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Topic: Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland

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	Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Between 1809 and 1917 Finland was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Finland.
		During the war with Napoleon in 1812 six jaeger battalions were formed in Finland.
		In 1878 a law was passed by the Emperor Alexander II calling for a general conscription in Finland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (315 words)

	Encyclopedia: Grand Duchy of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		An extended Finland Proper was made a titulary Grand Duchy (more correctly, Grand Principality) in 1581, when king John III of Sweden, who as a prince had been royal duke of Finland (1556â“1561/63), extended the list of subsidiary titles to the Kings of Sweden considerably.
		The Governor-General of Finland was the head of the Senate of Finland, the government in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, between 1808 and 1917.
		Main articles: Flag of Finland, Coat of Arms of Finland Flag ratio: 11:18 Flag ratio: 11:18 Flag ratio: 11:19 The Flag of Finland or siniristilippu dates from the beginning of the 20th century, and is modelled on the Danish flag, the Dannebrog.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grand-Duchy-of-Finland (2809 words)

	History of Finland
		Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden is usually said to began in 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by Sweden's King Eric the Saint who came escorted by a group of armed men and Bishop Henry to Finland Proper.
		Thus Finland was under an obligation to ensure the residents of the Åland Islands a right to maintain the Swedish language, as well as their own culture and local traditions.
		In Finland, CSCE was widely considered as a possibility of reducing the tensions of the Cold War, and a personal triumph for president Kekkonen.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/history_of_finland (3490 words)

	Finland - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland) is a Nordic country in northeastern Europe, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the southeast and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west.
		In 1808, Finland was conquered by the armies of Russian Emperor Alexander I and thereafter remained an autonomous Grand Duchy in personal union with the Russian Empire until the end of 1917.
		The climate in Southern Finland is a northern temperate climate.
	www.free-definition.com /Finland.html (2301 words)

	HISTORICAL
		Finland had been raised to the status of a grand duchy whose duke was John, the son of Gustavus Wasa.
		In the 1820's the normative composition of Finnish military bands was 2 piccolos, 2 flutes, 1 Eb clarinet, 2 B clarinets, 1 basset-horn in F, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 Es trumpets, 2 trombones, 1 tambourin, 1 triangle, 1 side drum and 1 bass drum.
		After completing their military service the discharged conscript musicians played in the various civilian bands, as popular education was thriving with the establisment of various bodies for universal benefit.
	www.worldmilitarybands.com /finland.html (1728 words)

	Finnish Jäger troops - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The recruitment of the Jäger volunteers from the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland had to be secret, and was dominated by Germany-influenced circles, such as university students and the upper middle class.
		The Jäger Battallion participated in the ranks of the German Army from 1916 in the battles on the northern flank of the eastern front.
		After the outbreak of the Civil War in Finland Jägers who intended to engage on the "White" (non-Socialist) side in the war were released.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Finnish_Jaeger_troops (340 words)

	Inventing Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Finland’s success was rooted in the rise of Finnish nationalism and the linking of socialist policies with nationalist sentiment.
		Finland’s transition from Swedish to Russian rule ushered in an era of strong autonomy for the Finnish territory.
		Since the political elite of Finland still spoke Swedish and the presence of a Finnish cultural or literary history had yet to appear, any idea of Finnishness at the beginning of autonomy under the Russian Empire was not a reference to a Finnish culture, but the people living in the geographic region of Finland.
	students.washington.edu /dustind/essay/finland.htm (2547 words)

	History of Finland, The Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, 1809-1917
		The chief instrument of government in the grand duchy was the Government Council, renamed in 1816 the Senate, which was composed of fourteen Finns appointed by the tsar.
		Although the government of the grand duchy represented an uneasy balance between the traditions of Finnish self-government and those of Russian autocracy, as long as the Russians respected the balance, the Finnish people were satisfied.
		These military considerations were decisive in leading the tsarist government to implement Russification, and it was a Russian military officer, Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov, who, in October 1898, became the new governor-general and the eventual instrument of the policy.
	motherearthtravel.com /history/finland/history-4.htm (3991 words)

	Finland (09/05)
		In 1809, Finland was conquered by the armies of Czar Alexander I and thereafter remained an autonomous grand duchy connected with the Russian Empire until the end of 1917.
		Finland's 1995 accession to the European Union (EU) has blurred the line between foreign and domestic policy; the respective roles of the president and prime minister are evolving, and plans are under consideration to rewrite the constitution to clarify these and other issues.
		Finland and the U.S.S.R. signed a peace treaty at Paris in February 1947 limiting the size of Finland's defense forces and providing for the cession to the Soviet Union of the Petsamo area on the Arctic coast, the Karelian Isthmus in southeastern Finland, and other territory along the former eastern border.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3238.htm (3564 words)

