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Topic: Military of Turkey

	Turkey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkey is bordered by Bulgaria (in European Turkey) and Greece on the west, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran ( Persia) on the east, and Iraq and Syria on the south.
		Turkey invaded the island in 1974 in response to an Athens backed coup of the island, Turkey states that it was invoking its role under the Treaty of Guarantee to ensure the independence of the island and protection of its Turkish Cypriot minority.
		Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2001 still accounted for 40% of employment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkey (2837 words)

	Military Interventions in Turkey
		The delay in overthrowing the government seemed to reinforce the claims of the Turkish military that they were sincere in their desire to prevent civil war and preserve the Kemalist republic.
		Martial law, imposed in December 1978 in thirteen of Turkey 's sixty-seven provinces (nowadays eighty-one), was extended a year later to nineteen provinces, and by September 1980 was in effect in twenty.
		In an effort to clean-up Turkish politics, the military also ensured that those they regarded as accessories to the problems leading to the coup were no longer able to influence events: a 1981 decree by the NSC prohibited persons, such as Demirel and Ecevit, from participation in politics.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /darbe.htm (2259 words)

	Military of Turkey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Gendarmerie and Coast Guard operate as the parts of internal security forces in peacetime and are subordinate to the Army and Navy Commands respectively.
		Considering that Turkish Armed Forces might increasingly participate in peace support operations during the first quarter of the 21st century, in order to increase contribution to global and regional peace and stability, the special importance to develop its current capabilities in this field is attributed.
		In 2003 Turkey requested the Netherlands to help protect the southeast of Turkey against possible missile attacks from Iraq, using MIM-104 Patriot anti-ballistic missiles.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Turkey (579 words)

	The Military in Modern Turkey
		Rustow and Huntington suggest that the incentives leading to military interventions are not to be found in "the historical background of the armies," but in the nature of the army's interaction with the "political structure" in the context of political modernization (Rustow, 1967, p.175).
		Military interventions are an outgrowth of one particular aspect of modernization, that is "the general politicization of social forces and institutions" in the absence of effective political institutions that could coordinate their interactions (Huntington, 1968, p.194).
		The military in Turkey was and is highly differentiated from the rest of society constituting "a separate community, rather than representing any one group in society," thus greatly retaining the characteristic observed during the Kemalist era (Hale, 1994, p.305).
	jspc.library.wisc.edu /issues/1998-1999/article5.html (6192 words)

	Turkey Military
		The stability of Turkey's borders is threatened by turbulence among the newly independent republics of the Caucasus and by hostile states in the Middle East.
		Turkey is an advocate of the interests of Muslim peoples in the Balkans, but its modest military role as part of the United Nations (UN) Protection Force in Bosnia has generated controversy because of memories of the Ottoman Empire's long involvement there.
		Turkey and the United States developed many defense links and common goals after United States military and economic assistance began in 1947 in response to the threat of Soviet expansion.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/europe/tu-intro.htm (795 words)

	ipedia.com: Turkey Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Republic of Turkey is a country with territory in both southern Europe and the southwestern part of Asia, until 1922 known as the Ottoman Empire.
		Turkey (in Turkish Türkiye) is bordered to the east by Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran, to the south by Iraq and Syria, and to the west by the Aegean Sea and its islands, Greece and Bulgaria.
		Fears of a shift from the secular and western oriented makeup of the country have led to several military coups over the years, the last of which was in 1980.
	fav.ipedia.com /turkey_1.html (1137 words)

	Democratic transition in Turkey, 1980-83: the impact of European diplomacy.
		Turkey's institutional, political and economic presence in Europe has been a deep-rooted idea of Turkish modernizers since the time of the Tanzimat (1839) whence the issue was Turkey's inclusion to the `Concert of Europe'.
		The military regime was constantly forced to explain itself, explain the situation and justify the military take-over and its subsequent policies, which in turn led to an apologetic attitude in Turkish foreign affairs.
		Turkey's political, ideological and institutional engagement in the Western world and the present danger of losing the gains and the accumulations of two hundred years constituted the long-term thinking that was behind the Generals' decision to return to democracy from military rule in 1983.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/dagi.htm (6952 words)

	Kurdistan - Turkey
		In Turkey two major Kurdish dialects are spoken: Kermanji, which is used by the majority of Kurds, as well as by some of the Kurds in Iran and Iraq; and Zaza, spoken mainly in a triangular region in southeastern Turkey between Diyarbakir, Ezurum, and Sivas, as well as in parts of Iran.
		Turkey's other leaders were not as willing as Özal to recognize Kurdish distinctiveness, and only two months after his death in April 1993, the Constitutional Court issued its decision declaring the HEP illegal.
		The provinces in southeastern Turkey are Sirnak, Diyarbakir, Van, Siirt, Mus, Mardin, Batman, Bingol, Tunceli, Hakkari, Bitlis, Adana, Adiyaman, Hatay, Elazig, Gaziantep, Kahraman Maras, Kilis, Malatya, Icel, Osmaniye and Sanliurfa.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/kurdistan-turkey.htm (3863 words)

