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/peru_history.asp (3729 words)

	Peru Military Resists Civilian Trials
		LIMA, Peru - For the first time in Peru's history, civilian courts are calling scores of military men to account for the torture and murder of civilians, including 118 ordered detained this week for one of the worst massacres during the height of the Shining Path insurgency.
		Peru's Constitutional Tribunal last year declared the Military Code of Justice unconstitutional, stripping the armed forces of its exclusive claim to judge its own personnel accused of human rights breaches.
		Military advocates, and even some high profile detractors of the armed forces, said the charges against him show the court investigations are overreaching.
	www.migente.com /Members/News/article.html?id=215774 (566 words)

	Peru The Military - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Prior to the 1968 revolution, the military was seen as caretaker of the interests of conservative elites, and its involvement in politics usually entailed the repression of "radical" alternatives, particularly APRA.
		By 1962, however, it was evident that the military was no longer solely the preserver of elite interests, and that it was increasingly influenced by a new military school of thought, the National Security Doctrine, which posited that development and social reform were integral to national security.
		A good example of the military's independence was the passage of Decree Law 171, which stipulated that military personnel in emergency zones were on active duty full time and therefore could only be tried in military courts, which try only for neglect of duty and not for offenses, such as murder or torture.
	www.photius.com /countries/peru/government/peru_government_the_military.html (1182 words)

	Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Peru (Human Rights Watch, 31-12-2004)
		Peru’s progress in carrying out the recommendations of its truth commission, which reported in August 2003 on human rights violations committed during the country’s twenty-year internal conflict (1980-2000), has been disappointingly slow.
		Military courts insist on retaining jurisdiction over cases in which military personnel are implicated, a major obstacle to justice.
		Although Peru is largely free of the political violence which wracked the country in the 1980s, there were serious outbreaks of violence in 2004 when irate townspeople vented their grievances against controversial local authorities, or when supporters of the authorities attacked critics.
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2005/01/13/peru9874.htm (1079 words)

	Counternarcotics In Peru: High Risk, Low Return
		The use of the military in Peru as part of the Bush administration's Andean Initiative to combat the flow of narcot- ics out of South America, has not met with success.
		It is ironic, for example, that during the years of military rule from 1968 to 1975, the govern- ment was committed to redistributive social and economic reforms, most notably during the reign of General Juan Velasco Alvarado from 1968 to 1975.
		The greatest threat to Peru is not from the growth of coca.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1992/BCD.htm (4372 words)

	AllRefer.com - Peru - Changing Foreign Military Missions and Impacts \| Peruvian Information Resource
		The professional military that the French helped to create in Peru was an activist, interventionist one; it saw no conflict between military responsibilities and involvement in the country's economic, social, and political affairs.
		When increasingly nationalistic Peruvian military leaders felt that the United States role was in growing conflict with their view of Peru's national development goals, they chose in 1969 to expel the United States military missions.
		What the Peruvian military tried to do for many years, usually with success, was to maintain diversity in both foreign missions and sources of equipment in order to retain as much independence as possible as an institution.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/peru/peru150.html (1303 words)

	Harsh reality lies under Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Alberto Fujimori, backed by the military, dissolved Peru's freely elected congress in 1992 and passed decrees calling for a system of military courts which deny the accused the right to an attorney and are run by hooded judges.
		Her only crime is that as someone who went to Peru as a journalist to cover the country's poor and indigenous populations, she was at the wrong place at the wrong time.
		Moreover, Peru has some of the most inhumane prison conditions in the world, yet Fujimori and many Peruvians try to pass the country off as a "democracy." Amnesty International has documented from 1980 to 1995 the use of torture by the Peruvian national police and thousands of cases of "disappearances" and extra-judicial executions.
	www.dailybruin.ucla.edu /DB/issues/97/04.30/view.martinez.html (768 words)

	Peru OKs military-civilian judicial panel - Boston.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Peru's Congress has ratified a law to create a Supreme Court judicial panel dominated by retired armed forces generals to oversee the military's justice system, a move human rights advocates say will hurt efforts to prosecute military human rights abuses.
		President Alejandro Toledo has pushed for the legislation, suggesting Peru's civilian courts have unfairly accused scores of current and former military members charged with massacres, torture and murder during the height of rebel violence in the 1980s and early 1990s.
		The law was drawn up after Peru's Constitutional Tribunal last year declared the military justice system unconstitutional and ordered Congress to write legislation bringing the military courts under civilian jurisdiction.
	www.boston.com /news/world/latinamerica/articles/2005/12/30/peru_oks_military_civilian_judicial_panel (434 words)

