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Topic: Military spending

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	Russian Military Spending
		Military units and defense industry enterprises engaged in a variety of creative methods to compensate for the vagaries of the state budget, ranging from the commercial sale of military goods and services by military units, to subsidies to defense enterprises from more profitable sectors of the economy.
		According to another estimate, military expenditure had fallen from an estimated $257 billion in the USSR in 1987 to $24.1 billion in Russia in 1997, and as a proportion of GNP from 16.6% in 1987 to 3.8% in 1997.
		By 2016, the plan is to spend 50% of the military budget on operations and maintenance, and 50% on their development (research and development and purchase of armament and combat materiel).
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/russia/mo-budget.htm (3542 words)

	SIPRI YEARBOOK 2004, CHAPTER 10
		The combined military spending of these countries was slightly higher than the aggregate foreign debt of all low-income countries and 10 times higher than their combined levels of official development assistance in 2001.
		While military expenditure is also rising in several other major countries, these increases are much smaller, and there is little indication that the strong increase in US military spending is resulting in an equally strong tendency for other countries to follow suit.
		Factors accounting for the limited impact of the war on military expenditure in the region include the non-participation of many of the states in the war, the unpopularity of the war among the populations in the region, and their limited absorptive capacities for additional military equipment.
	editors.sipri.se /pubs/yb04/ch10.html (1035 words)

	Military Spending
		In addition, a large amount of spending are used to fund activities associated with social welfare, mainly pensions for some of the retired officers, schools and kindergartens for children of military personnel, training personnel competent for both military and civilian services, supporting national economic construction, and participation in emergency rescues and disaster relief efforts.
		As with the Soviet military budget, the official Chinese defense budget apparently covers salaries, but does not cover the research, development and acquisition of new weapons and equipment, which is funded through the budgets of the responsible ministries.
		The ACDA estimates suggested that Chinese military spending had remained relatively constant over time, when factored for inflation and the devaluation of the yuan, while representing a declining share of the overall economy and government expenditures.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/china/budget.htm (2673 words)

	Glossary of Military Spending (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Discretionary spending in the President's proposed fiscal 1997 budget accounts for 33 percent of all federal spending.
		Federal debt: Gross federal debt is the sum of "national public debt," or debt held by the public ($3.6 Trillion at the end of 1995), and debt owed to federal government accounts ($1.3 Trillion at the end of 1995).
		Mandatory spending in the President's proposed fiscal 1997 budget accounts for 67 percent of all federal spending.
	www.cdi.org /issues/glossary.html (758 words)

	- Recent trends in military expenditure
		However, there is a wide variation between regions and countries in the scale and economic burden of military spending.
		US military expenditure has increased rapidly during the period 2002–2004 as a result of massive budgetary allocations for the ‘global war on terrorism’, primarily for military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.
		Thus, while regular military spending has also increased in the USA as well as in several other countries and regions, the main explanation for the current level of and trend in world military spending is the spending on military operations abroad by the USA, and to a lesser extent by its coalition partners.
	www.sipri.org /contents/milap/milex/mex_trends.html (591 words)

	So where's the peace dividend? \| thebulletin.org
		The military brass works with their civilian colleagues in the Pentagon to assess the threats facing the nation, and the forces needed to counter them.
		The forces that favor continued high levels of military spending are many and varied and they have been well dug in for decades--at the Pentagon, in corporate boardrooms, in union halls, in research universities and national laboratories, in think tanks, and, most important, in Congress.
		The consortium, which bears the ungainly name, Military Spending Working Group--seeks to educate members of the public, the press, and the Congress on the need to reduce the military budget dramatically, but in ways that are consistent with maintaining a strong national defense.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=so95moore_023 (1274 words)

	Facts About the Military Spending
		Contributing to the focus of the U.S. military’’s impact on women was another incident in Okinawa of sexual harassment a couple of weeks before the July 2000 Summit——this case involving a drunken Marine accused of molesting a 14-year-old schoolgirl while she slept in her home.
		Although the military has a policy of "zero tolerance" for sexual violence and harassment, and most military personnel do not violate women, this is an officially recognized problem in U.S. military families, for women in the military, and in communities near bases in this country and overseas.
		Military leaders often attribute it to a few "bad apples," but these incidents happen far too often to be accepted as aberrations.
	www.incite-national.org /involve/military.html (2118 words)

	US Military Spending---International Comparisons (TruthAndPolitics.org)
		The figures for US spending as a percentage of world spending were not obtained directly from the data sources, but rather by dividing the US figure by the world figure.
		US spending as a percentage of world spending is not given for 1991, because the figure for world expenditures does not include Soviet/Russian military spending for that year.
		SIPRI, "The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database" (2003) (database)
	www.truthandpolitics.org /military-US-world.php (1846 words)

	People & the Planet > poverty and trade > factfile > military spending (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		World military expenditures in 2001 were conservatively estimated at $839 billion-almost $100 million every hour or $2.3 billion each day.
		The United States is now the world's sole military colossus, accounting for 36 per cent of all military spending.
		Nations with the highest per-capita military spending are located in the Middle East.
	www.peopleandplanet.net /pdoc.php?id=1956 (169 words)

