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Topic: Military of South Africa

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	South African Military Budget
		Although South Africa's defense spending was high in comparison with economic output in the 1980s, the "trend toward militarization" in that decade, which was noted by many observers in analyzing South Africa's apartheid-era spending, was not evident in global comparisons.
		South Africa also ranked forty-ninth in the size of its armed forces and 103d in the size of the armed forces in relation to population.
		The budget for military intelligence in 1994 was R163 million, and of this, R37 million was allocated for clandestine military intelligence gathering, according to a senior military intelligence officer reporting to the Joint Committee on Defence in October 1994.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/rsa/budget.htm (578 words)

	South Africa : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		South Africa : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		Formation of the Union of South Africa, 1910
		Steve Biko and the South African Students' Organisation
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/zatoc.html (92 words)

	U.S., South Africa fight AIDS in military - Boston.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		South Africa, which has more people infected with HIV than any other country, has responded with a groundbreaking clinical research program in partnership with the United States that is investigating how best to manage the virus in a military setting and providing treatment to hundreds of infected members and their families.
		Few African militaries have even tried to produce reliable figures, but their infection rates are estimated to be up to twice those in the wider population, according to the Pretoria-based Institute for Security Studies.
		South Africa's military has been at the forefront of efforts to tackle the virus in the continent's armed forces.
	www.boston.com /yourlife/health/diseases/articles/2005/09/19/us_south_africa_fight_aids_in_military?mode=PF (888 words)

	South Africa Military Organization - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		South Africa's 1984 constitution, the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act (No. 110) of 1983, which remained in effect through 1993, affirmed the provisions of the Defence Act (No. 44) of 1957 establishing the missions of the armed forces.
		These missions were, and continue to be, to defend the country; to fulfill South Africa's international treaty obligations; to prevent terrorism and domestic disorder; to protect life, health, and property; and to help maintain essential services.
		During the late 1980s, the military was frequently assigned domestic duties as part of the constitutional requirement to help the police and local authorities to maintain essential services and domestic order in times of emergency.
	www.photius.com /countries/south_africa/national_security/south_africa_national_security_military_organizatio~2510.html (664 words)

	"The Military Defeat of South Africa in Angola"
		In Southern Africa, there is a war between the old idea of white domination and the new idea of fl liberation, as well as a clash between weapons systems, forms of political organization, and the cultures of Europe and Africa.
		To postpone the inevitable reorganization of the region, the South Africans carry war to those societies that have articulated a higher form of social organization, at both the level of racial democracy and that of the planned use of resources for the majority of the population.
		South Africa never accepted its defeat the 1987-88 siege of Cuito Cuanavale was only the most recent in a number of stages in the ensuing military buildup.
	web.syr.edu /~hgcampbe/milit.htm (4007 words)

	One-Fifth Of South Africa's Military Has AIDS
		TOWN -- At least one-fifth of South Africa's military is infected with the virus that causes AIDS, the defense minister said Tuesday.
		South Africa is one of the hardest-hit nations by HIV and AIDS, with some 4.7 million South Africans, roughly 11 percent of the population, infected with the virus and an estimated 600 to 1,000 dying from the disease, and related complications, each day.
		The government is working to reduce the infection rate in society at large and in the military, where 20 to 22 percent of service members are infected, Defense Minister Mosiuoa Lekota said.
	www.rense.com /general42/ffi.htm (427 words)

	WELCOME TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MILITARY HISTORY
		The South African National Museum of Military History, situated in Johannesburg in the Province of Gauteng, is the only museum of its kind in South Africa.
		The new museum, which became known as the South African National War Museum, was officially opened by the then Prime Minister of South Africa, Field Marshal J C Smuts on 29 August 1947.
		The Museum is a member of the South African Museums Association, the International Council of Museums, the International Association of Museums of Arms and Military History, The Ordnance Society and the South African Association for the Conference Industry.
	www.militarymuseum.co.za /welcome.html (993 words)

