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Topic: Military of Turkmenistan

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	The World Recognized Turkmenistan's Neutrality 9 Years Ago
		It took Turkmenistan, however, 3 years of consistent observance of the undertaken obligations before the neutral foreign policy of Turkmenistan got its first official recognition, yet at a regional level, in the final declaration of the summit of the Organization of Economic Cooperation in Islamabad in 1995.
		Principle and unconditional renunciation of participation in international military and military-political groupings and blocks allowed Turkmenistan to stay away from any kind of regional rivalry as well as from temptation on the part of any state to get the Turkmen military and economic resource on their side in potential conflicts.
		It is enough to recall what role Turkmenistan played in the settlement of the Inter-Tajik crisis in 1995-96, Ashgabat's participation in peacemaking efforts of the UN on finding a peaceful political solution to the civil war in Afghanistan in 1999 that confirmed active positive effect that Turkmenistan has on the regional affairs.
	presidentniyazov.tripod.com /id33.html (1126 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925.
		Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy.
		Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan has suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/t/tu/turkmenistan.html (470 words)

	Wikinfo \| Armed force
		Militaries in many larger countries are divided into an army, an air force, and a navy (if necessary).
		The investment in military forces and their associated technologies can result in many ancillary benefits to the society as a whole.
		These military investments are increased during a war or other conflict, and in a virtuous cycle can accelerate the technological development of the society as a whole.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=military (616 words)

	Index of Economic Freedom 2006 - Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth-largest reserves of natural gas and is one of the world's top 10 producers of cotton.
		Turkmenistan's capital flows and foreign investment score is 1 point worse this year; however, its trade policy score is 2.5 points better, its fiscal burden of government score is 0.2 point better, its monetary policy score is 1 point better, and its informal market score is 0.5 point better.
		Turkmenistan's legal system, particularly corporate law, is poorly developed and…poorly enforced.… The judiciary is badly trained and open to bribery.
	www.heritage.org /research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Turkmenistan (1107 words)

	Turkmenistan- Army
		Turned over to Turkmenistan's command were one army corps directorate, two combined arms units stationed at Gushgy and Gyzylarbat, several air defense and air force aviation units, technical support and logistical units, and virtually all the armaments and other military property.
		Another military doctrine holds that local wars, border conflicts, and military buildups in adjacent countries are the main source of danger to Turkmenistan.
		Although Turkmenistan has no disputed borders, its doctrine is based on concerns about the civil conflicts in Tajikistan and the instability in northern Afghanistan, especially after the collapse of its pro-Soviet regime in 1989, as well as on traditional tensions with Iran.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/centralasia/turkmen-army.htm (951 words)

	Constitution of Turkmenistan
		Article 6: Turkmenistan recognizes the primacy of generally recognized norms of international law, is fully invested with the rights of a subject of the world community, and adheres in its domestic policies to the principles of peaceful coexistence, rejection of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal
		Article 17: Turkmenistan guarantees the equality of the rights and freedoms of its citizens and, likewise, the equality of citizens before the law regardless of nationality, ethnic origin, property holdings, official status, place of residence, language, religious preference, political convictions, or political party membership.
		Article 54: The President of Turkmenistan is the head of state and of the executive power, is the highest official of Turkmenistan, and acts as a guarantor of national independence, territorial integrity, and adherence to the Constitution and international agreements.
	www.uta.edu /cpsees/TURKCON.htm (5798 words)

	GlobaLex - A Research Guide to the Turkmenistan Legal System
		Turkmenistan is unitary state in the southwest of Central Asia and the Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and Iran and Afghanistan in the south bound it.
		Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty on October 26, 1991 and after the collapse of the Soviet Union became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, together with ten other former Soviet republics.
		Turkmenistan is divided into administrative units, which have been given authority of self-government, these are the velayats (large administrative regions encompassing etraps, and specific cities), etraps (districts), shakhers (cities), obas (villages) and gengeshys (main administrative units).
	www.nyulawglobal.org /globalex/Turkmenistan.htm (4170 words)

	Turkmenistan
		American citizens in Turkmenistan are strongly urged to ensure that their visas do not expire and that they register with SARF upon arrival and upon departure.
		Turkmenistan customs authorities may enforce strict regulations concerning temporary importation into or export from Turkmenistan of items such as carpets, jewelry, musical instruments, pieces of art, archaeological artifacts, antiques, protected animals, etc. It is advisable to contact the Embassy of Turkmenistan in Washington, D.C. for specific information regarding customs requirements.
		Turkmenistan's indigenous dog, the Alabay, is considered a national treasure and is banned for export without prior permission.
	travel.state.gov /travel/turkmenistan.html (3337 words)