	Turkish Military Modernization
		Specifically, Turkey was interested in engaging in international peacemaking and peacekeeping efforts, improving relations with regional partners, furthering integration with the West, and grasping opportunities in neighboring regions.
		The third argument against supplying Turkey's military with arms and political support for modernization is that it occurs at the expense of Turkey's democratic development, since it circumvents democratic leaders and civil society.
		Turkey will have increasingly less difficulty acquiring military equipment if it embarks on long-term procurement, because the defense industry has the necessary political leverage to ensure deals are not blocked and can even minimize the complications that might arise with additional requirements that countries sometimes include in arms sales.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a5.html (5448 words)

	Military.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bridging Europe and Asia Minor, Turkey is a land of geographic, economic, and social contrasts.
		Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with traditional village agriculture and crafts.
		Rapid growth of industry, and increasing urbanization of the population have led to increased awareness of, and emphasis on, environmental issues.
	military.countrywatch.com /countries.asp?vCOUNTRY=176 (87 words)

	The Military Coup in Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		While the seizure of power by the Turkish military in Ankara (the third time in 20 years) did not have much to do with Cyprus, the gathering of power in the hands of a narrowly provincial military elite had longer-term consequences for the island.
		The constitution was rewritten by the military, and this has constrained speech, assembly, political organizing, et cetera, in effect shutting down debate on controversial topics.
		Given the fears that Turkey might go the way of Iran and that the entire Western security position in the Middle East would disintegrate, there was a great sense of relief throughout Washington when the change occurred." Carter signaled his approval by calling for generous increases in military aid in the next two years.
	www.cyprus-conflict.net /military_coup_in_turkey.htm (1149 words)

	Talking Turkey
		Educational reform is but one element of the ongoing military-inspired campaign to rid Turkey of what the generals see as the single largest threat to the country's security—and to their own place near the top of its food chain.
		For much of Turkey's rural population as well as the residents of its vast shantytowns that may not be sufficient.
		Turkey's political rumor mill rattled this spring with reports of an imminent coup by the military, which has intervened three times in Turkish politics in the past 40 years, as the armed forces made clear that they were not going to allow Erbakan, modern Turkey's first Islamist prime minister, to stay in office.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/1097/9710036.html (792 words)

	Edit Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As a strategic ally and military outpost, Turkey had received a substantial flow of US arms throughout the post-World War II era.
		Arms transfers increased sharply in 1984, as Turkey initiated a military campaign against its miserably-oppressed Kurdish population.
		Military, police, and paramilitary operations increased in intensity and violence in the 1990s, along with atrocities and US arms and military training.
	zpedia.org /@edit/Turkey (128 words)

	Military Museum, Istanbul, Turkey
		The Military Museum (Askeri Müzesi) at Harbiye, 1 km (just over a half mile) north of Taksim Square, chronicles mostly the Ottoman period when the Sultan's troops threatened to conquer eastern Europe, the entire Middle East, and North Africa.
		The Military Museum is also where you can hear the Mehter, the world's oldest military band, play each afternoon (the 20-minute concerts begin at 3 and at 4 pm).
		Istanbul's Harbiye district was the site of the Ottoman imperial military academy, the empire's "West Point" or "Sandhurst," and is still an important military reserve, with an officer's club and other facilities.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /WhereToGo/Istanbul/Sights/Beyoglu/MilitaryMuseum.html (319 words)

	Turkey maps from Omni Resources, world leader in map supply.
		Turkey maps from Omni Resources, world leader in map supply.
		Turkey 1:10,000 City Topographic Maps by the Soviet military.
		On our last trip to Turkey we were able to obtain 1:250,000 topographic maps, but these are now sold out.
	www.omnimap.com /catalog/int/turkey.htm (882 words)

	Twenty years since the military coup in Turkey
		After the military takeover wages and salaries were frozen despite, an inflation rate of 130 percent.
		Faced with this situation, influential leaders of the military and MIT intelligence service, as well as conservative politicians such as Süleyman Demirel, unleashed a systematic terror campaign to weaken left-wing organizations and pave the way for a coup.
		In the face of the right-wing terror and preparations for a military coup the working class was politically disarmed by Ecevit, the leader of the Turkish nationalist CHP (Republican Popular Party), and his Social Democratic and Stalinist supporters in the trade unions.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2000/sep2000/turk-s27.shtml (1931 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk, or "Father of the Turks." Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms.
		Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes.
		Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2004 still accounted for more than 35% of employment.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/tu.html (1541 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| US 'sure' of Turkish support
		Washington wants Ankara to give access to the US military in the event of war, but there is overwhelming domestic opposition to any such move in Turkey.
		Turkey, as the only Muslim member of Nato and having a common border with Iraq, would be a vital ally for the US to keep in the event of war.
		It has been reported that the US military would like to station up to 80,000 personnel in Turkey although the eventual numbers could be much lower - perhaps 15,000 to 20,000.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/2674363.stm (487 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Turkey upsets US military plans
		Turkey's parliament has narrowly failed to approve the deployment of US troops on its territory for a possible war with neighbouring Iraq.
		Turkey, the only Muslim state in Nato, is also afraid of alienating a key ally.
		The military deal agreed by Washington and Ankara is believed to cover both the practicalities of how US troops will operate within Turkey - including which country's laws they are subject to - and the much more sensitive issue of how the Turkish and US armies would co-operate in Iraq.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/2810133.stm (580 words)