	Reagan Administration's Policy of "Constructive Engagement" and the Arms Embargo Against South Africa
		South Africa is seeking to make itself the regional "computer power." In March of this year, the International Federation of Information Processing was scheduled to hold its annual meeting in Cape Town.
		Dieter Gerhardt, former commander of South Africa's naval port of Simonstown and recently convicted of spying, was actually arrested in New York after being lured to the United States and interrogated by the CIA for 11 days, according to the Daily Telegraph.
		The South African government's policy of destabilisation of the Front Line States, continued illegal occupation of Namibia and repressive actions inside South Africa itself demonstrates that apartheid continues to be a threat to peace.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/embargo/rknight840403.htm (2069 words)

	Civil Military News - South Africa-Nigeria: Military Relationship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		South Africa's military intelligence chief Lieutenant-General Johannes Motau arrived in Nigeria on Sunday on a five-day official visit as part of a process of establishing military ties between sub-Saharan Africa's two superpowers.
		On a visit to South Africa last year, Obasanjo said Nigeria would be willing to play an active role in mediation and peacekeeping in the continent's troubled regions in partnership with South Africa.
		Later this month, South Africa is to host a second meeting of the Bi-National Commission inaugurated last year which aims to deepen the strategic alliance between the two countries.
	www.pdgs.org.ar /civil/press-rela.htm (499 words)

	SOUTH AFRICA'S MILITARY AND NUCLEAR BUILD-UP
		The South African invasion of Angola with the direct involvement of the United States Administration and its CIA was unable to destroy the MPLA Government in Luanda and various attempts to destabilise Mozambique have also failed.
		The fact that South Africa is able to overcome the embargo by various methods involving individuals and groups operating within the jurisdiction of the major Western governments, without any significant prosecutions so far, reveals the complicity of these Western governments and their lack of concern to monitor and enforce the embargo.
		The policy of close military collaboration with South Africa is often presented in the context of the security of the Cape route and possible Soviet blockage of Western oil supplies around that route.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/aam/abdul-12.html (4148 words)

	[No title]
		South Africa's Hangklip test range at Rooi Els, which was equipped for large rocket tests, is reverting to a nature reserve.
		South Africa still has the large Overberg Test Range, an ideal spot for launching foreign satellites, but "its future is on hold while South Africa looks for foreign partners," says a U.S. official who has inspected the site.
		South Africa is still paying for its decision to smuggle parts for its ballistic missile program.
	www.wisconsinproject.org /countries/safrica/autopsy.html (2033 words)

	USA suspends all military aid to South Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		South Africa is among 35 countries fllisted by the US on Tuesday.
		South African foreign ministry spokesperson Ronnie Mamoepa said the government was studying the announcement.
		The US had disbursed most of the military aid for this year, so the effect would not become apparent before the start of the new fiscal year in October, state department spokesperson Richard Boucher told a briefing.
	www.africancrisis.org /ZZZ/ZZZ_News_1025.ASP (559 words)

	SOUTH AFRICA
		11 South African weapons were sold to countries in which some of the worst human rights abuses in the world were occurring: governments or opposition forces in Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia, and Sudan were at one time or another considered legitimate recipients of South African weapons.
		By the time the country held its first multiracial democratic elections in April 1994, South Africa had established itself as the tenth largest arms producer in the world with approximately 800 arms and arms component manufacturers employing a workforce of 50,000 (down from 160,000 in the 1980s).
		South Africa came to excel in the production of long-range artillery systems, laser-designated missiles, aircraft electronic warfare systems, tactical radios, anti-radiation bombs, battlefield mobility systems, attack helicopters, and mine-protected and mine-detection vehicles.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2000/safrica/Sarfio00-01.htm (1125 words)