	High Military Expenditure in Some Places - Global Issues
		There is a large gap between what countries are prepared to allocate for military means to provide security and maintain their global and regional power status, on the one hand, and to alleviate poverty and promote economic development, on the other.
		While US military expenditure is set to continue to grow and will continue to propel world military spending, the pace is likely to fall back somewhat in the next few years.
		Many studies and polls show that military spending is one of the last things on the minds of American people.
	www.globalissues.org /Geopolitics/ArmsTrade/Spending.asp (2183 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Asia-Pacific \| China hikes spending on military
		Military spending to rise by 11.6%, agricultural spending by 20%
		But many in the military are poorly paid, and another priority identified by the finance minister was to raise salaries and pensions for ex-servicemen.
		He also promised farmers a rise in spending of 20% on 2003, in line with Premier Wen Jiabao's declaration at the opening of parliament that the countryside was the chief priority.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/asia-pacific/3538343.stm (563 words)

	World Military Spending Topped $1 Trillion in 2004
		STOCKHOLM - World military spending rose for a sixth year running in 2004, growing by 5 percent to $1.04 trillion on the back of "massive" U.S. budgetary allocations for its war on terror, a leading research institute said on Tuesday.
		U.S. spending "has increased rapidly during the period 2002-2004 as a result of massive budgetary allocations for the 'global war on terrorism', primarily for military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq," it added.
		Growth in China's military spending slowed to 7 percent -- to $35 billion -- from on average 11.5 percent per year in the past decade.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines05/0607-03.htm (604 words)

	US spending surges to historic level \| csmonitor.com
		Spending for national security, it is true, has surged due to the military effort in Iraq and stepped-up homeland security.
		The spending growth is punctuated this week by a single vote in the House that wraps in all the spending leftovers - not all the money for troops, not the big Medicare expansion - and totals $820 billion.
		This time, military spending is again a big factor, but accounts for less than half of recent increases, the Heritage Foundation says.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/1208/p01s02-uspo.html (1067 words)

	Post-Cold War US Military Expenditure -- Project on Defense Alternatives
		The determination of military requirements should rest on (i) a calculation of national interests and goals, (ii) an assessment of the potential military challenges to those interests and goals, and (iii) a choice among the various means -- military and nonmilitary, cooperative and independent -- for meeting the challenges.
		Contributing marginally to the spending decline in the "threat group" was the defection of the East European nations.
		Detracting from cost effectiveness are bureaucratic mismanagement, pork-barrel spending and status purchases, and non-military uses of the armed forces (such as in the role of national police or as an auxiliary industrial/agricultural workforce).
	www.comw.org /pda/bmemo10.htm (6354 words)

	Dennis Kucinich on Military Spending
		Our military budget is almost as big as that of all other countries combined.
		While we have unchallenged superiority in military strength, we also have more people without health care than any other advanced industrial country -- and Democrats must be bold enough to say the two issues are linked.
		The President has asked that we spend only $90 million, or 30% of what we today all agree is necessary.
	www.kucinich.us /issues/militaryspending.php (400 words)

	AllRefer.com - Haiti - Military Spending And Foreign Assistance \| Haitian Information Resource
		Between 1975 and 1985, military spending averaged about 8 percent of government expenditures, or between 1.2 percent and 1.9 percent of the gross national product (GNP--see Glossary; table 13, Appendix A).
		Moderate levels of military expenditure and a marginal amount of foreign influence on Haiti's national security reflected the deinstitutionalization of the Haitian armed forces that took place after the 1950s.
		United States military missions to Haiti during World War II, the 1950s, and the early 1960s helped to maintain links between the two countries; and, despite François Duvalier's displeasure with United States efforts to modernize the Haitian armed forces, he agreed to several purchases of military equipment and services from Washington.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/haiti/haiti103.html (755 words)

	Report: Increases in Military Spending and Security Assistance Since 9/11 - World Policy Institute - Research Project
		Spending on national defense is nearing $400 billion for FY 2003, up from $329 billion when the Bush administration took office (see table, below).
		Spending on the related budget category of homeland security has increased dramatically as well, from $19.5 billion in FY 2001 to $37.7 billion in FY 2003.
		Furthermore, restrictions on military aid and arms transfers to regimes involved in human rights abuses, support for terrorism, or nuclear proliferation were lifted for a number of countries in exchange for their support in the administration’s war on terrorism.
	www.worldpolicy.org /projects/arms/news/SpendingDOD911.html (1670 words)

	IPB HOME PAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		However, this decline was from a very high level and recently military budgets and exports have started to rise again.
		According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, world military spending surged during 2003, reaching US $956 billion, nearly half of it by the United States as it paid for missions in Iraq, Afghanistan and the war on terror.
		Military spending rose by 11 per cent, which SIPRI called a "remarkable increase." The amount was up 18 per cent from 2001.
	www.ipb.org /web/seccion.php?tipus=Programmes-Disarmament-Spending (245 words)