	Preamble
		Article 6 Turkmenistan recognizes the primacy of generally recognized norms of international law, is fully invested with the rights of a subject of the world community, and adheres in its domestic policies to the principles of peaceful coexistence, rejection of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other governments.
		Citizens of Turkmenistan are guaranteed the protection and patronage of the government of Turkmenistan both on the territory of Turkmenistan and beyond its borders.
		The President of Turkmenistan is the head of state and of the executive power, is the highest official of Turkmenistan, and acts as a guarantor of national independence, territorial integrity, and adherence to the Constitution and international agreements.
	www.cmseducation.org /wconsts/turkmenistan.html (5610 words)

	Turkmenistan/Temp
		This temporary page is being used to expand and convert the article Turkmenistan over to the new format agreed to at WikiProject Countries.
		Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925.
		Extensive hydrocarbon (natural gas) reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects can be worked out.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tu/Turkmenistan___Temp.html (173 words)

	The EU's relations with Turkmenistan - Overview
		Turkmenistan, with a population of around 4.9 million (although official estimates put the figure at nearer 6 million), is one of the most ethnically homogenous of the Central Asian states, with the proportion of ethnic Turkmens in the population reported to have increased from 72% in the 1989 census to 95% by 2003.
		In 2005, the EU was the largest source of imports to Turkmenistan (€451 million), whilst in terms of the export of Turkmen goods, the EU was the third largest trading partner (€367 million) after Ukraine and Iran.
		Turkmenistan has also participated valuably in a number of Tacis regional programmes in a number of different sectors, including INOGATE (energy), TRACECA (transport), environmental programmes focusing on water management and the Caspian Sea, as well as the BOMCA-CADAP programmes on border management and drug trafficking.
	ec.europa.eu /external_relations/turkmenistan/intro/index.htm (2118 words)

	[No title]
		In the 90s it was a dream of many low-income families to put their children into these schools: the children were not only given clothes there (military uniform) but were also fed three times a day at the expense of the state.
		Graduates of military schools are, however, an exception and have a chance to enter a military university without work experience.
		A bribe of $300 was needed to attend the military school in the city of Dashoguz.
	www.eurasianet.org /turkmenistan.project/files2/041206Military_schools(eng).doc (312 words)

	Military.com Content
		Turkmenistan is cool on close relations as well.
		Turkmenistan is to side with Iran on Caspian issues.
		Also, since Turkmenistan is still on speaking terms with the Taliban, Ashgabat has the potential to be a valuable contact for Tehran on Afghan issues.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent?file=SG27july (711 words)

	Turkmenistan - Gurupedia
		In 1994, Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit.
		Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy.
		Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan has suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
	www.gurupedia.com /t/tu/turkmenistan.htm (457 words)

	Turkmenistan, Map and Flag
		Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources.
		However, Turkmenistan's cooperation with the international community in transporting humanitarian aid to Afghanistan may foreshadow a change in the atmosphere for foreign investment, aid, and technological support.
		Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets, and GDP and other figures are subject to wide margins of error.
	www.greatestcities.com /Asia/Turkmenistan.html (1096 words)

	Asia Times: China bids for influence in Central Asia
		Military leaders from both sides discussed the potential for cooperation in personnel training and in the use and repair of military equipment.
		Turkmenistan's bilateral military cooperation with Russia and China is less likely to threaten the countries' mutual influence in Central Asia.
		Turkmenistan is a rare and critical case study of the new diplomacy between Russia and China in Central Asia.
	www.atimes.com /c-asia/AI18Ag01.html (1046 words)

	NCSJ - Turkmenistan page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		U.S. Turkmenistan is slightly larger than California and occupies the fourth-largest landmass in the former Soviet Union, although 90 percent of the land is the uninhabited Kara Kum Desert.
		Turkmenistan maintains a policy of “positive neutrality” that eschews alliances with other nations, a position simultaneously driven by a reliance on surrounding countries as export markets and an isolationist doctrine.
		Turkmenistan allowed its territory to be used for humanitarian aid shipments during the war in Afghanistan, while it maintained its official neutrality by refusing to participate militarily.
	www.ncsj.org /Turkmenistan.shtml (1380 words)

	Turkmenistan: Harassment and imprisonment of religious believers - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For example, law enforcement officials are said to have broken up peaceful religious meetings in private homes, fining participants or detaining them for short periods; confiscated religious material; physically and verbally abused religious believers; and imprisoned some solely for the peaceful exercise of their right to freedom of religion and conscience.
		Another area where conscience has clashed with state in Turkmenistan is over the issue of military service, which is compulsory.(9) There is no civilian alternative for young men whose conscientiously-held beliefs preclude them from carrying out compulsory military service, and those who refuse conscription face imprisonment under criminal law.
		The Constitution of Turkmenistan guarantees this right,(10) which is also articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (to which Turkmenistan is a state party).
	web.amnesty.org /ai.nsf/Index/EUR610072000?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES\TURKMENISTAN (5131 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Turkmenistan: Profile
		Turkmenistan's military doctrine includes pledges not to possess, produce, or proliferate nuclear arms.
		Turkmenistan is party to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) and does not possess biological weapons.
		Turkmenistan is a member of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and does not possess chemical weapons.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Turkmenistan/index.html (247 words)