	AllRefer.com - Finland - The Cold War and the Treaty of 1948 \| Finnish Information Resource
		By late 1944, Finland's previous policy of antagonism to the Soviet Union had been shown to be counterproductive, because it had nearly led to Finland's extinction as an independent state.
		The first test of Finland's new policy of reconciliation was thus to observe faithfully the treaty with the Soviets, including the punctual payment of reparations and the establishment of war crimes trials.
		Finland's growing integration into the world economy was demonstrated by its joining the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT--see Glossary) in 1949.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/finland/finland32.html (1863 words)

	The Impossible Happened Thrice — Virtual Finland
		"The right to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Finland is held irrevocably by the person who has the right to the throne of the Russian empire." The foregoing quotation is not part of the liturgy of compromise advocated by the compliant party during the Russification which began in the 1890s.
		Military skills were bolstered by the training that thousands of reservists had received for years in the civil defence corps.
		There was a belief in Russia that the conquest of Finland would proceed like a military parade and preparations had not been made for a prolonged war, at least not for one to be fought in a wilderness of snow drifts and bitter cold.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/impossib.html (1406 words)

	Invasion of Finland
		Finland was united with Sweden from the early Middle Ages until 1809 when it became a grand duchy of Russia.
		Finland's war preparations and its anti-Soviet policy at home and abroad were a threat to both the Soviet Union and Finland itself.
		Faced with the threat of war, the Soviet government proposed that the USSR and Finland sign a mutual assistance pact and the border between the two countries on the Karelian isthmus be moved westwards as a compensation for which the USSR would cede to Finland a far larger territory of South Karelia.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSfinland.htm (2037 words)

	The Finnish Winter War
		In 1901 Finland's legislature was stripped of its power, and in 1902 her independent armed forces suddenly found themselves an extension of the Tsar's army.
		After World War I, Finland had been given control of the Åland Islands by the League of Nations and with the consent of Sweden with the understanding that no military forces were to be stationed on them.
		Under the treaty, Russia received Finland's second largest city, Viipuri, the port of Petsamo on the Arctic Ocean, the Hanko area, all of Lake Ladoga’s shores and the entire Karelian Isthmus, the home of 12 per cent of Finland's population.
	www.kaiku.com /winterwar.html (2789 words)

	Emancipating Finns (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Finland also gets a Civil Service of its own, and in all aspects a more independent position then she had had as one of many parts in the Swedish realm.
		For the self-esteem of the Finns it was of particular importance that prominent scientists (such as for instance family of geologists Nordenskiöld and the family of zoologists von Wright of which Magnus von Wright, became famous for his outstanding zoological paintings) were working at the University of Helsinki.
		Initially, southern Finland (with a majority of the country's population and its major urban centers) is controlled by the Red Militias, while the White government controls the predominantly agrarian northern and central provinces.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq435.html (1010 words)

	GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn on September_17, 1809, Finland became a true autonomous grand_duchy as a part of the Russian Empire.
		For the foundation of the Grand Duchy as an entity with relatively great autonomy within the Russian realm, and for the regain of the so called Old_Finland, that was lost to Russia in the previous century, the Finland-born Gustaf_Mauritz_Armfelt, councillor to the emperor, was instrumental.
		The Russian Emperor ruled as the Grand_Duke_of_Finland and was represented in Finland by the Governor-General_of_Finland.
	www.witwib.com /Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (612 words)

	Meritocracy
		Some would suggest that the military ranking system is perhaps the closest meritocratic organization which can easily be found.
		Ironically, the term was first used in a pejorative sense in Michael Young's 1958 book Rise of the Meritocracy, which was written from the standpoint of a future in which one's social place is determined by IQ plus effort.
		Another example is the 19th century Finland, which was formally ruled by an autocrat, though in practice governing was left to the educated class.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Meritocracy (997 words)

	Autonomous grand duchy (from Finland) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		As a part of the Swedish monarchy, Finland had been accorded practically no institutions of its own, but from the middle of the 18th century the majority of officials and intellectuals were of Finnish origin.
		It is bordered on the north by Norway, on the northwest by Sweden, on the southwest by the Gulf of Bothnia, on the south by the Gulf of Finland, and on the east by Russia.
		The famous international fishing grounds known as the Grand Banks is a portion of the North American continental shelf in the Atlantic Ocean southeast and south of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=26089 (882 words)

	AllRefer.com - Finland - Military Heritage \| Finnish Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		When Finland became the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire in 1809, the Finnish units of the Swedish army were disbanded.
		The first indigenous Finnish military elements of three light infantry regiments were raised at the time of Napoleon's eastward drive in 1812, but during most of the nineteenth century, the only Finnish military force was a guards battalion paid for by the tsar.
		The Finnish Military Academy was reactivated in 1919, and during the 1920s a reserve officers' school was formed, together with NCO schools for various branches and arms of the service.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/finland/finland163.html (1607 words)