	From the SADF to the SANDF: Safegaurding South Africa for a better life for all? - Noel Stott
		South Africa was one of 14 countries to offer military assistance in the Korean War and, "as a gesture of solidarity against communism" in 1950, sent its 2nd Air Force Squadron to Korea, where it served until 1953.
		The ending of South Africa's occupation of Namibia and the unbanning of the liberation movements prompted a dramatic cut in defence expenditure, by 10% in the 1990-1991 budget and a further 10% in the 1991-1992 budget.
		In South Africa, non-racism has become the new moral high ground, in part due to the ANC leadership's decision to give priority to racial reconciliation and evidenced by the fact that the populace did not simply vote along racial or ethnic lines during the first democratic elections (Marks, 1998).
	www.csvr.org.za /papers/papvtp7.htm (18587 words)

	Op-Ed: The Military Options Of Farmers In Southern Africa
		The South African government, being friendly to Mugabe, would merely have them returned back to their hell and to perhaps more trouble than they left and then the Flame Lily Association would be in trouble.
		South Africa is not as forested and as isolated as parts of Zimbabwe are.
		The farming community in South Africa is very alienated from the government and views the government as its enemy.
	www.gunowners.org /op0233.htm (3895 words)

	USATODAY.com - A fifth of South Africa's military infected with HIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		USATODAY.com - A fifth of South Africa's military infected with HIV
		CAPE TOWN, South Africa (AP) — At least one-fifth of South Africa's military is infected with the virus that causes AIDS, the defense minister said Tuesday.
		South Africa is one of the hardest-hit nations by HIV and AIDS, with some 4.7 million South Africans, roughly 11% of the population, infected with the virus and an estimated 600 to 1,000 dying from the disease, and related complications, each day.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2003-10-07-south-africa-aids_x.htm (525 words)

	South African Military Army
		Has information on an Aug. 1997 South African Defence Force Symposium and Reunion, most of the text of a 1979 report by a Conservative Party (UK) election observer team to the first one man one vote elections, Ministry of Information pamphlets published during the civil war, articles on the wars in Angola and Namibia.
		"the Military Academy today is a military unit of the SANDF housing the Faculty of Military Science of the University of Stellenbosch." "The Military Academy is situated on the West Coast in the town of Saldanha."http://www.sun.ac.za/mil/
		A joint project of the Centre for Conflict Resolution and the Institute for Democracy in South Africa.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/southafrica/rsamil.html (1152 words)

	The GULLY \| Africa \| Apartheid Military Forced Gay Troops Into Sex-Change Operations
		South Africa's apartheid army forced white lesbian and gay soldiers to undergo 'sex-change' operations in the 1970's and the 1980's, and submitted many to chemical castration, electric shock, and other unethical medical experiments.
		The South African newspaper identified the head of the program as Colonel Aubrey Levin, former chief psychiatrist at the Voortrekkerhoogte military hospital, who left for Canada in the mid-1990's as the apartheid system crumbled.
		Levin could still be prosecuted in South Africa for his alleged human rights abuses because he never applied the Commission for amnesty, nor was granted it.
	www.thegully.com /essays/africa/000825sexchange.html (1141 words)

	FROM DEFENCE TO DEVELOPMENT Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa: International Development Research Centre
		In South Africa, this process has been underway since the early 1990s, but it has been uneven and fragile, with contradictory outcomes such as an increased emphasis on arms export and a rise in banditry and criminal gangs.
		From Defence to Development argues that South Africa must go beyond a narrow conception of the process and focus instead on the redirection of military resources, both human and material, toward sustainable development and environmental restoration.
		Jacklyn Cock is Professor of Sociology at the University of Witwatersrand,Johannesburg, South Africa.
	www.idrc.org /en/ev-9376-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (426 words)

	South Africa: The Making of U.S. Policy, 1962-1989 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Suspicions that South Africa possessed a nuclear bomb were raised in the summer of 1977, following the alleged detection by Soviet satellites of a nuclear test facility in the Kalahari Desert.
		Questions about South Africa's nuclear capability were again raised when, on September 22, 1979, the U.S. Vela satellite detected a double flash in the South Atlantic, indicating the possibility of a nuclear blast.
		For three decades, U.S. administrations have consistently resisted calls from within and outside South Africa for economic sanctions and have argued for the importance of trade and investments as a means of encouraging change in South Africa's policy of apartheid.
	nsarchive.chadwyck.com /saintro.htm (4203 words)