	Worldworx Travel - Safety - Middle East - Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Turkmenistan is a Central Asian nation roughly the size of California.
		Turkmenistan gained its independence in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
		Turkmenistan has a low rate of violent crime, but ordinary street crime is common.
	www.worldworx.tv /safety/middle-east/turkmenistan/index.htm (1666 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA - CAUCASUS ANALYST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Like other sovereign states, efforts on the part of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to form their military forces was quite natural in the early 1990s when they were trying to consolidate their independence.
		Reports suggests Turkmenistan's future receipt of ten "Grif (Kondor) multi-purpose boats" and ten "eight-ton Kalkan boats" presumably in 2004, while it is unknown whether they are part of the 200-million-dollar "investment".
		In itself, the amount of its current military expenditure is not significant for a country with the smallest military force in the Caspian region.
	www.cacianalyst.org /view_article.php?articleid=2064 (967 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Turkmenistan, formerly known as the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, is a country in Central Asia.
		Turkmenistan is dominated by an all-pervasive cult of personality extolling President Niyazov as Turkmenbashi ("Leader of all Turkmen").
		Muslims in Turkmenistan are of the Sunni faith, and do not share the Islamic fundamentalism of their neighbors in......
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/turkmenistan (1768 words)

	Turkmenistan: Harassment and imprisonment of religious believers - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For example, law enforcement officials are said to have broken up peaceful religious meetings in private homes, fining participants or detaining them for short periods; confiscated religious material; physically and verbally abused religious believers; and imprisoned some solely for the peaceful exercise of their right to freedom of religion and conscience.
		Another area where conscience has clashed with state in Turkmenistan is over the issue of military service, which is compulsory.(9) There is no civilian alternative for young men whose conscientiously-held beliefs preclude them from carrying out compulsory military service, and those who refuse conscription face imprisonment under criminal law.
		The Constitution of Turkmenistan guarantees this right,(10) which is also articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (to which Turkmenistan is a state party).
	www.web.amnesty.org /ai.nsf/index/EUR610072000 (5131 words)

	Top20Turkmenistan.com - Your Top20 Guide to Turkmenistan!
		The Turkmenistan region soon came to be known as the capital of Greater Khorasan, when the caliph Al-Ma'mun moved his capital to Merv.
		In an election on February 11, 2007, Berdymukhamedov was elected president with 89% of the vote and 95% turnout, although the election was condemned by outside observers.
		Human rights are generally not respected by many authorities in Turkmenistan, although some human rights are guaranteed in the Constitution of Turkmenistan, such as social equality, sex equality, freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, and freedom of movement.
	top20turkmenistan.com (2117 words)

	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net
		Lavrov’s trip to Turkmenistan comes after a brief stopover in Armenia, a route that takes him on a circumlocutory itinerary around neighbours and through countries whose relations with the West range from fraught to pragmatic all the way to downright hostile.
		At the 11th session of the third legislature of the Turkmen Mejlis on Feb. 23, deputies approved the appointment of Yashgeldy Esenov as chairman of the Supreme Court, Muhammed Ogushkov as Prosecutor General, Akhmad Rakhmanov as Minister of the Interior, and Murad Karriyev as the Minister of Justice.
		Turkmenistan was one of the few countries in the world where people could not get connected at home, nor were there Internet cafes - only few people from the government and international organisations had access.
	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net (6197 words)

	Turkmenistan holds major military exercise on Caspian coast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Turkmenistan held major military exercises on the coast of the oil-rich Caspian Sea on Saturday, in its biggest military manoeuvres since gaining independence more than ten years ago.
		Turkmenistan refused to take part in large-scale naval exercises held last August that included three other Caspian states -- Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan -- citing its neutral status.
		The Turkmen foreign ministry issued a statement at the time saying, "Turkmenistan, as a neutral state, is not taking part and does not intend to take part in future in any military exercises on the Caspian, either as a participant or as an observer."
	www.spacewar.com /2003/030816142456.mge3fg8d.html (255 words)

	Turkmenistan
		U.S. assistance to Turkmenistan seeks to enhance Turkmenistan’s stability and to promote security cooperation in the interests of both countries, while attempting to strengthen civil society and improve health care.
		The Government of Turkmenistan (GOT) is not currently receptive to democratic or economic reform, although it is cautiously interested in limited types of law enforcement and security assistance programs.
		The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program will continue to send Turkmen officers to the United States for professional military education, which will educate and expose Turkmenistan's Armed Forces and civilian officials to Western-style democracy, and the concepts of rule of law, human rights and free markets.
	www.state.gov /t/pm/64483.htm (500 words)

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