	History of Finland (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		According to the legend, bishop Henry is murdered by the peasant Lalli on the frozen surface of lake Köyliö.
		Finland was the first country in Europe (and second in the world, after New Zealand) to grant women an equal right to vote in elections.
		The Continuation War; Finland attacks the Soviet Union with Germany, hoping to regain the lost areas, but eventually has to accept the borders of 1940 and, and also cede Pechenga, lease Porkkala peninsula as a military base for 50 years (SU returns it already in 1956) and pay war reparations.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq43.html (1845 words)

	GORAN MAGNUS, COUNT SPRENGTPORTEN - LoveToKnow Article on GORAN MAGNUS, COUNT SPRENGTPORTEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Irritable and suspicious like his brother he also came to the conclusion that his services had not been adequately appreciated, and the flattering way in which he was welcomed by the Russian court during a visit to St Petersburg in 1779 still further incensed him against the purely imaginary ingratitude of his own sovereign.
		It was now that he first conceived the plan of separating the grand duchy from Sweden and erecting it into an independent state under the protection of Russia.
		At the end of the war, indeed, his position was somewhat precarious, as the High Court of Finland condemned him as a traitor, while Catherine regarded him as an incompetent impostor who could not perform his promises.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SP/SPRENGTPORTEN_GORAN_MAGNUS_COUNT.htm (510 words)

	Russian coup d'Etat in Finland by Jon Stefansson, 1916
		In his speech from the throne he reiterated the assurances of Alexander I as to the constitutional rights of Finland and made use of the terms "state" and "nation." A commission was appointed to codify the statutes of the Finnish Constitution.
		The contribution of Finland to the military expenses of the Empire, which was ten million mark, was to be raised to twelve million mark in 1911, and to rise by one million mark annually until it reached twenty millions in 1919, which was to be the annual sum thereafter.
		Finland is confident that she can hold out till the Government of Russia has become so liberalized that justice is given her.
	www.histdoc.net /history/stefansson.html (2490 words)

	Celsius Centre for Scandinavian Studies
		The Lithuanians, the natives of Finland (volunteers, for the residents of the Grand Duchy were released from the call-up to the active military service), the Ingrians and Armenians hardly numbered a couple of their representatives in a whole regiment (14).
		The numerious garrisons located on the North-West Border of the Russian Empire in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland (about 30 of them were situated on the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia only) all at once at the end of 1917 appeared to stay at the territory of the new independent state.
		Although Finland gained its independence in December 1917 the Russian Army and Navy stayed in Finland up to the end of February 1918, then the troops and the battle-ships were withdrawn to Soviet Russia in conformity with the Peace Treaty of Brest.
	www.ssn.flinders.edu.au /scanlink/nornotes/vol5/articles/dubrovskaya.html (2144 words)

	Term paper on Diet of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Porvoo Diet is opened by Alexander I Between March 25 and July 19, 1809 the four Estates of occupied Finland (''Nobility, Clergy, Burghers and Peasants'') were assembled at Porvoo (Borgå) by Tsar Alexander I, the new Grand Duke of Finland.
		The central event at Porvoo was the sovereign pledge and the oaths of the Estates in Porvoo Cathedral on March 29.
		This was thought to essentially mean that the emperor confirmed the Swedish Instrument of Government from 1772 as the constitution of Finland, although it was also interpreted to mean respecting the existing codes and statutes.
	www.termpapertopic.org /di/diet-of-finland.html (751 words)

	Hame Castle
		From then on, it was merely a military base where prisoners were kept, commanded by a "Hauptmann" or commandant instead of a constable.
		In the first decade of the new autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, the castle and surrounding fortifications came under Russian military rule.
		The Grand Duchy of Finland, part of the Russian Empire, existed from the early 1800's until May 1918.
	www.wathenadesigns.com /Finland/Castles/hame.html (1371 words)

	1917. Manifesto concerning reinstatement of the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Finland.
		Manifesto concerning reinstatement of the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Finland.
		And, furthermore, the Gracious Manifesto of May 31 (June 12), 1890, about the organisation of the postal system in the Grand Duchy of Finland and Graciously ratified temporary rules, dated September 30, 1909, about the means of supervision of the Finnish railways by the Ministry of Communication will cease to exist.
		The Finnish Diet, which we have decided to summon as soon as possible, should be presented a Bill for a new Constitution for the Grand Duchy of Finland and, if the circumstances thus imply, precedent propositions to particular fundamental statutes through which the principles of government of the country will be developed.
	www.histdoc.net /history/julistus.html (513 words)

	THE RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF THE DANUBE PRINCIPALITIES, by Lieutenant General M. I. Bogdanovich. (Chapter ?, Vol. 1, of ...
		Yekaterinoslav Province and the Taganrog civil administration were subordinated to the Government Ataman of the Don Cossack Host, General-of-Cavalry Khomutov, with the authority of a commander of a separate corps.
		Command of all troops, fortresses, and military establishments in the Grand Duchy of Finland was entrusted to Lieutenant General Rokasovskii.
		To augment the measures taken to protect the shores of the Gulf of Finland, a reserve galley flottila was formed.
	home.comcast.net /~markconrad/BOGDAN2.html (409 words)

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