	South Africa maps from Omnimap.com, world leader in map supply. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		South Africa 1:200,000 Topographic Maps by the soviet military.
		South Africa 1:10,000 City Topographic Maps by the soviet military.
		This series of maps represents tourist areas of South Africa, and highlights tourist attractions, places of interest, accommodation and indicates tarred roads.
	www.omnimap.com /catalog/int/safrica.htm (399 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| US blocks military aid to South Africa
		This follows a decision by the South African Government not to grant Americans immunity from prosecution by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the Hague.
		President Bush, accompanied by his Secretary of State Colin Powell, is due to arrive in South Africa on 8 July for a two-day visit.
		South Africa is the only one of the five countries on the Mr Bush's itinerary to be fllisted.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/3037678.stm (328 words)

	AFRICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The South Africa Army is testing 2 Mercedes-Benz G-Wagons for a period of one year.
		South Africa prepares to protect itself from poachers in its waters.
		South Africa's hopes of selling G6 artillery pieces to Saudi Arabia appear to be dashed by the Saudi continued reliance on U.S. military support.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/africa/afr32a.htm (1199 words)

	South Africa: Military Demotion Over 'Hate Speech' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Meyer, of the special forces regiment in Phalaborwa, was found guilty on charges of 'offensive behaviour' and the 'abuse of a subordinate,' and not guilty on a charge of 'a civil offence outside the country's borders.' He pleaded not guilty on all charges.
		Military judge Colonel Frances Botha, when sentencing Meyer in the military court in Thaba Tshwane on Monday, "took into consideration that he had more than 20 years' service in the defence force and that a demotion in rank would have had serious financial implications for him."
		Expressions of hate against Whites are institutionalized in South Africa, just as they are in Hollywood.
	www.nationalvanguard.org /story.php?id=3924 (550 words)

	"A Fifth of South Africa's Military Infected with HIV; Minister Says He's Not Alarmed" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		On Tuesday, South African Defense Minister Mosiuoa Lekota said that at least one-fifth of his nation's military is infected with HIV, but he dismissed concerns about any impact the disease may have on the armed forces.
		Lekota said 20-22 percent of the military is infected with HIV, a figure in line with earlier findings.
		Helmoed Heitman, an analyst for Jane's Defense Weekly, said the infection rate could have serious consequences for the military since troops with weakened immune systems could not be deployed to areas of Africa where they would be exposed to a range of different diseases.
	www.hivdent.org /publicp/inter/ppinFSAM102003.htm (368 words)

	South Africa: Military History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		SADF Symposium programme:SADF Symposium and Reunion - 30 August 1997: The theme of the symposium was to counteract the one-sided, negative image of the former SADF that has arisen as a result of the TRC proceedings in South Africa, and papers were presented by four former Chiefs of the SADF, among others.
		SADF Press Release (1977) on the Angola Campaign 1975 Over a year after the secrecy surrounding Op Savannah had led to propaganda victories for the communists, the SADF released this account to reveal the actual course of events.
		Military Chronicle of South-West Africa (1915 - 1988) by Col C.J. Nöthling Covers the development of the SWATF and the major operations in SWA and Angola.
	home.wanadoo.nl /rhodesia/samilhis.htm (334 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| US blocks military aid to South Africa
		The US has suspended military aid to South Africa, according to the South African news agency, Sapa.
		Under a US law passed last year, military aid will be cut off from any state which failed to exempt American soldiers from ICC prosecution by 1 July.
		The South African Foreign Ministry spokesman Ronnie Mamoepa said the government was still studying the announcement.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/3037678.stm (328 words)

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