	Military of Turkey Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Military branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
		Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 4.3% (FY97)
		In 2003 Turkey has requested the Netherlands to help protect the southeast of Turkey against possible missile attacks from Iraq, using MIM-104 Patriot anti-ballistic missiles.
	www.top5miami.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/military_of_turkey.html (98 words)

	Military Bases / Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Amnesty International today called for Turkey's Court of Appeal to urgently re-examine the case of four police officers acquitted of the torture and rape of two teenage girls after a massively delayed and grossly inadequate investigation and trial.
		A trial of police officers in Turkey accused of the torture and rape of two teenagers is to resume on Friday 22 April.
		In recent days, press groups in Turkey have articulated their concerns regarding the new Penal Code which is due to come into effect on 1 April.
	paloweb.com /News/Newspapers/Military_Bases/Turkey (355 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Military -- Turkey renews deal allowing U.S. military to use base
		ANKARA – Turkey said on Wednesday it would extend for another year an agreement allowing the United States to use its Incirlik airbase for planes supplying U.S. and allied forces in Iraq and Afghanistan.
		But the U.S. embassy in Ankara said it was still awaiting notification and said it remained unclear whether Turkey would grant its request for a widening of the terms of the existing deal, including blanket clearance for all flights.
		Turkey is a NATO ally of the United States but relations were badly strained by the Iraq war, which most Turks opposed.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/military/20050420-1338-turkey-usa-base.html (296 words)

	Turkey: Reform limits some military powers
		Basic democratic principles demand the strict subordination of the military to the elected government, but even after this reform the military in Turkey will remain an independent political factor.
		It is the last of seven “packages of reforms” with which Turkey is seeking to fulfil the political requirements for membership in the European Union (EU).
		According to opinion polls, such a move, while vehemently demanded by the army, is rejected by nearly two thirds of the population and by sections of the AKP itself.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2003/aug2003/turk-a19.shtml (2426 words)

	Incirlik Air Base, Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Turkey is a paradise of sun, sea, mountains, and lakes.
		Turkey also has a magnificent past, and is a land full of historic treasures from 13 successive civilizations spanning 10,000 years.
		Military members are given an opportunity to complete their travel and military pay requirements.
	www.militaryexits.com /military_bases/incirlik_turkey_afb.shtml (10824 words)

	Military Turkey Recipe 1941 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Singe, then clean the turkey well, saving heart, liver, and gizzard, which should be cooked and then minced for use in gravy or dressing.
		After the turkey has been in the oven about 20 minutes, add a little hot water and baste every 15 minutes until done.
		Last few minutes of cooking should be at high heat to brown the outside of the turkey.
	www.pilgrimhall.org /1941turk.htm (193 words)

	Travel to turkey. Great deals on travel packages to turkey. Book your vacation to turkey now! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Frozen turkey thawing times (both in water or in the refrigerator), a roasting table, and advice on safe leftovers storage.
		Turkey on Thursday condemned the beheading of a U.S...
		Turkey recipes, low carb recipes, Thanksgiving and holiday recipes, high protein food, turkey preparation tips, information about turkey industry for consumers, foodservice professionals, and...
	www.the-travel-masters.com /directory/turkey (636 words)

	Turkey - The Military (Turkey)
		The Kurds are officially considered no different than any other minority in Turkey and logically they are entitled to all the benefits Turkish citizens have.
		Special ops units under the control of the regional super-governor conduct raids against the PKK and are known for their brutality and treatment of villagers and Kurdish journalists.
		The military was invited into Northern Iraq in October 1997 by the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) to help clean up the PKK and the PUK.
	www.comebackalive.com /df/dplaces/turkey/player7.htm (485 words)

	Ethiopia pursues military ties with Turkey
		The global hunt for the masterminds behind the London bombings took a potentially key twist with the arrest in Egypt of a suspect who might have put the deadly explosives together.
		ADDIS ABABA - Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi on Wednesday sought to strengthen military ties with Turkey after agreeing on a raft of cooperation deals with his Turkish counterpart Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
		Aware of the implications of this military move, Meles, whose nation is locked in a strained peace process with Eritrea after their 1998-2000 border war, said Addis Ababa would not resort to an arms-buying spree.
	www.turkishpress.com /news.asp?id=37885 (455 words)

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