	War Tax Resistance
		“Current military” spending ($643 billion for FY 2006 including estimates for the Iraq/Afghanistan supplemental spending that was not included in the President’s budget request) adds together money allocated for the Dept. of Defense plus the military portion from other parts of the budget (e.g., Dept. of Energy maintains nuclear weapons).
		Many argue that military spending creates jobs, but dollar-for-dollar the same amount of money creates nearly twice as many jobs in education or health care as in the military.
		We cannot know all the ways that military spending negatively affects our economy, but we know that it fuels inflation and is the biggest contributor to the deficit.
	www.warresisters.org /US_military_spending.htm (841 words)

	Asia Times - Asia's most knowledgable news source
		NEW YORK - After declining in the post-Cold War era of the early 1990s, global military spending is on the rise again - threatening to break the US$1 trillion barrier this year, according to a group of United Nations-appointed military experts.
		The US Congress has authorized spending of about $25 billion for Afghanistan and Iraq in 2004, but that is expected to more than double by the end of the year.
		The figure, she pointed out, does not include an estimated $10 billion for military construction, nearly $20 billion for Department of Energy military programs, and perhaps another $50 billion for additional costs of US military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq (beyond the $25 billion already authorized).
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Global_Economy/FH19Dj01.html (989 words)

	World Military Spending Tops $1T Mark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Adjusted for inflation, the figure for global military spending in 2004 is only 6 percent lower than its Cold War peak in 1987-1988, Skons said.
		Total military expenditure grew 6 percent in 2004 over the previous year, in line with an average annual increase since 2002, the institute said.
		Petter Stalenheim, co-author of the report, said India's large increase in military spending might be a way of challenging neighbor China as the supreme power in Asia but there was little sign of a growing arms race between the countries.
	www.military.com /NewsContent/0,13319,FL_spending_060805,00.html (761 words)

	The Magazine of Future Warfare
		The "National Defense" category accounts for 51% of all discretionary spending, and that excludes the Veterans Administration which was spun out of this category during the Reagan years, and ignores the $87 billion in planned "Terrorism Spending"; which is not counted as spending by Presidential decree.
		In addition, other federal government spending must be slashed, and Congress should scrutinized the outrageous request for $87 billion for colonial adventures in the Middle East; which is several times the annual GDP of both Iraq and Afghanistan.
		Even as a percentage of GDP, military spending by the USA is more than twice that of most modern nations around the globe.
	www.g2mil.com /Oct2003.htm (1777 words)

	World Domination By the US: An Economic Disaster in the Making
		Military Industrial Complex (MIC) has kicked in with full force to supply this need even before we knew we needed it.
		Global military spending has declined from $1.2 trillion in 1985 to $809 billion in 1999.
		The impact on our military spending is significant because it smoothes the purchase of new supplies if the old stuff can somehow be dumped on some other country.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig/felkins9.html (1810 words)

	USATODAY.com - China says military spending to rise 12.6% (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The rise in military spending adds to a series of double-digit annual increases as Beijing modernizes its forces to back up threats to invade Taiwan, which the communist mainland claims as its territory.
		With unreported sums for weapons acquisition and other confidential expenditures added in, China's total military spending is believed to be as much as several times the announced figure.
		The PLA also needs to spend more on pensions as it carries out plans to cut 200,000 troops from its ranks in a campaign to create a smaller, more technologically sophisticated force, he said.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-03-04-china-military_x.htm (634 words)

	The Federal Pie Chart
		The U.S. Government says that military spending amounts to 19% of the budget, the Center for Defense Information (CDI) reports 51%, the Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL) reports 42%, and the War Resisters League claims 48%.
		Not all military spending is done by the Department of Defense.
		By combining trust funds with federal funds, the percentage of spending on the military appears smaller, a deceptive practice first used by the government in the late 1960s as the Vietnam War became more and more unpopular.
	www.warresisters.org /piechart.htm (1698 words)

	Relative Size of US Military Spending, 1940--2003 (TruthAndPolitics.org)
		US military spending is reported as a percentage of US GDP.
		US military spending as a percentage of discretionary outlays, 1962--2003
		In the graph and table below, US military spending is reported as a percentage of discretionary outlays.
	www.truthandpolitics.org /military-relative-size.php (321 words)

	RAND \| Forecasting China's Military Spending Through 2025
		U.S. policymakers are concerned about China’s potential to mount a serious military challenge to U.S. interests in Asia sometime in the next two decades.
		These concerns have risen as the Chinese government has rapidly increased its defense budget in recent years after a prolonged period of low levels of military spending.
		PAF’s projection of the most likely level of future military spending through 2025 puts China’s military spending at the equivalent of $185 billion (in 2001 dollars) in 2025, roughly three-fifths of U.S. defense spending in 2003.
	www.rand.org /publications/RB/RB162 (679 words)

	Western States Legal Foundation-- Military Spending Impacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Topics include the military budget, military funding of university research, the impacts military spending, and the trade-offs between military spending and government spending on other types of programs.
		This project is developing a database of military contractors and their impacts in the South and Southwest.
		This document includes future spending projections and a number of useful historic tables going back to World War II ranging from military spending as a percentage of GNP/GDP to military personnel as a percentage of the labor force.
	www.wslfweb.org /milspend.htm (1424 words)

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