	MILITARY LINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The military line is vital to our ideological, political, military, economic, and cultural work and permits us to differentiate between the proletarian military line and the bourgeois military line.
		Military plans were specified for the zones applying the tactics of encircling and striking the enemy's weak point.
		The correct disposition emanates from the just decision of the commander; all military plans must be based on the indispensable recognition and careful study of the situation of the enemy, the actual situation and the interrelationship of both.
	www.blythe.org /peru-pcp/docs_en/milline.htm (8449 words)

	AllRefer.com - Peru - Postindependence: Military Defeat and Nation-Building \| Peruvian Information Resource
		The military's role in Peruvian affairs during most of the nineteenth century was a large one, owing to both the difficulties of building a domestic political consensus and significant foreign military threats.
		However, until the establishment of the army's Military Academy (Escuela Militar) in Lima's southern district of Chorrillos in 1896, Peru's armed forces tended to be more the personal, noncareer armies of local and regional caudillos than a true national and professional force.
		Peru's military preparedness did not keep pace with its increasing economic prosperity in the 1870s.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/peru/peru145.html (725 words)

	Peru Military Reform from Above, 1968-80 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		The military attributed that failure, at least in part, to flaws in the democratic political system that had enabled the opposition to block and stalemate reform initiatives in Congress.
		Peru became a driving force not only behind the creation of an Andean Pact (see Glossary) in 1969 to establish a common market with coordinated trade and investment policies, but also in the movement of nonaligned countries of the Third World.
		Finally, Peru succeeded during the 1970s in establishing its international claims to a 303-kilometer territorial limit in the Pacific Ocean.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/peru/peru_history_military_reform_from_above_1968_80.html (1083 words)

	The drug war: US programs in Peru face serious obstacles
		Although Peru's military is aggressively trying to break the insurgents' control over areas where coca is grown, a February 1991 State Department report indicates that two insurgent groups, the Sendero Luminoso and the Tupac Amaru, controlled more territory in 1990 than they did 9 years earlier.
		Peru has 366 registered and an estimated 40 unregistered airports, of which 58 are controlled by the civilian aeronautics agency and 9 by the military.
		He concluded that Peru was making progress in implementing programs to reduce the flow of cocaine into the United States, in improving its protection of human rights, and in establishing effective control over military and police units involved in counternarcotics and counterinsurgency operations.
	www.druglibrary.org /schaffer/GOVPUBS/gao/gao30.htm (9910 words)

	The Christian Science Monitor \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A frequent commentator on Peru's military, General Salinas was forced into retirement by Fujimori after he publicly criticized the "politicization" of the armed forces.
		Peru's current situation is the right moment to take up military reform, they add, but the reform opportunity is not going to last forever.
		Peru's poor showing in the 1997 border war with Ecuador, as well as the arms-trafficking scandals now being investigated, are both results of a military that "lost its rightful mission," according to Salinas.
	www.csmonitor.com /cgi-bin/durableRedirect.pl?/durable/2001/01/03/p6s1.htm (1153 words)

	Peru's powerful military upset with study on political violence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A final report on Peru's brutal 20-year war against the Shining Path insurgency concluded that nearly 70,000 people were killed, and that military officers responsible for many of those deaths committed massive human rights abuses, an official said Thursday.
		Retired officers warned the military was unhappy with the commission's plans to name individual officers.
		Despite the discontent within military ranks, experts on the military forces said they expected the findings to be accepted.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive/2003/08/28/international1704EDT0667.DTL&type=printable (680 words)

	Peru: democratization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The twelvve years of military rule in Peru between 1968 and 1980 witnessed few abuses of human rights, in marked contrast to the activities of military governments in Southern Cone countries like Brazil, Argentina and Chile.
		Peru's APRA : Parties, politics, and the elusive quest for democracy.
		Peru's prospects for democratic consolidation are better than conventional social science wisdom would indicate.
	www.eldis.org /ggov/latn_per.html (572 words)

	Fujimori Meets Military, Peru Crisis Deepens (Reuters - 23 October 2000)
		LIMA - Peru's President Alberto Fujimori met military chiefs, ministers and toured army and security bases in Lima on Monday as a political crisis escalated with the return of his widely reviled ex-spy chief.
		Montesinos' clout with the military raised instant questions about whether his return would now spark a coup by military leaders who felt exposed by the election decision.
		Peru's top military officials are due to retire at the end of the year and are believed to be hell bent on securing protection from prosecution before they go.
	www.freelori.org /news/00oct23_reuters.html (609 words)

	Wikinfo \| Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Peru is a country of western South America, bordering the south Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador.
		When the Spanish landed in 1531, Peru's territory was the nucleus of the highly developed Inca civilization.
		Peru is located in Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Peru (373 words)

	Peru - Military Classes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The military domain commands 20 percent of central government expenditures, 5 percent more than education, the next largest share of the national budget, and much more than health services, which claimed 5.8 percent in 1988.
		Over a twenty-year period, the military budget gained 38 percent in its share of the national budget, whereas education dropped by 35 percent and health gained by less than 5 percent since 1972.
		The sphere of military activities includes an extremely active internal social calendar of commemorative events that have the function of bonding the members and their families more tightly to group interests.
	countrystudies.us /peru/41.htm (350 words)

	U.S. Arms Clients Profiles--PERU
		For the past decade, U.S.-Peruvian relations have largely centered around "the war on drugs." Peru is one of the principal sources of cocaine entering the United States, and since the 1970s the United States has provided Peru with military assistance for counternarcotics operations.
		The U.S. Congress eliminated military aid to Peru in 1992 and 1993 after President Fujimori dissolved the Peruvian Congress and courts and suspended the constitution.
		The human rights situation in Peru is complex; the military and guerrillas are both to blame for one of the most violent situations in Latin America.
	www.fas.org /asmp/profiles/peru.htm (795 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Peru's military chiefs pledge obedience
		Peru's new military chiefs have been sworn in, after their predecessors resigned over links to disgraced former President Alberto Fujimori.
		General Cacho, who will head the army, had also signed the endorsement, but, because he had a lower rank at the time, it was considered he was forced to sign out of obedience.
		The resigning commanders were appointed last November as part of a purge of high-ranking officials in the military viewed as remaining loyal to Mr Montesinos and Mr Fujimori even after they had fled the country.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/americas/newsid_1283000/1283719.stm (366 words)

	Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadores in 1533.
		After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency.
		Peru and Bolivia under his "Protectorship." In Peru he began by having an Assembly proclaim
	www.vdiest.nl /America/peru.htm (477 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Peru opposition fears military coup
		Opposition leaders in Peru have expressed concern that the military may stage a coup following President Fujimori's dramatic decision to step down because of a bribery scandal involving a close ally.
		Their fears focus on the powerful head of Peru's secret service, Vladimiro Montesinos, the president's right-hand man, who was captured on videotape attempting to bribe an opposition congressman.
		On Sunday, several senior military officials are said to have refused to attend a meeting called by the president to gauge suppport from the armed forces.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/americas/newsid_929000/929800.stm (468 words)

	Peru - Gurupedia
		Peru (Spanish Perú) is a country in western South America, bordering with
		Before the Spanish arrived, Peru was home to various Pre Inca cultures and later, to the Inca Empire.
		Francisco Pizarro arrived to Peruvian coasts in 1532 and by the end of the 1530s, Peru became a Viceroyalty and a major source of gold and silver for the Spanish Empire.
	www.gurupedia.com /p/pe/peru.htm (284 words)

	The NarcoSphere \|\| The New Year's Military-Civilian Uprising in Peru
		The other brother - Ollanta Humala - was recently purged from Peru's military and is in a kind of reserve exile in South Korea, where he had been sent as the military attaché of his country's Embassy.
		And the military officer Humala's announcement that he will surrender, so quickly into the revolt, is reminiscent of the day in 1992 when a young military officer in Venezuela named Hugo Chavez turned himself in after a similar revolt, telling the TV cameras that he was retreating, "por ahora..."
		They glorify the military regime of Gen. Velasco and a weird sort of Incaic nationalism along with the military establishment in general, who they believe is the only power that has routinely defended Peru from enemies foreign (Chile, Ecuador etc.) and domestic (whites, elites and "the colonizing Left").
	narcosphere.narconews.com /story/2005/1/2/203323/3991 (1996 words)

	PERU MILITARY-RESHUFFLE
		One of these generals is the brother-in-law of former spy master Vladimiro Montesinos who had been in control of the most powerful military garrison in the country.
		General Chacon is known to be a faithful supporter of the President, which has led analysts to believe the move is an attempt by President Fujimori to purge the military high command of officers loyal to disgraced former security chief, Vladimiro Montesinos.
		During his years as de-facto head of the National Intelligence Service, Mr Montesinos hand-picked many of Peru's top Generals most of whom are graduates from his class at military school.
	globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2000/10/war-001028-amper.htm (296 words)

	LAND REFORM AND THE MILITARY REGIME, Peru Tourist Information and Travel Guide at InfoHub.com
		By the end of military rule, in 1980, the land reform programme had done much to abolish the large capitalist landholding system.
		One of the major problems for the military regime, and one which still plagues the economy, was the fishing crisis in the 1970s.
		Although undeniably an important step forward, the 1968 military coup was always an essentially bourgeois revolution, imposed from above to speed up the transformation from a land-based oligarchy to a capitalist society.
	www.infohub.com /destinations/South-America/Peru/63568.htm (400 words)

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